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    食管癌分子標記物研究進展

    2018-01-05 03:03:54李恒存朱圣韜張澍田
    轉化醫(yī)學電子雜志 2017年12期
    關鍵詞:突變率拷貝數(shù)鱗癌

    趙 宇,李恒存,朱圣韜,閔 力,張澍田

    (首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院消化內科,國家消化系統(tǒng)疾病臨床醫(yī)學研究中心,消化疾病癌前病變北京市重點實驗室,北京市消化疾病中心,北京100050)

    ·綜述·

    食管癌分子標記物研究進展

    趙 宇,李恒存,朱圣韜,閔 力,張澍田

    (首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院消化內科,國家消化系統(tǒng)疾病臨床醫(yī)學研究中心,消化疾病癌前病變北京市重點實驗室,北京市消化疾病中心,北京100050)

    0 引言

    相關流行病學調查顯示,全球范圍內食管癌(esophageal carcinoma,EC)的發(fā)病率在全部腫瘤中位列第八,病死率位居第六[1],每年預計新發(fā)病例約482 300例,死亡病例約406 800例[1].在美國等發(fā)達國家,EC發(fā)病率較低[2],而在我國,EC的發(fā)病率在全部腫瘤中位居第三,病死率位列第四[3].病理學上,EC主要分為鱗癌與腺癌兩種,腺癌主要在歐美地區(qū)多發(fā),而鱗癌多發(fā)于中亞、東亞等亞洲地區(qū)[4-5].

    食管鱗癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)在亞洲高發(fā)地區(qū)的主要危險因素包括營養(yǎng)不良、水果蔬菜攝入少以及進食過高溫度的食物,而在歐美等癌變風險較低的地區(qū),主要危險因素是吸煙以及過量的酒精攝入[4].食管腺癌(esophageal adenocarcinoma,EAC)的主要危險因素為吸煙、肥胖以及反流性食管炎等[6].

    在疾病的起源上,目前認為Barrett食管為EAC的癌前病變,隨后經(jīng)過低級別、中等級別以及高級別的異型增生進而進展為腺癌[7],而ESCC經(jīng)歷上皮的過度增生以及低中高度異型增生進而發(fā)展為癌[8].

    針對EC發(fā)生與進展的生物學過程,相關研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一系列關鍵分子生物學事件,包括基因突變、甲基化、雜合性丟失(loss of heterozygosity, LOH)、拷貝數(shù)改變(copy number variation,CNV)及表達差異等[9-13],這些分子標記物為預測 EC 發(fā)病風險、預后及治療反應性等提供了很好的指導.本文擬對EC相關分子標記物進行梳理總結,為針對EC后續(xù)的深入研究以及臨床應用提供參考.

    1 EAC

    EAC是起源于食管黏膜上皮或賁門腺體的惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)展與長期慢性炎癥相關,通常認為Barrett食管是其癌前病變.P53作為調控細胞生長的關鍵分子,在生長周期、細胞分化、凋亡以及DNA錯配修復中起著核心作用,約50%的惡性腫瘤存在P53基因的突變[14].在EAC中,P53的突變類型主要為G:C→A:T,其突變率各文獻報道差異較大,約40%~90%,不同的突變位點引起的功能效應不同,部分位點的突變甚至起到了促進腫瘤生長的作用.臨床統(tǒng)計顯示,P53突變型患者在腫瘤的分化程度、治療反應性、長期無病生存及五年生存率、TNM分期、淋巴結轉移情況等方面均顯著劣于P53野生型患者[15-19].

