中圖分類號:S663.3 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)07-1532-09
Abstract:【Objective】 Southern Xinjiang is a major cultivation area for pistachios and also a region prone to dust storms.Natural dustfall after dust storms is mostly concentrated in spring and summer, overlapping with the flowering period of pistachios. The study aimed to explore the impact of dust deposition on the reproductive process of pistachios in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving fruit setting rate and fruit quality.【Methods】The Kerman variety of pistachio, the main cultivated fruit tree in Shufu County,Kashgar Region, Xinjiang, was used as experimental material. The female inflorescences located on the sunny side of the trees in the center of the orchard were bagged during their bud burst period. Based on the measured data of dustfallamounts during the flowering period in southern Xinjiang,the thickness of dustfallcovering was set.The artificial dustfall covering method was adopted, with the treatments of 0.3mg?cm-2 (mild), 0.8mg?cm-2 (moderate), and 1.3mg?cm-2 (severe) of dustfall covering thicknessand artificial bagging for dust prevention as the control (CK). The natural floating dust was collected as the dust source for the simulation experiment.A handheld dust applicator was used to evenly spread the required thickness of dustfall on each inflorescence.At 2O:00 every day, the bags were opened to spray dust on the female flowers,and the artificial dustfall treatment ended before the pollination of the female flowers.The samples were taken during the full-blooming stage.The scanning electron microscope was used to observe the differences in the ultrastructural morphology of the stigmas under the control and dustfall covering. The benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method was applied to study the strength of the stigmatic receptivity of the female flowers under the control and dustfall covering. The continuous sampling was carried out every O.5 hours after pollination during the fullbloom stage of the female flowers,and the fluorescence microscope was used to observe the differences in the process and duration of the growth of pistachio pollen tubes under the control and dustfall covering.【Results】 In the dust-free control,the papillacels of the stigmas of female flowers were clearly distinguishable,with relativelyregularcell shapes,closely and orderly arrnged,and very plump.The contact area between their surfaces and the air was relatively large.After mild and moderate dustfall treatments,the surfaces of the stigmas of the female flowers were covered by dustfall particles,and the moisture on the stigma surfaces was absorbed, causing obvious wrinkling and atrophy of the papilla cells.Aafter severe dustfall covering,the papilla cells on the stigma surfaces shrank severely,and the stigma surfaces were diffcult to clearly distinguish. The dustfalltreatments would weaken the stigmatic receptivity.The stigmas of female flowers in the control had the strongest receptivity, with adarker color around the stigmas and a large number of continuous large and small bubbles on the surfaces.The stigmas of female flowers under mild dustfall covering had relatively strong receptivity, with the color around the stigmas turning dark and closely connected smal bubbles attached on the surfaces. The stigmas of female flowers under moderate dustfallcovering had relatively weak receptivity, with an unobvious color change around the stigmas and a small number of bubbles generated.The stigmas of female flowers under severe dustfallcovering had the weakest receptivity, with no color change around the stigmas,very few bubbles on the surfaces,and some even stopped reacting without any bubbles.The dustfall covering also affected the elongation speed of the pollen tubes and prolonged the time for pistachio to complete fertilization.The elongation speed of the pollen tubes in the dustfall-treated plants was lower than that in the dust-free control plants,and the amount of pollen entering the embryo sac in the control plants was significantly more than that in the dustfal-treated plants.The plants of the control completed fertilization 3 hours after pollination. Compared with the control,the mild dustfall caused a 0.5- hour delay in the completion of fertilization of the female flowers;the moderate dustfall caused a 1- hour delay; and the severe dustfall caused a 2-hour delay. 【Conclusion】 During the flowering period, the dustfalltreatments could cause wrinkling and damage to the cells of te stigmas of the female flowers, reduce the stigmatic receptivity, and prolong the time to complete fertilization.
