[摘要]目的:系統(tǒng)評價(jià)異種膠原基質(zhì)(Xenogeneic collagen matrix,XCM)用于種植體周圍軟組織增量的臨床效果。方法:檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane、CBM、知網(wǎng)、萬方、維普關(guān)于異種膠原基質(zhì)與上皮下結(jié)締組織移植(Subepithelial connective tissue graft,CTG)用于種植體周圍軟組織增量的臨床試驗(yàn)。檢索時(shí)間為建庫至2023年8月,篩選相關(guān)臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(Random controlled trials,RCTs)和臨床對照試驗(yàn)(Controlled clinical trials,CCTs),進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)提取及偏倚評價(jià),運(yùn)用Review Manager 5.4軟件對最終納入文獻(xiàn)的研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:本研究共納入12篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行定量分析,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示XCM與CTG的軟組織厚度增量(Gain of soft tissue thickness,GST)和紅色美學(xué)評分(Pink esthetic score,PES)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且CTG的臨床效果優(yōu)于XCM;XCM與CTG的手術(shù)時(shí)間(Surgery time,ST)和疼痛評分(Pain score,PS)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且XCM的臨床效果優(yōu)于CTG;XCM與CTG的角化組織寬度(Keratinized tissue width,KTW)、角化組織增量(Gain of keratinized tissue,GKT)、探診深度(Probing depth,PD)、口腔健康影響程度量表評分(Oral health impact profile,OHIP-G14)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:XCM用于種植體周圍軟組織增量有良好臨床效果,并且在手術(shù)時(shí)間和疼痛評分方面更具優(yōu)勢。
[關(guān)鍵詞]異種膠原基質(zhì);結(jié)締組織移植;種植體;組織修復(fù);Meta分析
[中圖分類號]R782.12" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A" nbsp; [文章編號]1008-6455(2025)04-0166-06
Meta Analysis of Xenogeneic Collagen Matrix for Peri-implant Soft Tissue Augmentation
YU Yao, REN Guiyun, ZHANG Tai, LI Deming, ZHU Chunyu
( Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China )
Abstract: Objective" To systematically evaluate the clinical effect of xenogeneic collagen matrix" for peri-implant soft tissue augmentation. Methods" PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang Data and VIP were searched for xenogeneic collagen matrix and subepithelial connective tissue graft were used in clinical experiments of peri-implant soft tissue augmentation,the sinus lift procedures were collected from inception of these database above to October 2023. Screening relevant random controlled trials(RCTs) and controlled clinical trials(CCTs), relevant data were extracted and bias was evaluated, The Review Manager 5.4 software was used to perform a meta-analysis of the study date ultimately included in the literature. Results" 12 studies were included for quantitative analysis, Meta-analysis showed that: There are statistical differences in the gain of soft tissue thickness and pink esthetic score between XCM and CTG, and the clinical effect of CTG is better than that of XCM;There were significant differences in operation time and pain score between XCM and CTG, and the clinical effect of XCM was better than that of CTG;Keratinized tissue width, gain of keratinized tissue, probing depth and Oral Health Impact Profile of XCM and CTG were not statistically different. Conclusion" XCM has a good clinical effect in peri-implant soft tissue augmentation, and has more advantages in operation time and pain score.