    CNV是基因組結構性差異的常見形式,目前認為也是癌癥起源、發(fā)展的機制之一,同樣在EAC中,有文獻報道了 EGFR、ERBB2/HER2、CCND1、FGF3/INT2的變異,為尋找潛在的EC分子標記物提供了可能.EGFR屬于表皮生長因子受體家族,目前在各類腫瘤中研究較多,EGFR基因過表達在惡性腫瘤的進展中起到了關鍵作用,尤其是與腫瘤的血管生成、高侵襲性及轉移相關[20],在 EAC中,同樣可觀察到EGFR基因擴增,且擴增與腫瘤大小、淋巴結轉移、預后及治療反應性相關[21-23].ERBB2同樣屬于表皮生長因子受體家族,在乳腺癌、胃癌、肺癌中均可發(fā)現(xiàn)此基因擴增,而ERBB2的高表達可激活Ras-MAPK和PI3K-Akt信號通路,進而促進細胞增殖,抑制細胞凋亡,也有文獻[24-26]報道了其作為監(jiān)測卵巢癌的效用.在EAC中,ERBB2的擴增占16%~25%,且與腫瘤的預后相關[27-32].另外,CCND1、FGF3/INT2 的基因擴增也提示與EAC的相關性,并且提示了不良預后及5 年生存率的降低[21,33].

    LOH也是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的機制之一,在腫瘤的進展中,其主要指抑癌基因正常的兩個成對等位基因中的一個出現(xiàn)了明顯異?;蛉笔У茸兓?,進而導致抑癌基因功能的喪失[34-36].在 EAC 中,有研究[37]報道了染色體1q的LOH對于患者生存的影響,染色體1q的 LOH發(fā)生率為66%,其中58%存在1q21的LOH,45%存在1q23的LOH;而1q21.23 LOH的患者與無丟失患者相比,生存率明顯下降,且術前化療反應性不佳.

    DNA甲基化作為DNA修飾的一種形式,主要是在CpG雙核苷酸上添加甲基,并不改變DNA的序列.而當抑癌基因被甲基化后,由于表達受限進而喪失了相應的功能,在EC中,DNA甲基化是較常見的發(fā)病機制之一[38-41].其中,對于 CDKN2A 的甲基化研究較多,有文獻報道了CDKN2A的甲基化與9p21的LOH相關,目前認為CDKN2A的甲基化發(fā)生于Barrett食管進展為EAC的早期,發(fā)生率的報道差異性較大,為 3% ~77%[42-46].APC 基因及 CDH1 基因的甲基化同樣在 Barrett食管及 EAC 中有報道[47-48],其中甚至有25%的患者可在血清中檢測到APC基因的甲基化,這為EAC的早期診斷提供了潛在的可能[47].

    在基因表達水平上,COX-2、VEGF、Cyclin D1、Ki-67、P53等具有代表性的基因也在EAC中存在表達水平的差異[49-51].對于COX-2的研究主要集中在鱗癌,但腺癌也有部分研究,認為COX-2在抑制腫瘤細胞凋亡,促進增殖方面發(fā)揮重要作用,其表達升高提示預后明顯不良[49].VEGF的研究主要與腺癌的血管生成相關,因其產物促進腫瘤血管的生成進而發(fā)揮促腫瘤作用,同樣,VEGF表達的升高提示預后不良[49-50].Cyclin D1 屬于細胞周期家族,通過調控細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶發(fā)揮促增殖作用,Cyclin D1表達升高不僅提示預后不良,也提示腫瘤的化療及放療敏感性下降[51].在基因表達水平差異方面,Ki-67和P53作為常用的腫瘤標記物,在EAC中也有類似研究,Ki-67增殖指數(shù)高低與許多腫瘤的分化程度、浸潤、轉移以及預后密切相關.P53因在腺癌中突變較高,常常以突變作為腺癌的分子標記物,P53的部分突變?yōu)閻盒酝蛔儯浔磉_升高往往提示更差的預后[49-51].