Key words:Pistacia vera L.; Dust deposition treatment; Stigma ultrastructure; Stigma receptivity; Pollination fertilization
良好的授粉受精是保證果樹果實產量和品質的先決條件,而授粉受精與柱頭狀態(tài)、柱頭可授性、花粉管的生長等密切相關。雌花柱頭會接收花粉,同時為花粉的附著和萌發(fā)提供必要的基底環(huán)境并發(fā)揮識別作用。柱頭之下是花柱結構,花柱為花粉管的生長提供了通道,柱頭與花柱共同作用,才能保障花粉管能夠順利到達胚囊[3。柱頭可授性的強弱在很大程度上決定了植物能否成功完成授粉受精過程。除此之外,植物的授粉受精還受到外部環(huán)境因素的影響,如遇沙塵、低溫、大風、陰雨等天氣,會對雌花柱頭產生影響,降低柱頭可授性,進而影響植物的授粉受精過程。有研究顯示,降塵會對植物的組織與器官造成逆境脅迫,直接影響植物的形態(tài)結構,使其發(fā)生異常改變,情況嚴重時,甚至還會引發(fā)畸形現象,影響植物正常的生長發(fā)育。沙塵顆粒物若存在鹽分含量過高以及pH值過高的情況,會致使柱頭分泌物顯著減少,使柱頭可授性降低,進而造成花粉難以黏附在柱頭表面,還會阻礙花粉向引導組織轉移,那么就會對植株的授粉受精產生影響,最終使得結果率下降,果實出現小果化的現象8]。
阿月渾子(PistaciaveraL.)又名開心果,屬于漆樹科(Anacardiaceae)黃連木屬(Pistacia)落葉小喬木[9-10],是全球四大堅果之一,具有很高的營養(yǎng)價值和經濟價值[1]。目前,新疆阿月渾子總種植面積約333.3hm2[12] ,主要集中在南疆喀什地區(qū)。南疆盆地及周圍地區(qū)是中國主要的沙塵暴源區(qū)[3],且在春、夏季節(jié)風沙災害頻發(fā),具有突發(fā)性強、受災范圍廣的特點[14]。張禮春等[15]研究表明,棗樹的柱頭可授性對浮塵極為敏感。陳虹等研究表明,南疆早實核桃的授粉受精受到自然降塵的負作用影響,會縮短雌花花期,對雌花柱頭的發(fā)育和花粉萌發(fā)產生影響,進而降低授粉受精的成功率。阿月渾子屬于雌雄異株的果樹,雌花于每年3月底至4月中旬生長發(fā)育[8],正值浮塵來襲之際,其受降塵影響的程度或許要比其他果樹更為嚴重。目前只有自然降塵對棗樹[15]和核桃[開花結果影響的研究,浮塵對南疆阿月渾子柱頭結構和柱頭可授性以及授粉受精過程的影響還未見報道。因此,筆者在本研究中以浮塵天氣多發(fā)的喀什地區(qū)疏附縣特有果樹阿月渾子克爾曼(Kerman)品種為試驗材料,采用人工降塵覆蓋法觀察柱頭超微形態(tài)結構、柱頭可授性以及授粉受精過程。擬解決以下3個科學問題:(1)降塵覆蓋對阿月渾子雌花柱頭的超微形態(tài)有何影響。(2)降塵覆蓋對阿月渾子雌花柱頭可授性是否有影響,如果有具體表現在哪些方面?(3)降塵覆蓋后對雌花授粉受精過程與時長有何影響。以上問題的分析試圖為進一步揭示降塵對果樹授粉受精的影響機制提供理論依據。
1 材料和方法
1.1試驗地概況與供試材料
