[摘要]"全髖關節(jié)置換術后,患者經常會出現中、重度疼痛,這不僅影響患者的就醫(yī)體驗和康復效果,還可導致諸多合并癥。近年來,豎脊肌平面阻滯已逐漸成為全髖關節(jié)置換術的一種新的鎮(zhèn)痛方法。本文旨在通過討論豎脊肌平面阻滯技術的使用、分析其有效性及潛在的限制因素,從而優(yōu)化全髖關節(jié)置換術后的疼痛治療程序。
[關鍵詞]"全髖關節(jié)置換術;術后疼痛;豎脊肌平面阻滯;區(qū)域麻醉;多模式鎮(zhèn)痛
[中圖分類號]"R614.4""""""[文獻標識碼]"A""""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.10.028
全髖關節(jié)置換術(total"hip"arthroplasty,THA)是常見的矯形外科手術之一,隨著人口老齡化的發(fā)展,此類手術的需求量或將提高,從而給醫(yī)療保健系統帶來額外的壓力[1]。THA圍手術期栓塞等不良事件發(fā)生率較高,而術后疼痛管理不佳,更是給患者術后恢復帶來負面影響。術后多模式鎮(zhèn)痛是快速康復外科的重要環(huán)節(jié),除可減少術后阿片類藥物的用量、減少相關副作用外,也能促進早期功能恢復,提高手術安全性和患者滿意度[2-3]。然而,關于THA圍手術期的鎮(zhèn)痛策略已爭議多年,最佳的鎮(zhèn)痛方式尚未達成共識[4]。近年來,腰段豎脊肌平面阻滯(lumbar"erector"spinae"plane"block,L-ESPB)在完善THA術后鎮(zhèn)痛及促進早期康復中展現出明顯優(yōu)勢,為臨床實踐提供新的選擇。
1""髖關節(jié)手術術后鎮(zhèn)痛特點
與其他骨科手術相比,髖關節(jié)手術死亡率較高,主要與接受THA患者通常年齡較大且伴有復雜合并癥有關[5]。THA患者術后往往出現劇烈疼痛,不僅影響患者術后早期恢復,還可引發(fā)應激反應,從而影響飲食、睡眠,延緩術后康復進程。此外,疼痛引起的生理變化可增加心腦血管事件發(fā)生率,甚至導致慢性疼痛[6-7]。因此,改善THA的術后鎮(zhèn)痛方法極其關鍵。
由于高齡和合并癥多,THA患者對靜脈或口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥物(如阿片類藥物、非甾體抗炎藥等)的耐受能力較低,且此類藥物可導致呼吸抑制、精神狀態(tài)變化、低血壓、肝腎功能障礙、惡心嘔吐及注射部位感染等多種副作用[8]。相比之下,神經阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛效果確切、安全性高,對生理功能干擾小,已在老年患者中廣泛應用[9]。然而,實現THA術后完全鎮(zhèn)痛難度較大。首先,髖部感覺和運動由多個神經支配;其二,需要在抑制感覺神經時仍能進行術后功能運動。骶叢上部(L4~S1)和腰叢下部(L2~L4)的脊神經根腹側分支主要支配髖關節(jié)[10]。其中,股神經、閉孔神經前支和部分骶叢神經是支配髖關節(jié)的主要神經。皮膚感覺由股外側皮神經、髂腹下側皮神經分支和肋間神經控制,以上神經支配THA后外側入路所需的皮膚切口區(qū)域[11]。THA術后的完全鎮(zhèn)痛通常需要阻斷腰叢神經、骶叢神經和T12椎旁神經;然而,這或可引起股四頭肌乏力,從而影響患者的早期康復[12]。因此,確保THA患者術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果并保留其肌力,讓其進行早期康復訓練,同時減少鎮(zhèn)痛藥物依賴,這對區(qū)域神經阻滯技術提出更高要求。
2""豎脊肌平面阻滯的作用機制
為醫(yī)治胸部神經性疼痛,Forero等[13]于2016年首次報道豎脊肌平面阻滯(erector"spinae"plane"block,ESPB),將其作為筋膜間阻滯的一種新方法。之后,ESPB的運用拓展至乳房、胸部和腹部手術的術后疼痛治療[14-15]。通過將局部麻醉藥注射到豎脊肌筋膜間隙(沿肌肉平面向遠端延伸)可產生鎮(zhèn)痛效果。與硬膜外阻滯、胸椎旁神經阻滯相比,ESPB更安全方便,在臨床運用中日益普遍。
