[摘要]"新生兒缺氧缺血性腦?。╤ypoxic-ischemic"encephalopathy,HIE)是一種圍產(chǎn)期窒息缺氧導(dǎo)致新生兒腦部損傷的常見疾病。目前HIE的診斷和預(yù)后主要基于臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)及電生理檢查。但受檢查時(shí)間限制,部分患兒錯(cuò)過早期有效亞低溫治療。因此,越來越多的研究聚焦于探索可在疾病早期便于獲取的生物標(biāo)志物。本文綜合闡述新生兒HIE相關(guān)血清標(biāo)志物,藉此早期識(shí)別新生兒腦損傷,指導(dǎo)臨床決策,改善預(yù)后。
[關(guān)鍵詞]"缺氧缺血;新生兒;生物標(biāo)記物;血清
[中圖分類號(hào)]"R722.12""""""[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]"A""""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.10.027
新生兒缺氧缺血性腦?。╤ypoxic-ischemic"encephalopathy,HIE)是導(dǎo)致新生兒致殘及死亡的主要原因之一,其發(fā)生率在低收入國(guó)家為10‰~20‰,而在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為1.5‰~2.5‰[1-3]。隨著新生兒窒息復(fù)蘇技術(shù)的普及及亞低溫治療的有效應(yīng)用,HIE的死亡率和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥發(fā)生率已顯著降低[4]。然而,早期識(shí)別腦損傷并及時(shí)干預(yù)仍是改善患兒預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵。理想的HIE生物標(biāo)志物應(yīng)能實(shí)時(shí)反映腦細(xì)胞功能損傷,且能盡早識(shí)別適合亞低溫治療的患兒。在HIE相關(guān)的標(biāo)志物研究中,血清生物標(biāo)志物因其易于獲取、在腦損傷后升高、可穿過血–腦脊液屏障并在外周血中穩(wěn)定存在等優(yōu)勢(shì)成為研究熱點(diǎn)。目前,大多數(shù)研究聚焦基于血液循環(huán)的分子標(biāo)志物,不僅關(guān)注單一特異性生物標(biāo)志物,還利用高通量分析技術(shù)推動(dòng)非靶向生物標(biāo)志物研究的深入發(fā)展。本文綜述現(xiàn)有與HIE相關(guān)的血清標(biāo)志物研究進(jìn)展,旨在為探索適用于早期診斷和預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)的血清標(biāo)志物、實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體化治療及開發(fā)相關(guān)新技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)和參考。
1""血清特異性神經(jīng)生物標(biāo)志物
1.1""鈣離子結(jié)合蛋白S100B
S100B是一種主要分布于腦組織星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的鈣離子結(jié)合蛋白,是神經(jīng)元損傷的直接標(biāo)志物,其半衰期約為30min[5]。S100B從受損的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞釋放到外周血液循環(huán)中,不受溶血因素影響,因此被認(rèn)為是新生兒HIE的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。研究表明HIE患兒血清中S100B升高與HIE腦損傷的嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后密切相關(guān),重度HIE患兒的S100B水平顯著高于中度HIE患兒[6-7]。Bouvier等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)圍產(chǎn)期窒息的新生兒臍帶血S100B水平可有效區(qū)分有無神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。S100B不僅能實(shí)時(shí)反映缺氧缺血導(dǎo)致的原發(fā)性細(xì)胞死亡,還能監(jiān)測(cè)再灌注再氧合引起的繼發(fā)性細(xì)胞損傷。研究顯示S100B在分娩后6h開始升高,并在隨后的72h逐漸降低,且在發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重殘疾或死亡的嬰兒中水平更高[9]。
1.2""神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶
神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific"enolase,NSE)是一種主要存在于大腦灰質(zhì)的糖酵解酶,當(dāng)神經(jīng)元壞死時(shí),腦脊液中NSE增加,同時(shí)由于血–腦脊液屏障被破壞,血清中NSE水平升高。Zhang等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)窒息組新生兒的血清NSE水平顯著高于對(duì)照組,且產(chǎn)后6h腦電圖結(jié)果異常的新生兒血清NSE水平也高于對(duì)照組。近期研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)第1天的S100B和NSE水平與異常的動(dòng)態(tài)腦電圖及磁共振成像(magnetic"resonance"imaging,MRI)結(jié)果顯著相關(guān)[11]。此外,有學(xué)者通過聯(lián)合臍血S100B、NSE及miRNA-24進(jìn)行早期診斷,其曲線下面積達(dá)0.908[12]。盡管多數(shù)研究支持NSE水平與嬰兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)局的相關(guān)性,但也有研究得出不同結(jié)論。如印度的一項(xiàng)大樣本研究顯示,S100B和NSE水平與18個(gè)月時(shí)嬰兒的神經(jīng)發(fā)育結(jié)局無顯著相關(guān)性[13]。
1.3""Tau蛋白
Tau蛋白是一種微管相關(guān)蛋白,主要功能是穩(wěn)定軸突結(jié)構(gòu),是神經(jīng)元的支架蛋白[14]。近年來,Tau蛋白被廣泛用于新生兒HIE早期診斷及神經(jīng)發(fā)育結(jié)局的預(yù)測(cè)。Toorell等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中重度HIE患兒臍血Tau蛋白水平顯著高于正常組。此外,Tau蛋白水平與嬰幼兒認(rèn)知和運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育結(jié)局呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有研究報(bào)道新生兒出生后24h內(nèi)血清Tau蛋白水平是神經(jīng)發(fā)育遲緩的預(yù)測(cè)因子,截?cái)嘀禐?33.04pg/ml時(shí),其敏感度為100%,特異性為70.8%[16]。關(guān)于Tau蛋白的時(shí)間截點(diǎn),Yang等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)其在生后6h內(nèi)達(dá)到峰值。
1.4""泛素羧基末端水解酶1
泛素羧基末端水解酶1(ubiquitin"carboxy-"terminal"hydrolase"L1,UCH-L1)是一種神經(jīng)元特異性胞質(zhì)酶,在軸突穩(wěn)定性和損傷修復(fù)中發(fā)揮重要作用,常作為創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷的標(biāo)志物[18]。在新生兒HIE中,血–腦脊液屏障破壞導(dǎo)致UCH-L1釋放入血,使其成為早期評(píng)估HIE的標(biāo)志物。研究表明臍血UCH-L1水平最高,且在低溫復(fù)溫期間保持穩(wěn)定[19]。Massaro等[20]指出HIE新生兒生后24h內(nèi)的血清UCH-L1水平與MRI檢測(cè)到的腦損傷相關(guān),但窒息后5d的UCH-L1水平對(duì)腦損傷的評(píng)估有限。UCH-L1的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于早期評(píng)估能力,臍血UCH-L1水平高的新生兒可能出現(xiàn)不良神經(jīng)發(fā)育結(jié)局,且UCH-"L1過度升高可能預(yù)示死亡結(jié)局,有研究顯示死亡患兒的血清UCH-L1水平均高于100ng/ml[21]。
1.5""膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白
膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(glial"fibrillary"acidic"protein,GFAP)主要存在于星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中,是維持細(xì)胞完整性的中間纖維。GFAP也被用于評(píng)估HIE腦損傷程度。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)接受亞低溫治療HIE患兒的研究顯示,中重度HIE患兒出生后6h內(nèi)及第1、3、4天的血清GFAP水平顯著升高,且GFAP≥0.15ng/ml是識(shí)別腦部MRI異常新生兒的最佳臨界值[22]。另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MRI結(jié)果較差的患兒出生后7~10d的GFAP水平較高[23]。然而,GFAP在生后6h內(nèi)的早期診斷價(jià)值有限。但在治療開始后24h及72h,預(yù)后不良患兒的GFAP顯著升高,且降溫24h后的GFAP水平可預(yù)示嚴(yán)重腦損傷及新生兒死亡[24]。
1.6""其他神經(jīng)生物標(biāo)志物