試驗地位于新疆喀什地區(qū)疏附縣阿月渾子種植資源圃園(地理坐標: ?N39°21′,E75°51′) ,平均海拔1300m ,地理位置位于新疆南疆,地處帕米爾高原東麓,塔里木盆地西緣。屬暖溫帶的荒漠生物氣候帶,晝夜溫差大,降水稀少,日照時間長,春夏季節(jié)常出現大風、沙塵暴和浮塵天氣,年均氣溫 12.4°C ,年均降水量 65mm ,年均日照 2825h ,年均無霜期 233d. 試驗材料為阿月渾子雌株品種克爾曼(Kerman),均選擇果園中心處向陽面、樹勢良好、胸徑一致的果樹雌花花序,無塵對照和降塵處理各在2株果樹上選擇3組大花序(1組大花序中約有300朵花)。試驗于2024年4月阿月渾子花期進行。
1.2 方法
1.2.1降塵處理與采樣 在阿月渾子雌花萌動期對花序進行套袋處理(套袋材質為硫酸紙),在雌花萌動期根據南疆花期降塵量實測數據 (7.7g?m-2?d-1) ,設置人工模擬的降塵覆蓋量 0.8mg?cm-2 為中度降塵,在中度降塵基礎上分別減少和增加 0.5mg?cm-2 為輕度降塵 (0.3mg?cm-2) 和重度降塵( 1.3mg?cm-2) 。采集自然浮塵為模擬試驗的塵源,利用人工授粉器將各處理所需降塵厚底均勻覆蓋在各花序上,每日20:00打開套袋對雌花進行噴塵處理,人工降塵處理至雌花授粉前結束。在雌花盛花期人工授粉前采樣,每個處理在不同花序上采取3個重復,觀測柱頭超微結構的樣品放入戊二醛溶液中固定 12h 以上;測定柱頭可授性的樣品用錫箔紙和紗布迅速包裹好裝入液氮罐中,帶回實驗室檢測;在雌花的盛花期進行人工授粉,授粉 0.5h 后開始采樣,每次采樣間隔0.5h ,連續(xù)采樣12次。將待測樣品放入FAA固定液( 40% 甲醛:冰醋酸: 70% 乙醇)中固定,根據采集時間先后順序進行編號并帶回實驗室置于 4°C 冰箱保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2.2雌花柱頭超微結構觀察參照高超等方法,利用掃描電鏡觀察雌花柱頭超微結構,將試驗樣品從戊二醛固定液中取出,經乙醇溶液逐級脫水后冷凍干燥,將雌花的柱頭分別固定在樣品臺上,利用鍍膜儀(HITACHIMC1000型)鍍金 20min 后在掃描電鏡(HITACHIRegulus8100型)下觀察雌花柱頭的超微結構。各處理選取5個柱頭,3次重復。
1.2.3柱頭可授性檢測參照曹紅星等的方法,采用聯苯胺-過氧化氫法測定柱頭可授性,配制成分為: 1% 聯苯胺: 3% 過氧化氫:水 (體積比),吸取聯苯胺-過氧化氫反應液浸沒柱頭并染色20min ,隨后取出放置凹面載玻片上,在顯微鏡下進行觀察柱頭狀態(tài),以柱頭的染色情況和產生氣泡的多少來確定雌花柱頭的可授性。各處理選取5個柱頭,3次重復。
1.2.4授粉受精過程和時長的熒光顯微觀察參照田青蘭等[2的方法,采用苯胺藍染色法觀測花粉管伸長狀態(tài),在FAA固定液中選取試驗樣品,經蒸餾水洗凈后將樣品放入 1mol?L-1 氫氧化鈉 ΔNaOH 中軟化 0.5h ,結束后用蒸餾水沖洗干凈并加入 0.1% (0.1mol?L-1K2HPO4) 苯胺藍溶液避光染色 2h ,染色后將花柱和子房縱向切開放置在載玻片上,滴上甘油蓋片壓片,在正置熒光微分干涉數碼顯微鏡TRITC(紫外光激發(fā))下觀察拍照,每處理3次重復。
2 結果與分析
2.1雌花柱頭超顯微結構觀察
掃描電鏡下顯示(圖1),無塵對照的雌花柱頭乳突細胞形狀清晰可辨,而且細胞排列緊密有序,其表面與空氣的接觸面積大,黏附在柱頭表面的花粉粒較多,無龜裂現象(圖1:A1~A3);經輕度降塵處理的雌花柱頭乳突細胞有輕微皺縮(圖1-B1~B3);