胸部ESPB在背部至腋中線的鎮(zhèn)痛效果確切,研究顯示其鎮(zhèn)痛效果可延伸至前胸壁[16]。臨床和尸體研究表明,在胸段ESPB時造影劑可到達神經根、椎旁間隙及硬膜外腔[17]。然而,Ivanusic等[18]的尸體研究顯示染料在C5~T2和L2~L3之間的橫突處擴散,但僅到達肋橫孔后方的背側韌帶,并未擴散至椎旁間隙前方。L-ESPB的概念最早由Tulgar等[19]在2017年提出,L-ESPB可實現從T11至L5的感覺阻滯,并觀察到局部麻醉藥在腰肌和腰叢周圍向前和向后擴散[20]。Ahiskalioglu等[21]通過臨床影像學研究發(fā)現L-ESPB擴散范圍為T12~S1的橫突背側,L1~L5的橫突前方和L2~L5神經根,甚至擴散至硬膜外腔。局部麻醉藥擴散至腰大肌間隙,被認為是L-ESPB阻斷腰叢的原因,當局部麻醉藥擴散至腰肌時,可阻斷肋下神經、髂腹下神經和髂腹股溝神經,并繼續(xù)擴散至骶叢上部的大部分神經根。Kose等[22]認為L-ESPB與傳統ESPB的不同之處在于注射藥物不僅在豎脊肌和橫突之間擴散,還可向前延伸至腰大肌間隙,造成類似腰神經叢阻斷的影響。然而,L-ESPB的尸體研究結果表明局部麻醉藥幾乎不擴散至椎旁間隙和腹側支,且其顱尾擴散也有限[23]。有研究對ESPB的擴散范圍進行總結,發(fā)現其擴散范圍不可重復,且在硬膜外、肋間和對側的擴散不一致[24]。還有觀點認為局部麻醉藥全身吸收也是ESPB鎮(zhèn)痛的原因之一[25]。在討論ESPB的擴散機制時,須考慮到尸體研究缺乏肌肉活動影響?;铙w的肌肉活動可能對筋膜間局部麻醉藥產生擠壓效應,從而促進藥物擴散。而尸體模型由于缺乏動態(tài)肌肉活動,麻醉藥的蔓延范圍將受到制約。因此,臨床中患者的實際體驗可能與尸體研究有所不同。
3""豎脊肌平面阻滯在髖關節(jié)置換手術中的應用
3.1""L-ESPB在THA術后的應用
孔憲剛等[26]報道L-ESPB對THA有良好的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,且不會出現血流動力學異常的現象。有效鎮(zhèn)痛可減少術后阿片類藥物的用量,降低副作用風險,提高患者的滿意度和全身麻醉覺醒質量。此外,鎮(zhèn)痛效果良好可提高患者的睡眠質量,提升術后患者功能鍛煉的信心,增加患者及早下床活動的意愿。還可減輕手術后的惡心、嘔吐,使患者盡早進食,加速胃腸功能恢復。值得注意的是,全身麻醉并不能完全阻斷傷害性刺激在術中向中樞傳導,術前給予ESPB可通過阻斷傷害性刺激向中樞傳入,防止中樞和外周敏化,從而加強鎮(zhèn)痛效果[7]。此外,L-ESPB通過留置導管可維持鎮(zhèn)痛時間長達60d,這對需長期鎮(zhèn)痛的患者有重要意義[27]。
3.2""與腰方肌阻滯比較
對下腹和髖關節(jié)手術,超聲引導腰方肌阻滯可產生T10~L4的阻滯平面,并提供足夠的術后鎮(zhèn)痛[28]。Tulgar等[19]比較腰方肌阻滯和L-ESPB在THA中的效果,結果顯示兩組患者的鎮(zhèn)痛效果不相上下,均可提高鎮(zhèn)痛質量,減少手術后阿片類藥物用量。此外,在術后步行距離和住院時間方面,L-ESPB組與腰方肌阻滯組并無顯著差異[29]。Wu等[30]研究顯示當同時使用腰方肌阻滯和改良ESPB時,THA患者的術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果令人滿意。
3.3""與髂筋膜間隙阻滯比較
盡管研究證明超聲引導下的髂筋膜間隙阻滯,尤其腹股溝上入路可為THA患者提供充分術后鎮(zhèn)痛,但大多數患者術后6h內出現股四頭肌無力[31]。Flaviano等[32]的研究結果顯示L-ESPB組和髂筋膜間隙阻滯組術后24h內均可減少阿片類藥物用量,且兩組阿片類藥物減少量并無差異,但L-ESPB組的股四頭肌運動障礙較少。L-ESPB可作為髂筋膜間隙阻滯的替代方案用于THA術后鎮(zhèn)痛,其股四頭肌運動強度優(yōu)于髂筋膜間隙阻滯組。
3.4""與腰叢阻滯比較
在THA術后鎮(zhèn)痛中,超聲引導下的腰叢阻滯較為常見,可為髖部手術提供滿意的鎮(zhèn)痛作用[33]。Chen等[34]研究顯示連續(xù)L-ESPB組和連續(xù)腰叢阻滯組患者的阿片類藥物用量和疼痛評分比較并無差異。但腰叢阻滯存在血管內注射、硬膜外擴散和注射部位出血等風險,而L-ESPB則可規(guī)避這些風險,L-ESPB操作過程中,出血可被肌肉壓迫,因此亦不影響應用抗血栓治療[35]。
3.5""與椎旁阻滯比較
T12~L2椎旁阻滯可為THA提供滿意的術后鎮(zhèn)痛,已被證實是有效的經前路THA神經阻滯技術[36]。Kolomachenko等[37]研究比較椎旁阻滯與L-ESPB在THA中的應用效果,椎旁阻滯和L-ESPB均可有效緩解THA患者的疼痛,但椎旁阻滯達到標準所需時間更短,且顯示出更強的阿片類藥物節(jié)約效果。椎旁阻滯組的術后早期康復優(yōu)于L-ESPB組,但椎旁阻滯應用在有凝血功能障礙的患者中需謹慎。其次,與椎旁阻滯相比,L-ESPB的操作更安全,對術前凝血的要求也更低,椎旁阻滯同樣存在注射部位出血、腰大肌出血、血管內注射、硬膜外擴散甚至全脊髓麻醉等風險[38]。
3.6""與硬膜外阻滯比較
