中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)07-1638-04
Abstracts:Mancheng and Shunping counties,located in the central region of Hebei Province,are major peach-producing areas within the province. These regions encompass a substantial cultivation area of approximately 13 OO0 hectare.The main cultivated varieties in this region include Okubo, Yanhong, Honggangshan,Dajinghong,etc.The fruit harvesting season extends from early July to late August. Notably,the peak maturity of these peach varieties aligns with the rainy season, which markedly influences fruit quality. Consequently,the peaches exhibit a flat flavor and reduced resistance to storage and transportation. Currently,this region lacks late-maturingand high-quality peach varieties.Considering the existing gaps in the peach varieties,Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology has engaged in a collaborative breeding initiative with the Mancheng District Nursery in Baoding City,aiming to develop apeach variety characterized by late maturity and exceptional quality. Ultimately,the novel variety Jiushuang was successfully identified and developed from the natural progeny of Okubo. This variety is distinguished as a high-quality honey peach.The cultivar Jiushuang,originally identified as 28- 19,was subjected to a rigorous and refined breeding regimen.In 2Oo1,the breeding team at Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology harvested natural hybrid seeds from the Okubo peach orchard in the Changli region, which were subsequently subjected to in situ sand storage.In the spring of 2002,the seeds were sown within the greenhouse facilities at the Tangshan breeding station.Following extensive monitoring and assessment,the superior individual designated as 28-19 was identified as the primary candidate for cultivation,prompting the immediate initiation of seedling propagation efforts. By 2007,extensive multi-site trials in locations such as Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Tangshan,and Beijing, alongside the control variety, were conducted to assess the adaptability and stress resistance of 28-19,as well as to monitor the consistency and stability of its desirable traits.The trial outcomes indicated that the fruit of the 28-19 line matures approximately 25 days later than the control variety Okubo peach. Notably,the fruit from 28-19 is larger, exhibits vibrant coloration,around shape,and superior quality, whilealso demonstrating good adaptability, high yield potential,and resistance to storageand transportation, with stable excellent traits.In 2O22,DNA molecular analysis was performedon the superior line, confirming its status as a novel genotype. In September 2O22,the Hebei Provincial Forest Variety Approval Committee convened a panel of experts for an on-site evaluation, which concluded that the superior line excelld in fruit traits,botanical features,and biological properties,displaying consistent performance across generations.Incomparison to the control variety,28-19 trees displayed distinct characteristics in terms of fruit maturity and morphological features,suggesting promising market potential. In April 2023,the Hebei Provincial Forest Variety Approval Committee officially designated this exceptional line as Jiushuang.The fruits of Jiushuangcultivar are spherical in morphology,featuringa flat and even apex along with a fruit suture of moderate depth. The fruits exhibit a basal color of milky white,and the surface is red-colored,with