中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S793.9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)07-1652-05
Abstract: Hongyu is alocal variety found in the farmlandof Qiaha Township,Cele County,HotanRegion, Xinjiang in 2006.The regional experiments were carried out in Hotan,Mo Yu,Atushi, Aksu County,etc.After many years of continuous observation,the biological characteristics of this variety were stabile.The State Forestry and Grassland Bureau granted Hongyu the first batch of new plant variety right in 2022,and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Forestry and Grassland Bureau recognized it in 2023.The tree of Hongyu was strong and upright The trunk was grayish-brown in color with deep longitudinal fissures,sparse and reddish-brown and thornless branches.The single leaf was alternate,long ovoid,entire and gray-green.The drupeswere fullat maturity,the pericarp was chestnut red,covered with white scales,the fruit stalk was short,the fruit was long ovate,the average weight ofa single fruit was 2.50g ,the maximum was up to 4.5g ,and the edible ratewasup to 81.48% . The fleshwasyellowish brown and tasted sweet and slightly sour with a little astringent flavor. The total sugars content of the fruit was 60.400% ,proanthocyanidins, 1.706g?100g-1 ,total flavonoids content 526.000mg?100g-1 , total phenols, 1470.000mg?100g-1 proteins content 4.450g?100g-1 ,and fats content 14.9% . It was also rich in trace elements.The sap begined to flow in late March,the bud burst begined in mid-April,the flowering occurred in early to late May,the fruits ripened inmid- to late-November,and the leaves fell in earlyDecember.This varietywas drought-resistant and salt-resistant,suitable for planting in the sandy wasteland,saline and alkaline land, gravelly sandy land in the Ring Tarim Basin,the northern edge of Junggar Basin and similar climatic zones,with strong cold-resistant ability,and it could be grown at an altitude of 2200 meters above the sea level.As an excelent ecological and economic tree species,it is mainly vegetitavelly propagated by hard cutings. It could be overwintered and planted upright in the south and north of Xinjiang,and would become a pioneer tree species in the Taklimakan Deserttborderlocking project and the desert blockade.
Keywords:Elaeagnusmoorcroftii;New varieties;Hongyu
大果沙棗生命力頑強(qiáng),它喜光,耐大氣干旱,耐高溫,耐土壤瘠薄,較耐寒,也較耐鹽堿,它的根系發(fā)達(dá),抗風(fēng)力強(qiáng),枝葉繁茂,花香宜人,果實(shí)味甜帶酸,深受各族人民歡迎,是一種根、莖、葉、花、果都具有利用價(jià)值的珍貴樹(shù)種,具有較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。雖然大果沙棗品種比較多,但保存量很少,為保證大果沙棗資源的永續(xù)性和品種的優(yōu)良性,根據(jù)大果沙棗不同生態(tài)特性,經(jīng)過(guò)5年的努力,選育出一個(gè)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的新品種紅玉(圖1)。
1選育過(guò)程
該品種是2006年大果沙棗資源調(diào)查時(shí),在和田地區(qū)策勒縣恰哈鄉(xiāng)的農(nóng)田防護(hù)林里發(fā)現(xiàn)的,是當(dāng)?shù)剜l(xiāng)土品種,連續(xù)多年的跟蹤觀測(cè)比較其產(chǎn)量、果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、口感、抗逆性等指標(biāo)。2009年開(kāi)始進(jìn)行區(qū)域化栽培試驗(yàn),通過(guò)扦插苗栽培和嫁接,在和田地區(qū)墨玉縣玉北開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)、和田市玉龍喀什鎮(zhèn)和克孜勒柯?tīng)柨俗巫灾沃萜皆謭?chǎng)進(jìn)行區(qū)試,觀察記錄該品種的物候期、生物學(xué)特性以及高效繁育和栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn),研究表明該品種生物學(xué)特性穩(wěn)定。
