中圖分類號:R725.6 文獻標志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20250327
Study on the effects of different tidal volume ventilation on respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics in children with severe pneumonia
WU Xiaoxial,GUO Jianxin1,QU Mengting1,NADIR Hairula1,ZHAYIDAN Aili1, CHENG Yongfeng2△
1, , 83oo54, Corresponding Author E -mail: 1456301676@qq.com
Abstract:ObjectiveToinvestigatetheeffctofventilationwithdifferenttidalvolumesonrespiratorymechanicsand haemodynamics inchildren with severe pneumonia.MethodsAtotalof104children with severe pneumonia were divided into the control group and the observation group usingarandom numbertable method,with 52 cases in each group.Both groups underwent mechanical ventilation treatment.Thecontrol group was treated with conventional tidal volumeof 10- 12 mL/kg,while the observation group was given alow tidal volumeof 6-8 mL/kg.Therespiratory mechanics indicators, hemodynamic indicatorsand inflammatory factor indicators before andafter treatment were compared between the two groups.ResultsAfter treatment,theairway resistance (AR)and airwayclosing presure (AOP)were lower in the observation group than those of the control group ( Plt;0.05 ),and pulmonary dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was higher in the observation group than that of the control group ( Plt;0.05 ). There were no significant differences in heart rate (HR),mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure(CVP) after treatment between the two groups ( Plt;0.05 ).After treatment, the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF -α )were all lower in the observation group than those in the control group ( Plt;0.05 ).ConclusionSmall tidal volume mechanical ventilation is effective in improving the respiratory mechanics of children with severe pneumonia without causing large fluctuations in their hemodynamics.At the same time,it canreduce the level of inflammatory factors in the organism.
KeyWords:tidal volume; respiration,artificial; respiratory mechanics; hemodynamics;severe pneumonia