a coloration coverage of 60% .The average single fruit weight is 300g ,featuring white flesh with a concentration of red pigments near the stone.The fruit possesses a firm and soluble texture,accompanied by a cling stone.The soluble solids content is 13.5% manifesting an optimally palatable sweet-tart flavor profile.The fruit development period spans 140 days,exhibiting the capability of self-fertilization.In the Mancheng District of Baoding City,the Jiushuang fruits ripen between late August and early September.InApril 2O23,this cultivar was oficially endorsed by the Hebei Provincial Forest Tree Variety Appraisal Committee,and it wasassigned the premiumvariety designation with the code: Ji S-SV-AP-0o9-2023.
Key words: Peach; New variety; Jiushuang
桃原產于中國,種植面積和產量均居世界第一位,是我國重要的經濟果樹[1-2]。河北冀中地區(qū)的滿城、順平等地是河北省桃主產區(qū)之一,桃樹栽培面積1.3萬 hm2 ,主栽品種主要有大久保、燕紅、紅崗山、大京紅等,果實采收期主要在7月上旬到8月中下旬,集中成熟且正值雨季,桃果實品質受降雨影響較大,存在果實風味偏淡、耐貯運性較差等問題。燕紅桃采收后,其他品種較少,雖然近年來桃育種工作者相繼選育了韋端蜜紅、錦冠等較晚熟品種[3-4,但生產上仍缺乏較晚熟、高品質桃品種。
1選育經過
久爽原代號28-19。2001年河北科技師范學院桃育種課題組在昌黎大久保桃園采集自然雜交種子,取種后就地沙藏。2002年春播種于唐山育種基地溫室,苗高達到 25cm 后帶土移栽至田間,株行距1.0m×2.0m ,共成活8600株。2004年實生樹全部結果,觀察并測定果實性狀。經連續(xù)測定,28-19成為重點優(yōu)株并開始繁殖苗木。2007年28-19與其他優(yōu)系及對照品種一起在秦皇島、保定、唐山、北京等地進行多點試驗,測試其適應性和抗逆性,并觀察其優(yōu)良性狀的一致性和穩(wěn)定性。結果發(fā)現(xiàn),28-19優(yōu)系果實比對照品種大久保桃晚熟25d,且果實大,著色鮮艷,果形圓,品質優(yōu)良,適應性強,豐產、耐貯運,且優(yōu)良性狀穩(wěn)定。2022年對該優(yōu)系進行DNA分子鑒定,結果表明為新基因型。同年9月,河北省林木品種審定委員會組織專家進行了現(xiàn)場查定,認為該優(yōu)系優(yōu)良性狀突出,同一世代果實性狀、植物學特征及生物學特性表現(xiàn)一致,世代之間表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,與對照品種相比果實成熟期、果實形態(tài)特征等方面具有明顯的特異性,市場前景良好。根據(jù)農業(yè)農村部的標準《桃品種鑒定SSR分子標記法》,鑒定結果表明,久爽DNA遺傳物質與秋燕、大久保有明顯差異(圖1)。2023年4月河北省林木品種審定委員會將其定名為久爽(冀S-SV-AP-009-2023)(圖2)。
2主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
主干灰褐色,新梢陽面淺褐色,背陰面綠色,1年生枝條紅褐色,葉為長橢圓披針形,花薔薇型,有花粉。各類果枝均能結果。
2.2 果實主要經濟性狀
果實圓形,端正,兩側對稱,果頂圓平;縫合線中等深度;平均單果質量 300g ,最大單果質量 540g ,果實底色乳白,果面著鮮紅色,著色面積 60% ;果實各部位成熟度一致;果肉白色,近核處具紅色素;硬溶質,汁液較多,黏核;風味甜、微酸適口,有香氣;平均可溶性固形物含量 (w)13.5% ,果肉硬度 8.4kg?cm-2 ;果實整齊度高,耐貯運(表1)。
2.3生長結果習性
樹姿半開張,萌芽率高,成枝力較強,復花芽多,長中短果枝均可結果;坐果率高,在滿城、深州、昌黎等地盛果期每 666.7m2 平均產量為 2182kg ;果實發(fā)育期140d,果實成熟期在冀中地區(qū)8月25日成熟,屬于中晚熟品種。
2.4 物候期
在保定滿城區(qū),4月上旬萌芽,中旬開花,花期 7~10d,果實成熟期在8月下旬至9月上旬,果實發(fā)育期140d ,比母本大久保晚熟 25d ,11月上旬開始落葉。
2.5適應性與抗逆性
久爽桃無特殊病蟲害,對土壤也無特殊的要求。經過20年多次低溫考驗,久爽桃未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯受凍情況,直到2024年一直正常開花結果,表明其具有良好的抗寒性和適應性,在桃適栽區(qū)可栽培生產。
3栽培技術要點
3.1 苗木繁殖技術
久爽桃的育苗采用嫁接繁殖技術,適宜砧木為毛桃;嫁接時期在6月中下旬;嫁接方法用T形芽接;接后及時剪砧、解綁、幼苗期管理;當年落葉后出圃。如當年來不及嫁接,也可在秋季進行帶木質芽接,時間在8月下旬至9月上旬,嫁接時要將接芽包住,以防失水或受凍,翌年開春后解開綁條、剪去砧木,促進接芽萌發(fā)。
3.2栽植密度及樹形
適宜的栽植株行距為 (2~3)m×5m ;肥沃的平原地區(qū)株行距可以適當加大,瘠薄的丘陵山地可適當小些。適宜的樹形為開心形、Y字形,樹形的培養(yǎng)同其他品種。
3.3花果管理技術
久爽桃有花粉,自花結實,坐果率高,注意控制產量,合理負載,及時疏花疏果,一般按 15cm 間距留果即可。
3.4修剪技術
冬剪修剪以長枝修剪為主,重點任務是結果枝組的更新復壯。對于結果枝的修剪“只疏不截”,具體方法是:疏去直立枝、下垂枝、密擠枝、病蟲枝,結果枝之間的距離平均掌握在 20cm 左右。夏季修剪主要任務是保持樹冠通風透光,對于背上直立枝,根據(jù)枝葉密度去除或扭傷拉平。
3.5 品質提升技術
為了提升品質,采用“三增三控\"技術。三增是增光、增鉀、增有機肥,三控是控產、控氮、控水。
增光是打開樹體光路,增鉀是采收前30d每666.7m2 增施硫酸鉀 25~35kg ,增有機肥指在秋季溝施或撒施發(fā)酵好的有機肥,每 666.7m2 施入 4m3 有機肥、復合肥 100kg 、生物菌肥 250kg ,也可以使用袋控緩釋肥??禺a就是控制產量,一般每 666.7m2 產量控制在 3000kg 左右。控氮是在桃樹生長前期適當施氮肥,生長后期不再施入氮肥??厮窃谔夜麑嵆墒斓那?0\~30d盡量不要澆水。
3.6 病蟲害防治
久爽桃無特殊的病蟲害,重點是及時防治介殼蟲、蚜蟲、食心蟲、紅蜘蛛、蝽象、褐腐病、穿孔病等,因該品種成熟期晚,建議套袋栽培。
4主要缺陷
久爽桃尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯缺陷,但其為大果型品種,梗洼深而窄,如使用粗壯的結果枝會造成采前落果。因此,在栽培過程多使用中庸或較細的果枝結果。
5主要用途
久爽桃主要用于鮮食。其成熟期正好在燕紅桃之后,為鮮桃市場的空檔期,具有較好的市場前景。此外,果實硬溶質,耐貯運,汁液多,風味甜酸適口,有香氣,很適合人們鮮食。在適宜桃栽培地區(qū)引種栽培,是一個具有發(fā)展前景的新品種。
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