[摘要]"糖尿病腎?。╠iabetic"nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥之一,對(duì)國(guó)民健康生活有顯著影響。光學(xué)相關(guān)斷層掃描血管成像(optical"coherence"tomography"angiography,OCTA)因其無(wú)創(chuàng)性、便捷性和高分辨率等優(yōu)點(diǎn),逐漸顯示出早期診斷DN的潛力。OCTA能夠產(chǎn)生高對(duì)比度、清晰的微血管圖像,可深入觀察視網(wǎng)膜各血管層。DN與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變均為糖尿病微血管病變,二者有共同的發(fā)病機(jī)制。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DN患者在視網(wǎng)膜厚度、毛細(xì)血管密度及中心凹無(wú)血管區(qū)面積等方面存在顯著改變,這些特征性改變?yōu)樽R(shí)別DN患者提供基礎(chǔ)。本文就OCTA在DN早期診斷中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]"糖尿病腎?。还鈱W(xué)相關(guān)斷層掃描血管成像;糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變;早期診斷
[中圖分類號(hào)]"R587.1""""""[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]"A""""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.10.030
近年來(lái),中國(guó)的糖尿病患病率逐年升高,其中20%~40%的糖尿病患者合并糖尿病腎?。╠iabetic"nephropathy,DN)。DN是糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥之一,亦是引發(fā)慢性腎臟?。╟hronic"kidney"disease,CKD)和終末期腎?。╡nd-stage"renal"disease,ESRD)的主要原因之一[1]。早期干預(yù)可延緩DN進(jìn)展,因此早期診斷顯得尤為關(guān)鍵。目前,DN主要通過(guò)血清肌酐及相關(guān)指標(biāo)作出診斷,蛋白尿和/或白蛋白尿等指標(biāo)也常被用于評(píng)估腎臟疾病情況[2]。但傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)表現(xiàn)欠佳,如尿微量白蛋白并未與DN呈完全平行關(guān)系,而使用肌酐和/或胱抑素C評(píng)估易存在較大誤差[3-4]。腎活檢作為DN診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因其侵入性及縱向檢測(cè)的特點(diǎn)使其適用性大幅下降。因此兼具無(wú)創(chuàng)性、便捷性、高分辨率等優(yōu)點(diǎn)的光學(xué)相關(guān)斷層掃描血管成像(optical"coherence"tomography"angiography,OCTA)逐漸顯示出診斷早期DN的潛力。本文綜述OCTA在DN早期診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值及研究進(jìn)展。
1""OCTA技術(shù)在眼部的應(yīng)用
OCTA是一種以快速、非侵入性方式呈現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜所有血管層的高對(duì)比度、清晰微血管圖像的影像學(xué)技術(shù)。血管造影術(shù)只能呈現(xiàn)淺表血管叢,OCTA利用動(dòng)態(tài)血細(xì)胞對(duì)光信號(hào)的散射性差異,通過(guò)多次掃描同一位置并分析信號(hào)變化,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜毛細(xì)血管叢和脈絡(luò)膜毛細(xì)血管的單獨(dú)可視化[5]。OCTA可清晰檢測(cè)糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic"retinopathy,DR)患者的視網(wǎng)膜黃斑區(qū)淺層、深層毛細(xì)血管形態(tài),具有較高的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,為疾病的機(jī)制研究和臨床的診斷治療提供巨大的幫助[6]。
2""眼與腎臟的關(guān)聯(lián)
眼和腎臟在生理結(jié)構(gòu)和疾病損傷等方面有著諸多相似點(diǎn)。在生理結(jié)構(gòu)方面,它們有著類似的發(fā)育和超微結(jié)構(gòu),視網(wǎng)膜光感受器和髓質(zhì)逆流交換系統(tǒng)具有高代謝活性和較低血流量,在血流調(diào)節(jié)中均受腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮作用舒縮血管。此外,脈絡(luò)膜毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮、Bruch膜和視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮的排列與腎小球內(nèi)皮、腎小球基底膜(glomerular"basal"membrane,GBM)和足細(xì)胞的排列相似。眼中的Bruch膜和腎中的GBM都含有Ⅳ型膠原鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò),當(dāng)疾病涉及Ⅳ型膠原蛋白時(shí)兩個(gè)器官均發(fā)生病變,如Alport綜合征、抗GBM疾病。補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)失調(diào)和免疫調(diào)節(jié)也是兩者共同病變的重要因素[7]。