Hanych等[39]研究比較連續(xù)L-ESPB與硬膜外阻滯在THA術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,結果發(fā)現L-ESPB與硬膜外阻滯有類似的鎮(zhèn)痛作用。Singh等[40]報道在L3水平實施ESPB用于THA術后鎮(zhèn)痛的病例,指出L-ESPB對血壓的影響較小,且術中和術后均顯示出更好的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,規(guī)避椎管內阻滯的禁忌證。因THA患者多為老年人,且難以配合穿刺體位,硬膜外穿刺有一定難度,對操作者有很高的要求,同時伴有較高風險,如感染、硬膜外血腫及神經損傷等[41]。此外,硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛可能導致手術側及對側下肢運動受限[42]??紤]到THA術后需盡早啟動康復運動并應用抗凝治療,這些因素進一步限制THA術后硬膜外阻滯對鎮(zhèn)痛的應用。因此,L-ESPB在THA術后疼痛管理和早期康復中顯示出優(yōu)勢。在THA中,類似的超聲引導股神經阻滯已被證明可在術后產生足夠的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,但此法也可能造成患者股四頭肌無力[43]。
3.7""與囊周圍神經阻滯比較
通過阻斷由股神經、閉孔神經和閉孔副神經支配的關節(jié)分支,囊周圍神經阻滯可為THA患者提供充分的術后鎮(zhèn)痛,促進患者早期康復。然而,Kukreja等[44]指出囊周圍神經阻滯的療效尚未完全確定,其潛在不良反應需要進一步研究驗證。此外,實施囊周圍神經阻滯后,一旦發(fā)生術后髖關節(jié)感染,很難區(qū)分感染是由手術還是麻醉操作所致。
3.8""與關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤比較
關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛通過阻斷髖關節(jié)周圍各個方向的感覺神經,在不削弱下肢肌力的情況下減輕疼痛[45]。然而,研究顯示關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤的術后鎮(zhèn)痛作用并不穩(wěn)定,部分患者在術后數天內仍持續(xù)疼痛[46]。此外,關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛不能留置導管延長其作用時間。Lennon等[47]研究L-ESPB與關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛聯合使用的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,神經阻滯組使用0.2%羅哌卡因30ml,對照組使用生理鹽水30ml。術后兩組患者均使用0.2%羅哌卡因100ml實施關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛。結果顯示兩組患者的術后疼痛評分均降低,對早期康復訓練影響均較小,無統計學差異。然而在此試驗中,兩組患者均實施術后關節(jié)周圍局部浸潤的鎮(zhèn)痛方案,可能掩蓋L-ESPB的作用時間和潛在益處。有文獻報道L-ESPB適用于高危THA患者,不僅減輕手術后疼痛,降低對阿片類藥物的需求,還能減少并發(fā)癥[48]。
4""小結與展望
在加速康復外科的手術理念中,THA圍手術期鎮(zhèn)痛非常關鍵。作為多模式鎮(zhèn)痛的一部分,L-ESPB在THA術后疼痛管理和加速康復中表現出顯著優(yōu)勢。L-ESPB操作簡便,安全無憂,可減少術后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用量,降低惡心嘔吐、神經損傷和血腫形成風險,且便于留置導管,延長鎮(zhèn)痛時間。此外,L-ESPB不影響患者肌力,利于早期康復訓練。雖然L-ESPB效果顯著,但其作用機制并不清晰,且擴散范圍具有不確定性,需更多解剖和影像學研究。未來需大規(guī)模臨床研究證明L-ESPB至少與現有技術同樣有效。可通過使用低濃度大劑量局部麻醉藥、優(yōu)化注藥路徑、選擇合適注射節(jié)段及注藥方向等措施增強阻滯效果??傊?,L-ESPB在THA中的應用前景廣闊,但仍需大規(guī)模臨床研究驗證其機制及最佳應用方案。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2024–12–14)
(修回日期:2025–03–17)