摘要
番茄灼燒病毒(Torradovirus lycopersici,ToTV)是一種新發(fā)植物病毒,可侵染番茄等多種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物。番茄灼燒病毒已蔓延至歐洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲和大洋洲的多個(gè)國(guó)家,在歐洲和非洲番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)已造成嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損害。ToTV可以通過(guò)昆蟲(chóng)介體、種子、機(jī)械及嫁接傳播,一旦ToTV傳入我國(guó),將嚴(yán)重影響我國(guó)蔬菜、糧食和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)。本文概述了該病毒的生物學(xué)特性、基因組特征、發(fā)生分布、經(jīng)濟(jì)危害性、檢測(cè)方法,淺析其傳入我國(guó)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并提出預(yù)警建議。
關(guān)鍵詞
番茄灼燒病毒; 癥狀; 檢測(cè); 傳入風(fēng)險(xiǎn); 預(yù)警
中圖分類號(hào):
S 436.419
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: B
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2024449
Potential threat of Torradovirus lycopersici to tomato production in China
LIAO Furong1, YANG Xiaowen3, LI Xianfeng2, HU Shuqing2, FENG Lixia2*
(1. Xiamen Customs Technology Center, Xiamen 361026, China; 2. Guangzhou Customs Technology Center,
Guangzhou 510623, China; 3. Comprehensive Technology Center of Foshan Customs, Foshan 528299, China)
Abstract
Torradovirus lycopersici (ToTV) is an emerging plant virus infecting tomatoes and several other economically important crops. It has rapidly spread across Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania, causing significant yield losses, especially in tomatogrowing regions of Europe and Africa. ToTV can be transmitted via insect vectors, seeds, mechanical means, and grafting. If introduced into China, it would pose a severe threat to the country’s vegetables, cereal, and cash crop industry. This paper reviews the biological characteristics, genome features, global distribution, economic impact, and detection techniques of ToTV. Additionally, it evaluates the potential risk of ToTV introduction into China and offers earlywarning strategies and recommendations for quarantine and monitoring.
Key words
Torradovirus lycopersici; symptoms; detection; introduction risk; early warning
我國(guó)是世界上番茄種植面積最大、產(chǎn)量最多的國(guó)家[1],聯(lián)合國(guó)糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織(FAO)2022年發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2020年中國(guó)番茄總產(chǎn)量為6 474萬(wàn)t[2]。在世界范圍內(nèi),隨著番茄栽培規(guī)模逐步擴(kuò)大和蔬菜栽培大棚的普及與栽培集約化,越來(lái)越多危害番茄的病毒病被發(fā)現(xiàn)。自2000年后,世界各地陸續(xù)報(bào)道多種侵染番茄的新病毒,其中,番茄灼燒病毒(Torradovirus lycopersici,ToTV)2001年在西班牙穆?tīng)栁鱽喌貐^(qū)的番茄上首次被發(fā)現(xiàn)[3],國(guó)內(nèi)尚未有分布報(bào)道。目前,番茄灼燒病毒已經(jīng)在歐洲、非洲的番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)造成了嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損害。筆者收集相關(guān)資料,綜述番茄灼燒病毒的生物學(xué)特征、分布、為害特征、經(jīng)濟(jì)危害性和檢測(cè)鑒定方法,并提出了防控措施建議,以期為植物檢疫部門、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者提供參考資料,防范該病毒對(duì)我國(guó)番茄產(chǎn)業(yè)造成危害。