    2 ESCC

    ESCC是發(fā)生在食管鱗狀上皮的一種惡性腫瘤,食管鱗狀上皮不典型增生是食道癌的重要癌前病變,占我國EC的絕大多數(shù).PIK3CA作為體細胞突變的癌基因,編碼Ⅰ類磷脂酰肌醇-3-肌酶的p110催化亞基,目前在各類腫瘤中研究較多,其首先由Volinia等[52]利用原位雜交技術檢測到.有文獻[53]報道了ESCC中PIK3CA的突變狀況,其突變率約為21%,且與AKT通路的激活相關,突變型患者的無病生存與總生存率均顯著低于野生型患者.P53在ESCC中的突變也報道較多,突變率約為90%,很多突變在早期已經(jīng)發(fā)生,突變往往以無義突變?yōu)橹?,但也有部分惡性突變,突變的患者往往化療反應較差且預后不良[54-55].另外,NRF2 在 ESCC 中的突變也有研究,主要與疾病復發(fā)、無病生存以及淋巴結轉移相關,同時在EC細胞系中敲低NRF2可以使癌細胞對5-Fu的敏感性提升,提示其也可作為治療反應性的標記物之一[56].

    在基因拷貝數(shù)方面,ESCC同樣有 EGFR、CCND1、FGF3/INT2的變異.其中EGFR基因的拷貝數(shù)增加提示患者的預后更差,中位生存時間僅9個月,5年生存率僅7%,而 EGFR拷貝數(shù)正常的患者中位生存期為42個月,5年生存率可達43%[57].對于CCND1,其 CNV 發(fā)生率 40% ~ 50%,文獻[58-61]提示CCND1拷貝數(shù)增加與預后不良相關,患者中位生存期降低,但也有文獻[62]統(tǒng)計其拷貝數(shù)增加與生存無關.FGF3/INT2拷貝數(shù)的增加在鱗癌中研究較少,發(fā)生率報道差異較大(11%~62%),也可能與病變大小以及預后相關[63-65].另外,有研究[66-68]表明,MDM2、TERC、CPT1A等基因僅在ESCC中出現(xiàn)特異性的拷貝數(shù)變化,且多數(shù)與患者5年生存率及無病生存期相關,其中MDM2主要與腫瘤的轉移相關,MDM2拷貝數(shù)增加往往提示腫瘤更容易出現(xiàn)淋巴結以及遠處器官的轉移;TERC表達端粒酶的RNA組分,在宮頸癌中研究較多,ESCC中也有相關報道,伴隨腫瘤進展,拷貝數(shù)逐漸增加;CPT1A在脂質轉移的研究機制中首先被發(fā)現(xiàn),隨后在鱗癌內發(fā)現(xiàn)其與淋巴結轉移以及不良預后相關.

    ESCC在LOH方面研究較少,目前僅有標記物D2S123(染色體2p)、D3S1067(染色體3p)和TP53(染色體17p)的報道,發(fā)生率分別為15%、55%和50%,與無LOH組相比,3年生存率明顯下降(48%vs75%),提示預后不良,但是否與治療反應性、遠處轉移等相關尚缺乏一定數(shù)據(jù)[69].

    DNA甲基化方面,CDKN2A的甲基化同樣可見于ESCC,發(fā)生率為 40%~62%,與 EAC類似,CDKN2A的甲基化程度與疾病進展相關[70-72].MGMT基因的甲基化在鱗癌中也比較常見,為33%~35%,MGMT基因參與DNA修復.有研究[73]認為,亞硝胺致EC的作用與MGMT基因的甲基化相關,因亞硝胺引起的DNA損傷無法修復,進而促使食管鱗狀上皮向鱗癌的轉化.另外,TFF1、REPRIMO、MLH1、TPEF等基因的甲基化在ESCC中也有報道,多數(shù)與疾病進展相關[74-85].其中TFF1基因在消化道腫瘤尤其是胃癌前病變中研究較多,在ESCC中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)其在部分癌前病變中有表達;REPRIMO基因也常發(fā)生于疾病早期,約40%的EC患者可檢測到其甲基化;MLH1的甲基化與ESCC的病理類型、細胞分化程度和癌組織浸潤深度存在相關性;TPEF基因則多與預后相關,甲基化發(fā)生率約54%.