3""DN與DR的關(guān)聯(lián)
既往研究證明嚴(yán)重DR患者發(fā)生DN的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高[8]。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)DR與DN在病理機(jī)制、臨床實(shí)際等方面具有相關(guān)性[9-11]。DN與DR均為糖尿病微血管病變,二者有共同的發(fā)病機(jī)制和相似的危險(xiǎn)因素[12-14];發(fā)病率和患病率均與糖尿病病程呈正相關(guān),與良好的血糖控制呈負(fù)相關(guān)[9,15]。DN與DR的差異主要表現(xiàn)在易感基因不同、參與的細(xì)胞因子不同,且DR既是微血管病變也是神經(jīng)血管性病變[16]。
1型糖尿病患者的DR與DN臨床前形態(tài)學(xué)變化顯著相關(guān),二者發(fā)病和進(jìn)展較為平行[17]。2型糖尿?。╰ype"2"diabetes"mellitus,T2DM)患者的DR與DN只有部分平行,大量蛋白尿且合并DR患者相比微量蛋白尿患者的DN風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。T2DM患者存在有DR無(wú)DN或有DN無(wú)DR的不平行性,其產(chǎn)生可能與二者參與發(fā)病的細(xì)胞因子、基因易感性不同或診斷方式不同有關(guān),具體機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索[16]。
4""使用OCTA檢查DR診斷早期DN
4.1""DN患者對(duì)比非糖尿病人群的眼底改變
Da"Silva等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DN患者的視網(wǎng)膜厚度變薄,視網(wǎng)膜淺表中央象限的毛細(xì)血管密度顯著降低,中心凹無(wú)血管區(qū)面積明顯擴(kuò)大。1年后與非糖尿病人群比較,DN患者的脈絡(luò)膜厚度降低,但二者脈絡(luò)膜毛細(xì)血管密度差異不大。這種變薄可能與脈絡(luò)膜層的血管變化有關(guān),而脈絡(luò)膜毛細(xì)血管密度的穩(wěn)定可維持視網(wǎng)膜外層和視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮的健康[19]。
4.2""DN患者對(duì)比糖尿病非DN人群的眼底改變
Wang等[20]使用OCTA分析中國(guó)廣州社區(qū)874例糖尿病患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)DN患者的視網(wǎng)膜血管密度顯著低于非DN患者。Lin等[21]的小樣本研究也驗(yàn)證這一點(diǎn),血管密度lt;17.369/mm提示DN潛在的可能。此類研究論證與非糖尿病人群或糖尿病非DN人群相比,DN患者均表現(xiàn)出獨(dú)特的眼底改變,這種特征性改變正是OCTA識(shí)別DN患者的基礎(chǔ)。
4.3""DN患者眼底改變與腎病嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系
Zhao等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜血流密度與DN病理分級(jí)呈強(qiáng)相關(guān),且DN病理分級(jí)越高則密度越低,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)脈絡(luò)膜血流密度的變化與DN病理分級(jí)并無(wú)顯著關(guān)聯(lián)。分析原因:脈絡(luò)膜系統(tǒng)有著與視網(wǎng)膜系統(tǒng)不同的解剖學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能使命,不僅高度血管化,且是人體內(nèi)每克組織流速最快的組織之一,因此保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定[23]。唐娟等[24]通過(guò)卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像和臨床檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),得出DN的嚴(yán)重程度與DR的加重呈線性正相關(guān)。上述研究表明DN患者的腎病嚴(yán)重程度可根據(jù)眼底病變程度進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和判斷。
4.4""典型DR患者視網(wǎng)膜微血管改變與腎功能改變
對(duì)合并DR的糖尿病患者而言,視網(wǎng)膜微血管的生理功能和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,且與腎功能受損相關(guān)。Wang等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟異常與DR的進(jìn)展相關(guān),但與糖尿病性黃斑水腫的發(fā)生無(wú)關(guān)。表明存在DR的患者的視網(wǎng)膜可作為腎臟的可視化窗口,提供早期使用OCTA無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查DN的可能性。