1 生物學(xué)特征
番茄灼燒病毒,英文俗名tomato torrado virus,屬于伴生豇豆病毒科Secoviridae灼燒病毒屬Torradovirus[45]。病毒粒體為等軸對(duì)稱球形,直徑約28 nm[3]。ToTV基因組由RNA1和RNA2 共2個(gè)ssRNA 分子組成,其中RNA1長(zhǎng)度為7 793個(gè)核苷酸(nt),包含有1個(gè)開(kāi)放閱讀框(ORF),分子量為241 kD,其編碼的多聚蛋白包含有蛋白酶輔助因子、解螺旋酶、蛋白酶和依賴于RNA的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)。RNA2長(zhǎng)度為5 389個(gè)核苷酸(nt),包含2個(gè)ORF,分別編碼1個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)蛋白(MP)和3個(gè)外殼蛋白(CP)[3,6]。
ToTV可以自然侵染番茄Solanum lycopersicum[3]、刺茄S.quitoense[7]及多種雜草[810],人工接種侵染辣椒Capsicum annuum cv. Italian Long Sweet、茄子S.melongena cv. Black Beauty、馬鈴薯S.tuberosum及煙草等植物[3,1114]。洋酸漿Physalis floridana和黏毛煙草Nicotiana glutinosa ‘PRI’可作為過(guò)濾寄主,用于從混合侵染鳳果花葉病毒(Potexvirus pepini,PepMV)的樣品中純化ToTV[3]。
研究表明,ToTV主要通過(guò)昆蟲(chóng)介體、種子、機(jī)械和嫁接傳播。ToTV通過(guò)煙粉虱Bemisia tabaci、溫室粉虱T.vaporariorum、紋翅粉虱Trialeurodes abutiloneus以半持久性方式傳播[1112,14,15]。粉虱的傳播效率與植物品種和接種時(shí)間有關(guān),在 ‘Cedrico’‘Boludo’和‘1123’ 3個(gè)不同品種的番茄上溫室粉虱的傳播效率分別為66.7%、54.5%和8.3%[16],當(dāng)接種時(shí)間達(dá)8 h時(shí),溫室粉虱的傳播效率可達(dá)100%[13,15]。ToTV在番茄、辣椒上的種傳率為0.5%~0.8%[1718],在洋酸漿上的種傳率為0.38%~0.54%[19]。ToTV的機(jī)械傳播效率為70%~90%[13],機(jī)械傳播效率最高的寄主是洋酸漿和本氏煙N.benthamiana,而在番茄上的機(jī)械傳播效率較低[13]。ToTV還可以通過(guò)嫁接傳播給番茄和曼陀羅Datura stramonium[20]。
2 分布
目前,ToTV在摩洛哥、南非、波蘭、西班牙、塞爾維亞、澳大利亞、巴拿馬、哥倫比亞、厄瓜多爾、伊朗有發(fā)生分布,比利時(shí)、法國(guó)、匈牙利、意大利、荷蘭雖然曾報(bào)道有分布,但已被官方宣布根除或暫時(shí)性根除[21]。
3 為害特征
受侵染的番茄植株葉片基部變黃、壞死(圖1a)[3,6],有的植株莖稈上還具壞死條紋(圖1b),果實(shí)上出現(xiàn)扭曲的壞死線(圖1c)[16]。由于侵染導(dǎo)致的葉片壞死現(xiàn)象明顯,葉片呈現(xiàn)被灼燒的癥狀,在西班牙被稱為灼燒?。╰orrado disease)。但有時(shí)候感病植株不表現(xiàn)壞死癥狀,AlfaroFernández等[16]對(duì)西班牙番茄主產(chǎn)區(qū)進(jìn)行“灼燒”病害調(diào)查,結(jié)果表明94.4% “灼燒”病癥樣品ToTV檢測(cè)呈陽(yáng)性,53.3%非典型的“灼燒”病癥樣品ToTV檢測(cè)呈陽(yáng)性,40.5%無(wú)癥狀樣品ToTV檢測(cè)呈陽(yáng)性[16]。
人工接種ToTV后,不同寄主也表現(xiàn)出不同癥狀。人工接種后的辣椒表現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)重的感病癥狀,包括明顯的花葉和矮化(但沒(méi)有壞死),但茄子接種6周后無(wú)癥狀[11]。ToTV不同分離物的致病性可能存在一定差異,ToTV分離物Wal’03接種馬鈴薯后可以產(chǎn)生壞死斑、褐色斑點(diǎn)、嚴(yán)重花葉和葉片畸形癥狀(圖2a),ToTV分離物Kra接種該種馬鈴薯后則表現(xiàn)無(wú)癥或在小部分植株上出現(xiàn)輕微的系統(tǒng)性花葉癥狀(圖2b)[22]。
4 經(jīng)濟(jì)危害性
ToTV在歐洲和非洲番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)已造成了嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損害,ToTV的侵染直接影響植物生長(zhǎng),導(dǎo)致番茄產(chǎn)量下降,番茄果實(shí)還可能出現(xiàn)壞死、開(kāi)裂癥狀,完全失去商業(yè)價(jià)值。AlfaroFernández等[16]