肺炎是兒科常見疾病,小兒肺部及免疫系統(tǒng)正處于發(fā)育階段,纖毛運動較差,黏液分泌量不足導致微生物、異物等無法有效排出,極易受到感染進而引發(fā)肺炎[1]。重癥肺炎會引起機體的酸堿平衡和水電解質(zhì)紊亂,更甚者還會引起多器官功能障礙,對患兒的生命安全構(gòu)成威脅。機械通氣可提高患兒的肺泡通氣量,改善呼吸困難等臨床癥狀,是重癥肺炎患兒的主要治療方案[2。但是,在對患兒行機械通氣時應(yīng)如何設(shè)置潮氣量參數(shù)才能達到更好的治療效果一直存在爭議。有研究認為患兒機體耐受性較弱,常規(guī)潮氣量可能加劇肺損傷[3]。基于此,本研究旨在比較常規(guī)潮氣量和小潮氣量機械通氣對重癥肺炎患兒呼吸力學、血流動力學及炎性指標的影響。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象選擇2020年1月—2022年12月于我院接受治療的104例重癥肺炎患兒作為研究對象,按照隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組與觀察組,各52例。2組患兒的一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義( (Pgt;0.05 ,見表1。
1.2納入標準與排除標準納人標準:(1)重癥肺炎診斷標準參考《諸福棠實用兒科學》4,并經(jīng)胸部影像學檢查確診。(2)存在呼吸衰竭癥狀且行單純吸氧無法改善。(3)經(jīng)血氣檢查存在低氧血癥。排除標準:(1)嚴重肝腎功能障礙。(2)神經(jīng)源性呼吸衰竭。(3)免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。(4)哭鬧嚴重、依從性差。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會審核批準(倫理號:K201912-28),患兒家屬已簽署知情同意書。
1.3研究方法2組均采用MAQUETServo-iS型呼吸機(德國西門子公司)行機械通氣治療。對照組設(shè)置常規(guī)潮氣量10~12mL/kg ,呼吸頻率30次 /min ,吸氣與呼氣時間比1:1.2,吸氣壓 20~25cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098kPa) ,呼氣壓 2~ 10cmH2O ,吸入氧氣體積分數(shù) lt;60% ,吸氣流速、流速波形和靈敏度均為默認值。觀察組設(shè)置小潮氣量 6~8mL/kg ,對通氣頻率實行手動制,使其比正常自主呼吸頻率低,在確定合適后實施機械通氣,提高吸入氧濃度,抑制患兒的自主呼吸,根據(jù)其實際情況將呼吸頻率調(diào)整為20次/min,控制通氣。設(shè)置吸氣與呼氣的時間比為1:1.5,吸氣壓力 15~20cmH2O ,呼氣壓力先設(shè)置為 2~3cmH2O ,隨后根據(jù)患兒的呼吸情況調(diào)整,最高至 15cmH20 ,吸入氧氣體積分數(shù) lt;60% ,吸氣流速、流速波形和靈敏度均為默認值。
1.4觀察指標(1)呼吸力學指標。分別于治療前、治療1周后利用肺功能檢測儀檢測患兒的氣道阻力(airwayresistance,AR)氣道閉合壓(airwayocclusionpressure,AOP)、肺動態(tài)順應(yīng)性(dynamic compliance of the lung,Cdyn)。(2)血流動力學指標。分別于治療前、治療1周后檢測患兒心率(HR)平均動脈壓(MAP)中心靜脈壓(CVP)。(3)炎性因子指標。分別于治療前、治療1周后抽取患兒清晨空腹靜脈血3mL,3000r/min 離心處理 10min 后取上清液,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測血清白細胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、腫瘤壞死因子 -α (TNF-α 水平,試劑盒購自上海恒斐生物科技有限公司。
1.5統(tǒng)計學方法采用SPSS21.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數(shù) 標準差
表示,2組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,組內(nèi)治療前后比較采用配對t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例 (% )表示,組間比較采用 χ2 檢驗。以 Plt;0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.12組呼吸力學比較治療前,2組的AR、AOP、Cdyn差異無統(tǒng)計學意義 (Pgt;0.05) ;治療后,2組的呼吸力學指標均有所改善,觀察組的AR、AOP低于對照組,Cdyn高于對照組 (Plt;0.05) ,見表2。
2.22組血流動力學指標比較治療后,2組的HR、MAP、CVP均比治療前有明顯改善,而2組治療后的HR、MAP、CVP差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義 (Pgt;0.05) ),見表3。
2.32組炎性因子水平比較治療前,2組的IL-6、IL-8、TNF- σ?α∝ 差異無統(tǒng)計學意義( ∣Pgt;0.05 ;治療后,2組的炎性因子水平均有所下降,且觀察組均低于對照組( ?Plt;0.05 ,見表4。