Key words: xenogeneic collagen matrix; connective tissue transplantation; implant; restoration; Meta-analysis
牙齒缺失可以由牙周病、齲病及外傷等引起,牙齒缺失影響咀嚼功能、容貌外觀,使患者的生活質(zhì)量下降[1]。因此,對缺失牙齒進(jìn)行修復(fù)治療越來越受到人們的重視??谇豢瞥S眯迯?fù)方法為種植修復(fù)、固定修復(fù)、活動(dòng)修復(fù)三大類[2]。與固定修復(fù)和活動(dòng)修復(fù)方式相比,種植修復(fù)在恢復(fù)口腔功能和美觀上更具優(yōu)勢,越來越多的人開始接受種植牙[3]。然而,對比天然牙牙齦,種植體周圍成纖維細(xì)胞和血管結(jié)構(gòu)較少、血供不足、質(zhì)地脆、抵抗力差,易發(fā)生牙齦退縮及種植體周圍炎,引起種植體周圍軟組織不足[4]。各類軟組織增量技術(shù)可在整個(gè)種植治療過程的不同時(shí)期通過改善種植體周圍角化齦寬度,軟組織形態(tài)等為種植一期手術(shù)和骨增量手術(shù)的成功提供良好的基礎(chǔ)條件,并有助于維持種植體的長期功能與美學(xué)效果[5]。上皮下結(jié)締組織移植(CTG)由Langer和Calagna[6]首次提出,最先用于牙齦退縮患者的根面覆蓋治療。上皮下結(jié)締組織移植操作難度大,但由于其擁有較高的成功率、術(shù)后的牙齦顏色與鄰牙相近及供區(qū)的傷口較小等特點(diǎn),目前已成為臨床上最常用的軟組織增量技術(shù)。然而,這種技術(shù)需要從腭部獲取自體移植物,將留下一個(gè)開放的創(chuàng)口,易增加術(shù)后發(fā)病率[7]。因此,尋找結(jié)締組織移植的替代物成為研究方向,異種膠原基質(zhì)(XCM)是一種由Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型膠原組成的生物材料,由于其具有血管生成潛能,可能是替代自體移植物的一種選擇[8]。本文將對CTG與XCM兩種不同材料應(yīng)用于種植體周圍軟組織增量的臨床效果進(jìn)行Meta分析,希望能為臨床提供一定的借鑒。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索:檢索 PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane、CBM、知網(wǎng)、萬方、維普。英文檢索詞:xenogeneic collagen matrix、soft tissue augmentation、gingival thickness、keratinized mucosa width、dental implant、meta-analysis。中文檢索詞:異種膠原基質(zhì)、軟組織增量、牙齦厚度、角化粘膜寬度、口腔種植、Meta分析檢索時(shí)間為建庫至2023年8月。PubMed檢索策略:(gingival recession[MeSH Terms] OR gingival recessions[MeSH Terms] OR marginal tissue recession[Title/Abstract] OR dehiscence-type recession defects[Title/Abstract] OR keratinized gingiva[Title/Abstract] OR keratinized mucosa width[Title/Abstract] OR gingival thickness[Title/Abstract] OR gingival biotype[Title/Abstract] OR periodontal biotype[Title/Abstract] OR periodontal attachment loss[MeSH Terms] OR coronally advanced flap[Title/Abstract] OR coronally advanced tunnel[Title/Abstract] OR periodontal plastic surgery [Title/Abstract] OR periodontal surgery[Title/Abstract] OR mucogingival surgery[Title/Abstract] OR mucogingival[Title/Abstract] OR mucogingival therapy[Title/Abstract] OR soft tissue augmentation[Title/Abstract] OR xenogeneic collagen matrix[Title/Abstract] OR collagen matrix[Title/Abstract] OR collagen graft[Title/Abstract] OR porcine collagen matrix[Title/Abstract] OR mucograft[Title/Abstract] OR mucoderm[Title/Abstract]) AND (dental implant[MeSH Terms])。知網(wǎng)檢索策略:(主題=種植體+口腔種植+種植修復(fù)) AND (摘要=軟組織移植+膠原基質(zhì)+異種膠原基質(zhì)+結(jié)締組織移植+軟組織增量+角化組織)。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對象選擇種植修復(fù)但種植體周圍軟組織量不足的患者;②研究類型為臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(RCTs)、臨床對照試驗(yàn)(CCTs);③干預(yù)措施使用異種膠原基質(zhì)或上皮下結(jié)締組織移植治療種植體周圍軟組織量不足;④結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括軟組織厚度增量(GST)、角化組織寬度(KTW)、角化組織增量(GKT)、探診深度(PD)、手術(shù)時(shí)間(ST)、疼痛評分(PS)、紅色美學(xué)評分(PES)及口腔健康影響程度量表評分(OHIP-G14)。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對象不是種植修復(fù)的患者;②非臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)或非臨床對照試驗(yàn);③干預(yù)措施不是異種膠原基質(zhì)與上皮下結(jié)締組織移植的對照;④重復(fù)發(fā)表,無可用數(shù)據(jù)或文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量差。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取:按照制定的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),兩位評估者對搜集到的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩選,在此過程中如果兩位評價(jià)者出現(xiàn)了不一致的觀點(diǎn),則由第三人共同商討解決。提取內(nèi)容為研究設(shè)計(jì)類型、干預(yù)和對照措施、結(jié)局指標(biāo)及其相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)、偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià)的關(guān)鍵要素等。