中度降塵處理下的柱頭表面被降塵顆粒覆蓋并吸走水分,導致柱頭表面細胞皺縮明顯,部分區(qū)域皺縮嚴重,無法觀察到細胞輪廓(圖1-C1~C3);經重度降塵的雌花,柱頭表面細胞發(fā)生龜裂,已經完全無法分辨細胞輪廓,失水死亡的情況加重(圖1-D1~D3)。
2.2 降塵對柱頭可授性的影響
如圖2所示,無塵對照的阿月渾子雌花柱頭可授性最強;經降塵覆蓋后的雌花柱頭可授性隨著降塵量的增大而逐漸減弱。具體表現為:無塵對照處理的雌花柱頭周圍的顏色較深且表面同時產生了大量連續(xù)不斷的大氣泡與小氣泡,即柱頭的可授性最強;輕度降塵處理的雌花柱頭周圍顏色變?yōu)樯钌?,表面附集了緊密相連的小氣泡,即可授性較強;中度降塵處理的雌花柱頭周圍變色不明顯,同時產生少量
氣泡,即可授性較弱;重度降塵處理的雌花柱頭周圍顏色無變化,表面有極少量氣泡,部分停止反應甚至沒有出現氣泡,即可授性弱。
2.3降塵對雌花授粉受精過程的影響
利用熒光顯微鏡對授粉后不同時間雌花受精狀態(tài)的觀察發(fā)現,花粉開始萌發(fā)時,柱頭表面會呈現出藍綠色熒光顆粒(圖3)。授粉后 0.5h ,對照和降塵處理的雌花柱頭上多數花粉均已開始萌發(fā),但對照雌花柱頭上的花粉萌發(fā)量(圖3-A1)顯著多于處理雌花(圖3-B1,C1,D1);授粉后1h,對照雌花的花粉管開始向花柱延伸(圖3-A2),輕度降塵處理雌花的花粉管開始在柱頭上伸長(圖3-B2),中度降塵和重度降塵處理的雌花花粉管較少且仍處于柱頭上(圖3-C2、D2);授粉后 1.5h ,對照雌花的花粉管伸長到引導組織且花粉管要比處理雌花的花粉管長度長(圖3-A3),而處理雌花的花粉管集中在花柱位置(圖3-B3,C3,D3);授粉后2h,對照雌花的花粉管已伸長至子房腔處(圖3-A4),而處理雌花的花粉管才伸長至引導組織(圖3-B4,C4,D4);授粉后 3h ,對照雌花胚囊里有大量花粉進入成功完成受精(圖3-A5),輕度處理的雌花花粉管到達子房腔位置(圖3-B5),中度和重度處理的雌花花粉管伸長的進程基本一致(圖3-C5,D5);授粉后 3.5h ,輕度降塵處理雌花花粉管到達胚囊并完成受精(圖3-B6),中度降塵處理的雌花花粉管已達到子房腔處(圖3-C6),而重度處理的花粉管才開始向子房腔位置延伸(圖3-D6);授粉后 4h ,中度降塵處理雌花才基本完成受精過程(圖3-C7),而重度降塵處理雌花花粉管還未達到胚囊。結果表明,降塵會延長花粉管到達胚囊的時間,致使果樹完成受精過程延遲,與對照相比,輕度降塵導致雌花完成受精延遲 0.5h ;中度降塵導致雌花完成受精延遲1h;重度降塵則導致雌花完成受精延遲2h以上。
3討論
當植物遭遇環(huán)境逆境脅迫時,會使植物的組織器官受到傷害,可能影響植物自身的結構[2。研究表明,沙塵覆蓋不僅通過物理阻隔破壞葉片角質層結構、堵塞葉片氣孔、抑制植物的光合作用,更通過干擾氣孔振蕩節(jié)律影響 CO2 同化效率[22-23]。當降塵量達到一定程度時,柱頭表面蠟質晶體結構發(fā)生熔融重組,這種形態(tài)學改變會顯著降低柱頭分泌物的持水能力[24]。呂威等[25對核桃雌花柱頭的超微結構研究發(fā)現,降塵顆粒阻塞氣孔導致水分運輸受阻,引發(fā)細胞滲透壓失衡,因此降塵量越大,附著在核桃雌花柱頭表面的降塵顆粒越多,對核桃柱頭細胞傷害越大,脅迫持續(xù)時間越長,柱頭細胞失水、皺縮、破裂情況就越嚴重。在本研究中,觀察分析降塵覆蓋下的阿月渾子雌花柱頭超微結構,發(fā)現降塵覆蓋導致雌花柱頭上的乳突細胞皺縮,會使柱頭體積減小且柱頭表面難以清晰的分辨出來,個別柱頭的表面細胞還可能會因失水而死亡,這些現象隨著降塵量的增加而越發(fā)嚴重,對阿月渾子的雌花柱頭造成不利影響,這與呂威等[25的研究結果一致。