    表1 現(xiàn)階段主要EC標記物匯總表

    在基因表達層面,由于突變、甲基化、LOH等原因均可引起表達水平的差異,所以ESCC中單純研究表達層面分子標記物的文獻較少,目前主要關注survivin、COX-2、VEGF、E-cadherin、HER-2 等具有代表性的基因,前已述及相關作用,survivin在EC中的陽性表達率約90%,且主要與淋巴結轉移以及腫瘤患者的生存相關[49];而COX-2主要通過周期以及凋亡相關通路發(fā)揮促癌作用,與腫瘤的放化療反應性相關;VEGF作為調控腫瘤血管生成的關鍵分子,表達量常與腫瘤分期呈現(xiàn)正相關[50];E-cadherin在腫瘤侵襲、遷移相關的作用中起關鍵作用,表達量與腫瘤的淋巴結以及遠處轉移呈正相關[50],HER-2的表達主要與生存相關,但表達量與生存期的關系尚存在爭議[49,51].

    3 新一代組學帶來的挑戰(zhàn)

    對于EAC,由于在歐美等發(fā)達國家發(fā)病率較高,基于西方人較為完善的生物樣本庫,有研究[86]利用近年來高速發(fā)展的組學研究技術,從全基因組、外顯子組、轉錄組、甲基化組及蛋白質組等多個層面全面地評估了不同基因在不同水平病變中的動態(tài)變化,一方面驗證了前期發(fā)現(xiàn)的各類標記物,另一方面也找到了一系列具有良好臨床應用前景的新分子標記物.然而對于不同的組學研究,其找到的標記物重合度并不高,在突變層面,除P53的高突變率無爭議外,其他突變率在10%以上的基因很難在不同數(shù)據(jù)庫中獲得一致結果[87-88].例如 BROAD 研究所在 2013年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示 EAC 中 SYNE1、LRP1B、FLG、SPTA1、PCLO突變率均在20%以上[87],而近期MSK的IMPACT研究顯示這些基因突變率低于10%[88];IMPACT研究顯示 CDKN2A 的突變率達 20.54%[88],但 BROAD 的研究中其突變率僅13.01%[87].這些不一致的結果說明,不同地區(qū)不同人群在EAC的突變譜系上存在非常大的差異,目前我國并沒有建立基于國內人群的EAC組學數(shù)據(jù)庫,但在近年來EAC發(fā)病率快速上升的背景下[3],我們迫切需要建立規(guī)范化的中國人EAC隊列與組學數(shù)據(jù)庫,在嘗試引入國外EAC標記物的同時,在國內人群中進行大規(guī)模樣本驗證顯得尤為重要.

    而對于ESCC,由于其高發(fā)區(qū)集中于我國的欠發(fā)達地區(qū),而西方人群,尤其是發(fā)達國家的發(fā)病率較低,在缺乏生物樣本庫建設以及基因組學研究高昂的成本下,相關的組學研究尚處于起步階段.2014年UCLA的研究顯示除TP53外,TTN、KMT2D突變率也較高(>15%)[89],而這些基因中只有 KMT2D在TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫得到印證[90],同時 TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫里的CSMD3、DNAH5、NFE2L2、OBSCN[90],在 UCLA 的數(shù)據(jù)庫中也沒有顯示出較高的突變率[89].作為ESCC高發(fā)地區(qū),我國目前亟待進一步擴大相關組學研究的樣本量,推進相關新型標記物在多中心大樣本中的驗證性研究,及早開發(fā)出適合國內人群的可用于早期診斷及判斷預后相關的EC分子標記物.

    4 問題與展望

    雖然目前針對EC診斷及預后的分子標記物研究較多,且涉及到表觀遺傳學、突變、表達水平等多方面,但由于缺乏大規(guī)模、多中心的臨床驗證以及相關前瞻性研究,目前報道的分子標記物尚未在臨床開展應用,這也是各腫瘤分子標記物所面臨的普遍問題.隨著科學技術的發(fā)展,尤其是高通量測序技術的普及和大規(guī)模專病人群隊列和樣本庫的建立,新的EC分子標記物的研發(fā)將得到長足的進展,而已有的經(jīng)典標記物也將得到可信度更強、證據(jù)級別更高的評估,進一步促進EC的臨床診斷與治療.