1.4 質(zhì)量評價(jià):2位評價(jià)者根據(jù)Cochrane手冊5.10版推薦的“偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估工具,獨(dú)立對納入的12篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價(jià)。如果2位評價(jià)者存在爭議,則與第三人討論解決。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:使用Review Manager 5.4軟件對12篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。用森林圖描述本研究的可信區(qū)間及效應(yīng)估計(jì)值。若I2≥50%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型;若I2<50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型。若異質(zhì)性大于等于50%時(shí),則需要通過敏感性分析來尋找研究結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性來源,采用加權(quán)均數(shù)差(Weighted mean difference,WMD)對連續(xù)性數(shù)值變量的合并統(tǒng)計(jì)量進(jìn)行評價(jià),并計(jì)算其95%可信區(qū)間(Confidence interval,CI),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1 檢索結(jié)果:共檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)2 536篇,其中重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)328篇,剔除后剩余2 208篇,閱讀標(biāo)題和摘要后剩余49篇。閱讀全文后最終納入12篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1。
2.2 納入研究特點(diǎn):見表1。
2.3 質(zhì)量評價(jià):共納入12篇文獻(xiàn)[9-20],其中8篇為RCTs[10-15,18,20],4篇為CCTs[9,16-17,19],5篇提到隨機(jī)數(shù)表法的隨機(jī)方法[10-11,13,15-16],3篇文獻(xiàn)提及使用隨機(jī)方法[12,14,18],但未介紹具體方法;8篇文獻(xiàn)采用的是密閉信封的分配隱藏[10-11,13-16,18,20],1篇提到分配隱藏但未介紹具體方法[12];9篇文獻(xiàn)提及盲法[10-16,18,20],其中3篇采用雙盲[10-11,15]。見圖2。
2.4 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.4.1 XCM與CTG的軟組織厚度增量:共納入4篇文獻(xiàn)[9-11,15],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在軟組織厚度增量方面的差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.34,95%CI=-0.40~-0.27,
P<0.000 01,I2=25%)。見圖3。
2.4.2 XCM與CTG的角化組織寬度:共納入5篇文獻(xiàn)[11-13,17,19],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在角化組織寬度方面的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.67,95%CI=-1.43~0.09,P=0.08,I2=71%)(見圖4)。因I2=71%,存在較高異質(zhì)性,敏感性分析剔除Schmitt 2016[17]后I2=25%,使異質(zhì)性結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了較大改變。
2.4.3 XCM與CTG的角化組織增量:共納入3篇文獻(xiàn)[11,16,19],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在角化組織增量方面的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=0.05,95%CI=-0.29~0.39,P=0.76,I2=6%)。見圖5。
2.4.4 XCM與CTG的探診深度:共納入5篇文獻(xiàn)[9,11,13,19-20],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在探診深度方面的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.12,95%CI=-0.37~0.13,P=0.08,I2=51%)(見圖6)。因I2=51%,存在較高異質(zhì)性,敏感性分析剔除Zuiderveld EG 2018[20]后I2=26%,使異質(zhì)性結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了較大改變。
2.4.5 XCM與CTG的手術(shù)時(shí)間:共納入4篇文獻(xiàn)[10-11,16-17],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG手術(shù)時(shí)間方面的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-14.47,95%CI=-19.46~-9.48,P<0.000 01,
I2=66%)(見圖7)。因I2=66%,存在較高異質(zhì)性,敏感性分析剔除Ashurko I 2022[10]后I2=0%,使異質(zhì)性結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了較大改變。
2.4.6 XCM與CTG的疼痛評分:共納入3篇文獻(xiàn)[10,16,19],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在疼痛評分方面差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-2.28,95%CI=-2.85~-1.72,P<0.000 01,I2=44%)。見圖8。