除上述標(biāo)志物外,腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain-"derived"neurotrophic"factor,BDNF)和髓鞘堿性蛋白(myelin"basic"protein,MBP)等也被廣泛研究。BDNF由中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元和星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌,可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元的生長(zhǎng)、再生和修復(fù),其水平升高與新生兒HIE嚴(yán)重程度增加有關(guān),并可區(qū)分輕中度和重度HIE[25]。MBP存在于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)髓鞘中,其濃度隨髓鞘損傷程度增加而升高,中重度HIE新生兒的血清MBP水平顯著高于輕度患兒[26]。此外,血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular"endothelial"growth"factor,VEGF)在缺氧缺血事件中由小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放,促進(jìn)血管生成,HIE患兒的血清VEGF水平顯著升高[27]。激活素A和神經(jīng)絲輕鏈等標(biāo)志物在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞保護(hù)和軸突組成中也發(fā)揮重要作用。
1.7""細(xì)胞因子
除特異性神經(jīng)標(biāo)志物外,細(xì)胞因子在HIE相關(guān)通路中也扮演重要角色[28]。白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)和腫瘤壞死因子(tumor"necrosis"factor,TNF)等介質(zhì)在HIE中顯著升高。王運(yùn)玉等[29]證實(shí)HIE新生兒的血清TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8水平均顯著高于對(duì)照組。聯(lián)合檢測(cè)血清BDNF和IL-6水平對(duì)評(píng)估HIE患兒后遺癥具有較高參考價(jià)值[30]。此外,Dietrick等[31]報(bào)道IL-6和IL-10與認(rèn)知和運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)局呈負(fù)相關(guān),而IL-8與運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)局呈負(fù)相關(guān)。
2""微RNA
微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一類具有調(diào)控作用的小分子RNA,在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,參與調(diào)控神經(jīng)元成熟、突觸形成等生理過程。隨著轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,研究者能更精確地測(cè)定特定時(shí)間點(diǎn)組織中的基因表達(dá)譜,這為探索miRNA在新生兒HIE中的作用提供有力工具。研究表明低氧事件可觸發(fā)特定miRNA表達(dá),這些miRNA通過外泌體等載體遷移至腦損傷區(qū)域,并在體循環(huán)中被監(jiān)測(cè)到[32]。在HIE發(fā)生過程中,miRNA的表達(dá)譜呈現(xiàn)顯著變化,Looney等[33]通過對(duì)70例新生兒臍帶血miRNA譜進(jìn)行分析,鑒定70種在圍產(chǎn)期腦損傷中差異表達(dá)的miRNA。胎盤中多種miRNA的表達(dá)水平與新生兒早期神經(jīng)行為發(fā)育密切相關(guān)[34]。在診斷價(jià)值方面,HIE新生兒血清miR-384、miR-410的下調(diào)可作為潛在的診斷標(biāo)志物[35],而miR-124和miR-126的聯(lián)合評(píng)估顯示出良好的早期診斷價(jià)值[36]。miR-199a水平降低不僅可作為HIE潛在的診斷生物標(biāo)志物,還能增強(qiáng)S100B和NSE對(duì)HIE的診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估價(jià)值[37]。miRNA作為生物標(biāo)志物的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于能實(shí)現(xiàn)早期快速診斷,Casey等[38]在仔豬模型研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),6種miRNA在缺氧缺血性損傷后1h內(nèi)顯著上調(diào),其中miR-374a、miR-181b和miR-181a的變化對(duì)中重度HIE具有特異性。大量研究表明多種miRNA在HIE新生兒的血清和臍帶血中呈現(xiàn)顯著變化,具有早期診斷和預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)的潛力,但具體標(biāo)志物的選擇和臨床應(yīng)用方面仍需進(jìn)一步研究和驗(yàn)證。