4.5""非典型DR患者視網(wǎng)膜微血管改變與腎功能改變
即使是無(wú)DR或DR臨床表現(xiàn)不明顯的糖尿病患者,視網(wǎng)膜微血管系統(tǒng)的生理功能和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)也會(huì)發(fā)生改變,且與腎功能受損相關(guān)。Huang等[26]對(duì)無(wú)DR的T2DM患者進(jìn)行3年隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)T2DM患者的視盤毛細(xì)血管灌注減少與估算的腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率下降幅度較大有關(guān),提示無(wú)明顯DR患者并不預(yù)示著其腎臟未受到損傷。
5""人工智能在增強(qiáng)OCTA早期檢測(cè)能力方面的前景
人工智能系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用開(kāi)辟了視網(wǎng)膜眼底圖像診斷DN并預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)展的新方法。通過(guò)算法和模型的建設(shè)可顯著提升OCTA的檢測(cè)效率和準(zhǔn)確性,并節(jié)約時(shí)間和成本。
Zhang等[27]開(kāi)發(fā)一種人工智能系統(tǒng),可診斷CKD并使用視網(wǎng)膜眼底圖像預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)展。因CKD與DN的發(fā)病機(jī)制高度類似,故該系統(tǒng)同樣有望運(yùn)用于DN的診斷與預(yù)測(cè)。Shi等[28]使用人工智能機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)一種新的DN無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)算法,該算法基于眼底圖像中可測(cè)量的視網(wǎng)膜血管參數(shù)和8個(gè)易得的臨床參數(shù)對(duì)DN進(jìn)行診斷。通過(guò)視網(wǎng)膜圖像與多項(xiàng)臨床指標(biāo)的結(jié)合,使算法的綜合分析具有更高的敏感度和準(zhǔn)確性,是單一圖像模型開(kāi)發(fā)基礎(chǔ)上的又一進(jìn)步。Betzler等[29]開(kāi)發(fā)的深度學(xué)習(xí)算法也證實(shí)混合模型具備更優(yōu)異的表現(xiàn),而作為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的臨床數(shù)據(jù)則是增添檢測(cè)性能的重要一環(huán)。Liu等[29]提出一種基于病變區(qū)域感知的注意力機(jī)制模型,該模型可更準(zhǔn)確地聚焦視網(wǎng)膜光學(xué)相干斷層掃描圖像的病變區(qū)域信息,提高分類精度。通過(guò)對(duì)糖尿病患者的視網(wǎng)膜光學(xué)相干斷層掃描數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)該模型的準(zhǔn)確率、敏感度和特異性均較高,表明該模型不僅對(duì)篩查高危DN患者發(fā)揮重要作用,且具備高精度的特點(diǎn)。
盡管基于各項(xiàng)參數(shù)及各種識(shí)別機(jī)制開(kāi)發(fā)訓(xùn)練的視網(wǎng)膜眼底圖像人工智能系統(tǒng)已初具雛形,且各自在特定的樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)下已展現(xiàn)出高效、高精度的識(shí)別判斷能力,但目前這些模型的研發(fā)依舊普遍存在樣本量不足、樣本人口特定、成像模式單一、診斷結(jié)果二元分類、模型缺乏認(rèn)證、其他因素影響甚至是開(kāi)發(fā)和數(shù)據(jù)處理成本高等局限性。綜上,雖然OCTA在DN早期診斷中的成熟應(yīng)用仍存在困難和挑戰(zhàn),但總體上早期使用OCTA檢測(cè)視網(wǎng)膜微血管變化從而診斷DN具有可行性,有具備深入研發(fā)的價(jià)值和投入臨床使用的可能[30]。
6""總結(jié)與展望
越來(lái)越多的研究表明,OCTA可用于定量評(píng)估DR、DN及其并發(fā)癥,甚至運(yùn)用于臨床病變出現(xiàn)之前。作為一項(xiàng)較新的技術(shù),OCTA的局限性在于缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工具和程序來(lái)解決常見(jiàn)的成像問(wèn)題,如偽影、分割誤差和圖像聚焦等。盡管使用特定的掃描類型、模式和技術(shù)可改善這些問(wèn)題,但尚未建立一套相對(duì)統(tǒng)一通用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以至于各研究中心、實(shí)際臨床和機(jī)器之間的結(jié)果無(wú)法比較[31-32]。相信隨著OCTA成像使用的規(guī)范化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、DN系統(tǒng)模型的建立及深度學(xué)習(xí)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,通過(guò)OCTA診斷早期DN將有望實(shí)現(xiàn)臨床推廣。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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