自2001年至2008年期間對(duì)西班牙重要番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)(這些產(chǎn)區(qū)的番茄產(chǎn)量占西班牙全國(guó)總產(chǎn)量的40%)的“灼燒”病發(fā)生、為害情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查,ToTV的發(fā)病率在58.3%(2001年)和92.2%(2005年)之間,平均發(fā)病率為77.0%。在匈牙利,受ToTV侵染的植物隨機(jī)分布于溫室內(nèi),發(fā)病率超過(guò)40%[23]。在南非林波波省,番茄上ToTV的發(fā)病率為71.1%,雜草曼陀羅上ToTV的發(fā)病率為66.7%[8]。除單獨(dú)侵染外,ToTV還經(jīng)常與PepMV、番茄褪綠病毒(Crinivirus tomatichlorosis,ToCV)、黃瓜花葉病毒(Cucumovirus,CMV)混合侵染[3,2425]。與PepMV混合侵染試驗(yàn)表明,灼燒癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度并不會(huì)受到PepMV的影響[24]。
5 檢測(cè)與鑒定方法
目前,已經(jīng)建立了多種ToTV檢測(cè)鑒定方法。Panno等[26]、Wieczorek等[27]、Verbeek等[28]分別針對(duì)ToTV等多種番茄病毒病為研究對(duì)象建立了多重RTPCR方法。Pospieszny等[29]結(jié)合免疫捕獲(immunocapture,IC),建立了ToTV的SYBR Green I實(shí)時(shí)熒光RTPCR檢測(cè)方法。HerreraVásquez等[30]建立了ToTV的TaqMan MGB探針實(shí)時(shí)熒光RTPCR方法。Budziszewska等[31]建立了ToTV的一步RTLAMP(loopmediated isothermal amplification)檢測(cè)方法。AlfaroFernández等[16]建立了基于digRNA探針的非同位素斑點(diǎn)雜交(nonisotopic dotblot hybridization)和組織印跡雜交(tissue printing hybridization)方法,該方法適合ToTV的大規(guī)模篩查。截至目前,雖然ToTV具有良好的免疫原性,可以制備出高滴度的抗血清,但還未有商業(yè)化的血清學(xué)檢測(cè)抗體試劑銷售。
6 入侵?jǐn)U散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
ToTV在歐洲、非洲、大洋洲、南北美洲的多個(gè)國(guó)家報(bào)道發(fā)生,韓國(guó)、美國(guó)、歐盟、英國(guó)、突尼斯已開(kāi)始采取檢疫措施防止ToTV傳入。ToTV自然寄主植物包括番茄及各種雜草,人工接種可侵染為害辣椒、茄子、馬鈴薯及煙草等經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,蟲(chóng)傳媒介為煙粉虱、溫室粉虱和紋翅粉虱,ToTV還可以通過(guò)種子傳播,在番茄、辣椒上的種傳率在0.5%~0.8%之間,ToTV不僅可以從上一生長(zhǎng)季傳播到下一個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季(垂直傳播),還可以通過(guò)種子貿(mào)易從一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)傳入到另一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)(水平傳播)。我國(guó)廣泛種植的番茄、辣椒、馬鈴薯、茄子等作物,大規(guī)模的溫室大棚設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè),以及田間各種雜草植物,不僅為該病毒提供了良好的寄主植物,也為煙粉虱、溫室粉虱等傳播介體提供了適宜的生境,并且我國(guó)的氣候條件也有利于該病毒和介體昆蟲(chóng)的生存與擴(kuò)散。同時(shí),我國(guó)與ToTV疫區(qū)國(guó)家有非常頻繁的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易、商業(yè)和人員往來(lái)。每年從這些疫區(qū)國(guó)家引進(jìn)大量的番茄、辣椒種子,該病毒極有可能通過(guò)種子貿(mào)易途徑傳入我國(guó),然后通過(guò)粉虱、農(nóng)事操作、嫁接等方式迅速傳播擴(kuò)散。
7 防控措施
基于ToTV在國(guó)外重要番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)危害和對(duì)我國(guó)番茄生產(chǎn)的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),筆者建議:強(qiáng)化來(lái)自發(fā)生疫情國(guó)家或地區(qū)的番茄引種檢疫審批管理,將ToTV列入檢疫審批關(guān)注的有害生物列表;組織ToTV防控相關(guān)內(nèi)容的培訓(xùn)和技術(shù)交流,盡快建立ToTV的檢測(cè)技術(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法;及早對(duì)我國(guó)重要的番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)開(kāi)展ToTV監(jiān)測(cè),特別是對(duì)國(guó)外引種種植區(qū)域?qū)嵤┲攸c(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè);植物檢疫管理部門、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者及時(shí)掌握當(dāng)?shù)胤巡『Φ陌l(fā)生情況,因地因時(shí)地制定合理有效的番茄病害防治措施,盡可能地避免或減少因該病害帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
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