柱頭可授性的強弱決定了植物能否完成正常的授粉受精[4。當植物受到不良外界環(huán)境因素干擾時很可能致使植物開花的時間延緩、開花物候期減短、花器官發(fā)育存在缺陷、削弱花的柱頭可授性,甚至出
現畸形的情況[2。植物在開花期間遭遇低溫、大風、陰雨、沙塵等極端天氣,雌蕊的枯萎率就會顯著升高,柱頭分泌物也會減少,進而導致柱頭可授性降低[26-27]。張禮春等[15]對棗樹柱頭可授性的研究表明,在面對不同特征風沙時,棗樹柱頭對風沙脅迫呈現出高度敏感性,在強風沙脅迫下,棗樹的柱頭可授性會降低。由于降塵覆蓋使柱頭分泌物擴散受阻,分泌物中糖蛋白無法形成連續(xù)梯度,最終導致花粉黏附效率下降[28]。有研究發(fā)現,降塵會使核桃雌花柱頭分泌物減少,黏附花粉的能力被削弱,進而影響了柱頭可授性[29]。本研究結果表明,雌花柱頭可授性隨著降塵量的增加而逐漸減弱。說明當降塵顆粒落到雌花柱頭上:一方面會覆蓋在柱頭表面吸走水分,加速了柱頭枯萎;另一方面會縮小柱頭與花粉接觸的面積,削弱了柱頭附著花粉的能力,導致柱頭可授性降低。而這一情況與在風沙[]和降塵[環(huán)境下對果樹雌花柱頭可授性所產生的影響結果是類似的。
植物的授粉受精過程,一方面受到自身繁育特性的影響,另一方面環(huán)境條件也是決定授粉受精能否順利進行的關鍵要素[30]。有研究發(fā)現,低溫冷害會抑制花粉管尖端 Ca2+ 濃度梯度形成,干擾細胞壁松弛酶的活性,從而阻礙花粉管極性生長。Chen等[3通過對自然降塵條件下核桃花粉萌發(fā)情況進行觀察,發(fā)現降塵會降低花粉萌發(fā)率以及減緩花粉管伸長的速度,影響核桃正常的授粉受精。另有研究表明,在自然降塵逆境脅迫下,降塵顆粒會使柱頭的大部分面積被覆蓋,削弱了授粉時柱頭對花粉的黏附能力,減少了花粉的附著量,同時柱頭上花粉的萌發(fā)孔被降塵堵塞,降低了花粉的萌發(fā)速度,影響了花粉管的伸長,進而導致花粉管到達胚囊的時間被延長2]。在本研究中,降塵覆蓋會使阿月渾子花粉在雌花柱頭上的萌發(fā)以及花粉管伸長這兩個過程出現延緩的情況。這一結果與降塵對核桃授粉受精過程影響3的研究結果一致。本研究結果充分證明,倘若阿月渾子在花期遭遇持續(xù)惡劣的浮塵天氣,柱頭表面會被大量降塵顆粒所覆蓋,可導致柱頭表面細胞皺縮,并且減少柱頭與花粉接觸的面積,使柱頭上的花粉附著量減少,進而降低了柱頭可授性;降塵覆蓋也會延長花粉管到達胚囊的時間,致使雌株完成受精的時間延長 0.5h ,最長延長 2h ,干擾阿月渾子正常的授粉受精。由此可見,降塵對雌花柱頭造成的不利影響,同樣會對阿月渾子的授粉受精產生負
面效應。
4結論
阿月渾子花期若遭遇浮塵天氣,降塵會通過破壞柱頭超微結構形態(tài)、降低柱頭可授性、延緩花粉管的伸長、延長花粉管到達胚囊的時間等方面對阿月渾子雌花器官產生不利影響,從而影響正常的授粉受精。
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