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    Research progress in molecular markers of esophageal cancer

    ZHAO Yu, LI Heng-Cun, ZHU Sheng-Tao, MIN Li, ZHANG Shu-Tian
    Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease,Beijing 100050,China

    Esophageal cancer(EC) is one of the most common diagnosed carcinomas with a high ranked mortality worldwide.Especially in China,ESCC patients account for 90%of the global total.The mechanism of EC and discovery of its new drug target has become a research focus.EC can be divided into two subtypes:esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Considering the mechanisms of carcinogenesis are different between these two subtypes,we displayed contents of EAC and ESCC separately.Mutations, copy number variation(CNV), loss of heterogeneity(LOH), and changes of expression in EC were all included in this review.For the studies of EAC, the diagnostic value of P53, EGFR, ERBB2, CCND1,F(xiàn)GF3/INT2, 1q21 LOH, 1q23 LOH, CDKN2A, APC, CDH1,COX-2, VEGF, Cylin D1 and Ki-67 were summarized.For the studies of ESCC, the diagnostic value of PIK3CA, NRF2, EGFR,CCND1,MDM2,TERC,CPT1A,2p LOH,3p LOH,17p LOH, CDKN2A, MGMT, TFF1, REPRIMO, MLH1, TPEF,CDH1, COX-2, VEGF, E-cadherin, HER-2 were summarized.In this article,the role of the above-mentioned biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response were investigated,which might shed light on screening and treatment of EC.

    esophageal adenocarcinoma; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; biomarkers; diagnosis; prognosis

    食管癌(EC)的發(fā)病率及病死率在全球位居前列,尤其在中國,食管鱗癌(ESCC)患者約占全球總數(shù)的90%.因此,探討EC發(fā)病機制,尋找新的靶向治療成為目前的研究熱點.EC依據(jù)病理類型可分為ESCC及食管腺癌(EAC),由于二者發(fā)病機制不同,本文擬從這兩方面分別進行闡述.目前針對EC分子標記物的研究,主要集中在基因突變、基因拷貝數(shù)改變(CNV)、雜合性丟失(LOH)以及表達量變化四個方面,不同的改變常常提示著疾病的不同階段,也預示著不同的治療反應性及無病生存期.EAC方面,我們對P53、EGFR、ERBB2、CCND1、FGF3/INT2、1q21 LOH、1q23 LOH、CDKN2A、APC、CDH1、COX-2、VEGF、Cyclin D1 和 Ki-67 等標記物在診斷及治療中的應用價值進行了總結;而在ESCC方面,我們對PIK3CA、NRF2、EGFR、CCND1、MDM2、TERC、CPT1A、2p LOH、3p LOH、17p LOH、CDKN2A、MGMT、TFF1、REPRIMO、MLH1、TPEF、CDH1、COX-2、VEGF、E-cadherin、HER-2 等標記物進行了綜述.本文旨在為臨床EC的診療工作提供可行性建議,同時為國內廣大學者在EC分子標記物領域的研究提供參考.

    食管腺癌;食管鱗癌;分子標記物;診斷;預后

    R735.1

    A

    2095-6894(2017)12-38-07

    2017-05-24;接受日期:2017-06-22

    國家自然科學基金(81302160,81272447);北京市教育委員會重點項目(KZ201410025024)

    趙 宇.博士.E-mail:doctor.zhaoyu@ hotmail.com

    閔 力.博士,助理研究員.研究方向:消化道腫瘤.E-mail:minli.mailbox@ gmail.com

    張澍田(共同通訊作者).博士,教授.研究方向:消化道腫瘤.E-mail:zhangshutian@ ccmu.edu.cn

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