2.4.7 XCM與CTG的紅色美學(xué)評分:共納入4篇文獻(xiàn)[9,13-14,20],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在粉色美學(xué)評分方面的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.54,95%CI=-0.97~-0.10,P=0.02,I2=0%)。見圖9。
2.4.8 XCM與CTG的口腔健康影響程度量表評分:共納入3篇文獻(xiàn)[10,12,18],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,XCM與CTG在口腔健康影響程度量表評分方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(WMD=0.37,95%CI=-0.16~0.90,P=0.17,I2=0%)。見圖10。
3" 討論
種植體周圍軟組織和骨組織健康是決定種植能否成功的關(guān)鍵要素,種植修復(fù)不僅需要良好的骨結(jié)合,而且要求種植體周圍有良好的軟組織條件[21]。種植體周圍軟組織厚度與種植體周圍骨組織吸收、牙齦退縮、患者的滿意度和美學(xué)等密切相關(guān)[22]。有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)種植體周圍軟組織厚度<2 mm時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致牙槽骨的明顯吸收[23]。有研究描述了幾種不同材料來增加種植體周圍軟組織的技術(shù),CTG的使用仍然被認(rèn)為是金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[24-25]。但CTG需要從腭部獲取自體移植物,增加了第二術(shù)區(qū),這也給患者帶來了術(shù)后的不適[26],因此,有學(xué)者開始研究CTG的替代物,XCM已被應(yīng)用于各種臨床研究,如美學(xué)位點(diǎn)拔牙后與種植聯(lián)合使用,以及作為冠向復(fù)位瓣治療單發(fā)或多發(fā)牙齦退縮的輔助方法[27]。
本研究通過對比CTG與XCM用于種植體周圍軟組織增量的多項(xiàng)臨床指標(biāo),來探討XCM的臨床效果。種植體周圍軟組織厚度對種植成功有著重要的臨床意義[21],在本研究中,XCM與CTG在軟組織厚度增量方面的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,CTG的效果要優(yōu)于XCM,這與Moraschini V等[28]的研究結(jié)果一致;角化組織表面被覆角化上皮,下方含有豐富的膠原纖維,活動(dòng)性小,耐受摩擦,能夠良好地抵御炎癥反應(yīng)刺激[29],因此角化組織對種植體長期穩(wěn)定性起關(guān)鍵作用[30]。本研究結(jié)果顯示XCM與CTG在角化組織增量方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這也為XCM替代CTG在種植體周圍實(shí)現(xiàn)角化組織增量提供了證據(jù);在探診深度的比較中,XCM與CTG的數(shù)據(jù)未出現(xiàn)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,探診深度的減少可能是由于軟組織體積的增加,從而增強(qiáng)了對探針穿透的抵抗力[31];在手術(shù)時(shí)間及疼痛評分的比較中,XCM的效果均優(yōu)于CTG,XCM作為人工材料,避免了CTG需要開辟第二術(shù)區(qū)的缺點(diǎn),不僅減少了患者的術(shù)后疼痛,同時(shí)也減少了獲取上皮下結(jié)締組織移植物的操作時(shí)間;紅色美學(xué)評分是用來評價(jià)種植體周圍軟組織的美學(xué)表現(xiàn),由Fürhauser等研究,包括近中齦乳頭、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭、牙齦邊緣水平、牙槽嵴缺損、牙齦外形、牙齦顏色及牙齦質(zhì)地7個(gè)評價(jià)指標(biāo),滿分14分,每個(gè)指標(biāo)的評分為0、1、2分,2分為最好,0分為最差[32]。有研究表明[33-34],PES具有可重復(fù)性和可接受的閾值,同時(shí)操作便捷,適用于臨床評估。本研究中,CTG的紅色美學(xué)評分優(yōu)于XCM,Moraschini V等[28]的研究表明,CTG相較于XCM可以實(shí)現(xiàn)更多的軟組織增量,相對飽滿的牙齦形態(tài),可以獲得更高的美學(xué)評分,同時(shí)CTG作為自體組織,比XCM能夠獲得更加自然的牙齦顏色,筆者認(rèn)為這可能是CTG在紅色美學(xué)評分方面優(yōu)于XCM的原因;口腔健康影響程度量表(OHIP-14)是1997年由Slade等在OHIP-49的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)明的,相較OHIP-49,OHIP-14版本更加精簡,主要圍繞身體機(jī)能不適、疼痛與不適、心理不適及獨(dú)立能力減弱展開,在臨床應(yīng)用中可行性好,已證實(shí)OHIP-14有著可靠的測量結(jié)果[35]。本研究中XCM與CTG在口腔健康影響程度量表評分中的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,在某種程度上也證明了XCM與CTG有著相似的臨床效果。Meta分析作為二次研究,一定程度上依賴所納入研究的質(zhì)量,由于納入的研究樣本量相對較少,并且只針對英文及中文進(jìn)行檢索,是本研究的不足之處。
綜上所述,在本研究中XCM與CTG的軟組織厚度增量和紅色美學(xué)評分差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,CTG的臨床效果優(yōu)于XCM;XCM與CTG的手術(shù)時(shí)間和疼痛評分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,XCM的臨床效果優(yōu)于CTG;XCM與CTG的角化組織寬度、角化組織增量、探診深度、口腔健康影響程度量表評分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
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[收稿日期]2023-09-01
本文引用格式:于堯,任貴云,張?zhí)?,?異種膠原基質(zhì)用于種植體周圍軟組織增量的Meta分析[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2025,34(4):166-171.