3""代謝相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物
圍產(chǎn)期缺氧缺血可導(dǎo)致無氧代謝增加,代謝產(chǎn)物的堆積進(jìn)一步加重腦損傷,因此代謝物的臨床監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)識(shí)別HIE患兒及評(píng)估預(yù)后具有重要意義。目前,與能量代謝、氨基酸代謝和脂質(zhì)代謝相關(guān)的代謝產(chǎn)物被認(rèn)為是潛在生物標(biāo)志物。O’Boyle等[39]通過代謝組學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)窒息或HIE嬰兒臍帶血中乳酸和丙氨酸是HIE發(fā)生的主要預(yù)測(cè)因子,而乳酸、乙酰左旋肉堿、犬尿氨酸、色氨酸和油酸對(duì)HIE發(fā)展最具預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。乳酸作為組織灌注不足的標(biāo)志,在中重度腦損傷嬰兒中,其血清及腦內(nèi)濃度在亞低溫治療期間與基底神經(jīng)節(jié)、丘腦和灰質(zhì)區(qū)域的損傷程度呈現(xiàn)強(qiáng)關(guān)聯(lián)[40]。但臍帶血乳酸水平與生后4~8d"MRI顯示腦損傷嚴(yán)重程度無顯著相關(guān)性[41]。脂質(zhì)過氧化物也被用于評(píng)估HIE氧化應(yīng)激損傷,在接受低溫治療的HIE新生兒中,異呋喃和神經(jīng)呋喃被證實(shí)為氧化應(yīng)激的生物標(biāo)志物[42]。在大鼠HIE模型研究中,腦損傷3h后即可觀察到脂質(zhì)代謝物的顯著變化,N-酰乙醇胺減少被認(rèn)為是HIE診斷的良好指標(biāo)[43]。此外,窒息和酸中毒引起的缺血性心肌損傷使肌鈣蛋白I成為HIE預(yù)測(cè)的重要指標(biāo),當(dāng)其與正性肌力藥物評(píng)分聯(lián)合使用時(shí),可預(yù)測(cè)HIE患兒死亡率[44]。
單一生物標(biāo)志物的診斷價(jià)值有限,多標(biāo)志物聯(lián)合評(píng)估策略可提高診斷的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。Wang等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合生物標(biāo)志物(miR-210、miR-374a、NSE和S100B)對(duì)48周和52周Gesell智力發(fā)育的預(yù)測(cè)作用比其中任何單一生物標(biāo)志物都更準(zhǔn)確。Li等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)S100B、NSE和miR199a聯(lián)合對(duì)新生兒HIE的診斷和預(yù)后效果更好。有研究應(yīng)用血清UCH-L1、S100B、GFAP聯(lián)合新生兒行為神經(jīng)測(cè)定評(píng)分可較準(zhǔn)確地診斷新生兒窒息性腦損傷[46]。
4""小結(jié)
本文回顧新生兒HIE相關(guān)血清標(biāo)志物的研究進(jìn)展,重點(diǎn)介紹血清特異性神經(jīng)生物標(biāo)志物、miRNA及代謝相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物在HIE早期診斷和預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)中的應(yīng)用,這些生物標(biāo)志物隨腦損傷時(shí)間動(dòng)態(tài)變化的特征為早期診斷和預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)提供重要依據(jù),有助于指導(dǎo)臨床決策。目前,新生兒HIE研究正朝著識(shí)別和應(yīng)用生物標(biāo)志物的方向深入發(fā)展。神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的特異蛋白作為直接反映腦損傷的指標(biāo),而代謝產(chǎn)物的異常則揭示HIE疾病過程中的代謝變化,轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)研究為基因調(diào)控表達(dá)機(jī)制提供新的見解。盡管現(xiàn)有研究已取得顯著進(jìn)展,但研究多集中于標(biāo)志物的發(fā)現(xiàn)和機(jī)制探索,缺乏大規(guī)模的臨床驗(yàn)證研究。因此,未來的研究應(yīng)加強(qiáng)臨床轉(zhuǎn)化,推動(dòng)這些標(biāo)志物在臨床實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用,為HIE患兒的早期干預(yù)和個(gè)體化治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù),最終改善患兒的預(yù)后和生活質(zhì)量。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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