3討論
小兒重癥肺炎進行機械通氣治療主要是借助呼吸機幫助患兒維持氣道通暢,以改善其通氣與氧合功能,防止二氧化碳蓄積于體內(nèi),避免機體出現(xiàn)缺氧現(xiàn)象[5]。諸多研究已證實,對重癥肺炎患兒采用該方法治療可以有效改善其肺循環(huán),使肺內(nèi)血轉(zhuǎn)移至外周、腹腔,從而升高肺泡壓[6-7]。以往在對患兒行機械通氣時常將潮氣量參數(shù)設(shè)置為 10~12mL/kg ,隨著臨床研究的不斷深人,有學者發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥肺炎患兒的肺功能減退,其呼吸道處于阻塞狀態(tài),采用常規(guī)潮氣量可能會導致肺泡過度膨脹,進而加劇對肺部的損傷程度,不利于預后[8]。因此,有學者建議將潮氣量減小,以符合重癥肺炎患兒的病情需求。
AOP、AR、Cdyn是臨床上評估重癥肺炎患兒病理生理變化的主要指標,臨床醫(yī)生可通過監(jiān)測患兒的呼吸力學指標,及時了解通氣治療效果并對呼吸機參數(shù)進行相應(yīng)調(diào)整,以提高患兒的呼吸支持效果[9-10]。其中,AOP是評估患兒撤機的指標,當該指標水平過高則表示患兒出現(xiàn)呼吸肌衰竭;Cdyn則是指肺容量在單位壓力下發(fā)生改變的難易程度,Cdyn水平越高,則AR越小,表明機械通氣的效果越好,患兒的肺功能恢復情況較佳[11-12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療后,2組的呼吸力學指標均有所改善,且觀察組的AR、AOP低于對照組,Cdyn高于對照組,提示在對重癥患兒行機械通氣治療時將潮氣量參數(shù)設(shè)置為6~8mL/kg 能有效降低氣道阻力,提高肺順應(yīng)性,呼吸肌狀態(tài)良好。雖然常規(guī)潮氣量對患兒的肺功能改善也具有一定作用,但是其無法將肺泡擴張至理想狀態(tài),甚至還會加劇對肺泡的損傷,導致肺功能恢復時間延長[13]。考慮到患兒年齡小、抵抗力弱、疾病進展迅速等原因,故選擇小潮氣量實施治療,以避免大潮氣量或常規(guī)潮氣量對其肺部造成損傷或高碳酸血癥,該方法對患兒的康復具有積極的意義[14]。
有研究指出,若在對患兒行機械通氣治療時設(shè)置潮氣量過低,會導致通氣不足,促使小氣道出現(xiàn)過早關(guān)閉、通氣/血流比例失調(diào),從而加劇患兒的低氧血癥;而潮氣量過高又會造成氣道壓力增高,擠壓肺泡內(nèi)的小氣管,使得健側(cè)的肺部血管阻力增加,促使右心血液被分流到患側(cè)肺部,也會加劇低氧血癥[15]。因此,需將潮氣量控制在合理范圍內(nèi)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)將呼吸頻率降低,并延長吸氣時間,可以有效提高患兒的肺部順應(yīng)性和通氣量,進而有效改善其氣道壓力[16]。本研究采用小潮氣量機械通氣治療觀察組患兒,并將呼吸頻率設(shè)置為20次 /min ,吸氣與呼氣的時間比為1:1.5,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)治療后2組的HR、MAP、CVP均無明顯差異,說明潮氣量的增減不僅能改善患兒的肺部順應(yīng)性,還不會對其血流動力學產(chǎn)生明顯影響,安全性良好。
重癥肺炎的發(fā)生發(fā)展機制為機體的全身炎性損傷因子被過度激活和釋放,并形成瀑布級的炎癥反應(yīng)[17]。IL-6、IL-8、TNF- ∝ 是臨床常用的炎癥指標,在重癥肺炎的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了非常重要的作用,通過降低炎性因子水平可以有效改善患兒的臨床癥狀,緩解病情[18]。本研究2組患者經(jīng)治療后炎性因子水平均下降,且觀察組均低于對照組,說明小潮氣量機械通氣能有效減輕重癥肺炎患兒的炎性因子水平。常規(guī)潮氣量對于患兒來說可能參數(shù)較大,不僅不會產(chǎn)生抗炎作用,還可能會加重肺部炎癥損傷。有學者指出應(yīng)對潮氣量進行有效控制,以抑制患兒體內(nèi)的炎癥反應(yīng)[19]。此外,常規(guī)潮氣量極易使病理條件下的患兒肺泡過度膨脹,進而引發(fā)呼吸機相關(guān)性肺損傷,損害其血管內(nèi)皮,促使炎性細胞對機體產(chǎn)生進一步浸潤,引起肺水腫、肺透明膜等并發(fā)癥,不利于患兒康復[20]。小潮氣量除了能抑制機體炎性因子生成外,對機體的抗炎反應(yīng)也具有積極影響,能有效平衡肺部促炎反應(yīng),從而減輕炎性因子對肺部的損傷。
綜上所述,相比常規(guī)潮氣量,小潮氣量機械通氣可有效改善重癥肺炎患兒的呼吸力學,且不會使血流動力學產(chǎn)生大幅度波動,同時還能減輕機體的炎癥反應(yīng),在重癥肺炎患兒的治療中具有較高臨床價值。
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