為進(jìn)一步研究紅玉與現(xiàn)有大果沙棗品種的區(qū)別,2022年6月17日采用SSR分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)對(duì)紅玉、紅鈴、阿圖什大沙棗等14個(gè)品種進(jìn)行了大果沙棗種質(zhì)指紋圖譜鑒定,并建立指紋圖譜(圖2、圖
3)。結(jié)果表明,引物1號(hào)、引物2號(hào)、引物3號(hào)、引物4號(hào)可以將14個(gè)沙棗品種進(jìn)行有效區(qū)分,紅玉與其他13個(gè)沙棗品種種質(zhì)明顯不同,可以確定為獨(dú)立的種質(zhì)。
2022年,國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局第一批授予植物新品種權(quán)(品種名稱(chēng):紅玉;證書(shū)號(hào):第3743號(hào);品種權(quán)號(hào):20220187)。2023年通過(guò)維吾爾自治區(qū)林業(yè)和草原局優(yōu)良品種認(rèn)定(良種編號(hào):新R-SV-EM-004-2023)。
2 品種特性
2.1 生物學(xué)特性
紅玉樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng)健,直立性強(qiáng),樹(shù)體高達(dá) 11.4m ,胸徑 20cm ,冠幅 7.5m ,樹(shù)姿半開(kāi)張,主干灰褐色而深縱裂,枝條棕紅色,枝條稀疏,枝無(wú)刺。單葉互生,長(zhǎng)卵圓形,全緣,平均葉長(zhǎng) 7.39cm 、寬 2.5cm ,葉正
M.DL2000 DNA Marker;圖片排列順序依次為:引物1號(hào)、引物2號(hào)、引物3號(hào)、引物4號(hào);1.阿圖什大沙棗;2.金皇后;3.金莎;4.巴楚1號(hào);5.莎車(chē)4號(hào);6.莎車(chē)2號(hào);7.紅鈴;8.紅玉;9.麥蓋提3號(hào);10.小沙棗1號(hào);11.小沙棗2號(hào);12.策勒大黃;13.雅豐;14.白沙甜。下同。
紅色標(biāo)注為1號(hào)引物與對(duì)照(阿圖什大沙棗)相比存在的差異的條帶,黃色標(biāo)注為2號(hào)引物與對(duì)照相比存在的差異的條帶,綠色標(biāo)注為3號(hào)引物與對(duì)照相比存在的差異的條帶,藍(lán)色標(biāo)注為4號(hào)引物與對(duì)照相比存在的差異的條帶。
2.2 物候期
該品種在和田地區(qū)策勒縣,3月下旬樹(shù)液
開(kāi)始流動(dòng),4月中旬開(kāi)始萌芽,5月上旬至下旬開(kāi)花,6月下旬見(jiàn)幼果,9月上旬果實(shí)成型,11月中下旬果實(shí)成熟,12月上旬落葉(表1)。
2.3 果實(shí)品質(zhì)
該品種豐產(chǎn)性強(qiáng),產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定,盛果期單株產(chǎn)量
25~50kg 。平均單果質(zhì)量 2.50g ,平均縱徑 3.27cm 、橫徑 1.84cm ,平均可食率 86.00% 。紅玉與對(duì)照品種(阿圖什大沙棗)果實(shí)品質(zhì)對(duì)比見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 特異性和抗逆性
紅玉有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性,耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐鹽堿、抗寒能力強(qiáng),可在海拔 2200m 處生長(zhǎng),在南北疆均可直立越冬和種植。紅玉屬于大果沙棗紅果系列超大果型晚熟優(yōu)良品種,單株掛果可達(dá)50個(gè),可作為抗逆性和豐產(chǎn)型品種選育的親本材料。
3高效繁育及栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1繁育技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
紅玉以硬枝扦插育苗繁育為宜,在秋季樹(shù)木停止生長(zhǎng)后至春季萌芽前采集1年生健壯無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害種條,3月下旬至4月上旬,插穗萌動(dòng)前完成扦插即可。首先,在捍插地上覆塑料地膜,可以有效提高土壤含水量。其次,將粗 1~2.5cm 的插穗剪成長(zhǎng) 20~22cm 的插條,扦插時(shí)呈 60° 角斜插入地,地上部分露出1~2個(gè)飽滿芽,株距以 10~15cm 為宜。扦插后立即小水灌透一次,第二水間隔 30~ 40d ,之后每隔15~20d灌水一次[,9月中下旬停正生長(zhǎng)后,及時(shí)控水,11月上中旬冬灌,其間做好抹芽、摘心、除萌、中耕除草、施肥、病蟲(chóng)害防治等工作[3]。
3.2栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
選擇1年生 I~I(xiàn)I 級(jí)健康扦插苗,果園按 4m× 6m 或 5m×6m 栽植,防護(hù)林可按 1.5m×2m 或 2m× 2m 栽植。注意整形修剪,培養(yǎng)單主干多層形樹(shù)形,保持樹(shù)冠開(kāi)張角度適宜,剪口下留飽滿外側(cè)芽。幼齡樹(shù)樹(shù)干易遭受野兔的危害,可以用枝刺、稻草包樹(shù)干。注意水肥草管理,在萌芽期、盛花期、幼果膨大期、果實(shí)成型期和土壤封凍前灌水5次,結(jié)合灌水及時(shí)中耕除草,在9月初大果沙棗開(kāi)始停止生長(zhǎng)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)控制灌水。追肥所用肥料中氮、磷、鉀的質(zhì)量比為0.5:1:1。一年追肥3次,2~5年生每株施20~50g,6~9 年生每株施 51~150g,10 年生以上每株施 151~300g 。
參考文獻(xiàn)References:
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[2] 張鳳春.沙棗資源的利用與保護(hù)[J].自然資源,1990,12(5):32-35.ZHANG Fengchun.Utilizationand protectionof Elaeagnusan-gustifolia L.resources.natural resource[J].Natural Resources,1990,12(5):32-35.
[3] 古麗尼沙·卡斯木,阿不都熱西提,盛瑋.大沙棗硬枝扦插技術(shù)試驗(yàn)[J].林業(yè),2011(2):27-28.Gulinisha ??ε Kasimu,Abudurexiti,SHENGWei.Experimentonhardwood cutting technology of Elaeagnus moorcroftii L.[J].ForestryofXinjiang,2011(2):27-28.