[摘" " 要]非工作時(shí)間的數(shù)字連通性已經(jīng)得到廣泛關(guān)注,但是鮮有研究關(guān)注數(shù)字連通性對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工的影響。文章基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論,通過(guò)引入數(shù)字連通性-多元時(shí)間觀匹配的視角,探討兩者的匹配對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為的影響。通過(guò)1項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)和1項(xiàng)調(diào)研,并應(yīng)用多項(xiàng)式回歸和響應(yīng)面分析技術(shù),研究發(fā)現(xiàn):數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀越匹配,員工職場(chǎng)精神力越高;在匹配情況下,兩者水平越低,員工職場(chǎng)精神力越高;在不匹配情況下,高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平會(huì)引起更低的職場(chǎng)精神力;職場(chǎng)精神力起到中介作用。該研究從匹配視角探討了數(shù)字連通性對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工的影響,為揭示數(shù)字連通性效應(yīng)提供更加全面和辯證的視角。
[關(guān)鍵詞]數(shù)字連通性;多元時(shí)間觀;個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論;職場(chǎng)精神力;親環(huán)境行為
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]F59
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1002-5006(2025)03-0135-14
DOI: 10.19765/j.cnki.1002-5006.2025.03.012
0 引言
隨著數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的到來(lái),員工依賴(lài)電子通信設(shè)備(如微信、QQ、釘釘?shù)龋┻M(jìn)行辦公已然常態(tài)化[1-2]。電子通訊設(shè)備的使用給員工和企業(yè)帶來(lái)諸多便利。企業(yè)可以要求員工隨時(shí)隨地辦公,甚至要求員工在非工作時(shí)間繼續(xù)工作[3]。正如企業(yè)實(shí)踐調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),“內(nèi)卷化”的加班已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)代職場(chǎng)人的工作生活常態(tài),且這一現(xiàn)象隨著新冠疫情的爆發(fā)愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重,大量員工因?yàn)橐咔榈挠绊懖坏貌痪蛹肄k公[4]。員工非工作時(shí)間的加班行為引起學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注,并將員工在非工作時(shí)間使用通信工具進(jìn)行工作的行為稱(chēng)為數(shù)字連通性(digital connectivity)[2]。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),數(shù)字連通性會(huì)對(duì)員工的工作家庭平衡、幸福感和工作績(jī)效等方面產(chǎn)生影響[3,5-6]。
盡管學(xué)者對(duì)數(shù)字連通性進(jìn)行了廣泛探究,目前仍然存在嚴(yán)重的研究不足,限制數(shù)字連通性理論的發(fā)展。通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)梳理發(fā)現(xiàn),研究不足主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。首先,數(shù)字連通性在酒店業(yè)中的影響被嚴(yán)重低估和忽略。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),酒店行業(yè)員工工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng),工作負(fù)荷重,加班情況嚴(yán)重,通常需要在非工作時(shí)間繼續(xù)與客戶(hù)保持聯(lián)系、管理預(yù)訂、應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī),以及計(jì)劃未來(lái)活動(dòng)[7-8]。在全球新冠疫情的大背景下,酒店員工的加班情況更加嚴(yán)重[9-10]。Chadee等指出,新冠疫情期間,很多酒店經(jīng)營(yíng)者會(huì)要求員工利用電子通信工具與其他利益相關(guān)者(如顧客)保持聯(lián)系[8]。因此,有必要關(guān)注數(shù)字連通性對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工的影響,這不僅可以促進(jìn)數(shù)字連通性研究領(lǐng)域的理論發(fā)展,也可以為酒店業(yè)員工如何采用電子通信工具高效率地進(jìn)行工作提供切實(shí)可行的實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)。
其次,以往關(guān)于數(shù)字連通性的研究得出了較為不一致的結(jié)論。一方面,數(shù)字連通性可以幫助員工跨越時(shí)間與空間的限制,靈活自主地掌控工作[11-12];另一方面,非工作時(shí)間的辦公使得員工無(wú)法同時(shí)完成多項(xiàng)任務(wù)(如家庭責(zé)任),最終損害員工的工作投入和工作表現(xiàn)[13-14]。大多數(shù)研究者從數(shù)字連通性的雙刃劍效應(yīng)角度解釋與以往研究的不一致發(fā)現(xiàn),指出其同時(shí)存在的優(yōu)勢(shì)和弊端[5,11]。Ren等從“過(guò)猶不及”的角度提出數(shù)字連通性對(duì)員工角色內(nèi)和角色外績(jī)效的非線(xiàn)性關(guān)系[2]。盡管這些研究能對(duì)數(shù)字連通性出現(xiàn)的不一致效應(yīng)提供有效解釋?zhuān)@些研究未納入對(duì)員工特質(zhì)的考量,即從三維角度出發(fā),考慮數(shù)字連通性與員工內(nèi)在的多元時(shí)間觀(polychronicity)的匹配與否對(duì)員工態(tài)度及行為的影響,挖掘其曲面關(guān)系。根據(jù)數(shù)字連通性的定義,企業(yè)要求員工在非工作時(shí)間內(nèi)處理工作相關(guān)的事務(wù),如果員工自身偏好在同一個(gè)時(shí)間內(nèi)處理多項(xiàng)活動(dòng)(即多元時(shí)間觀),將認(rèn)為企業(yè)提供了符合個(gè)人偏好的工作環(huán)境,從而產(chǎn)生對(duì)工作的意義感知和與企業(yè)精神上的契合感知[16]。相反,如果員工反對(duì)同時(shí)處理多項(xiàng)活動(dòng),高負(fù)荷的數(shù)字連通性要求會(huì)使員工無(wú)法認(rèn)同企業(yè)的價(jià)值觀,降低對(duì)工作的意義感知和與企業(yè)精神上的契合感知[17]?;诖?,數(shù)字連通性與員工多元時(shí)間觀的一致性與否可能是解釋數(shù)字連通性復(fù)雜效應(yīng)的一個(gè)重要視角。對(duì)這一視角的關(guān)注不僅可以有效解釋以往研究得出的不一致結(jié)論,還可以深入剖析數(shù)字連通性復(fù)雜的曲面關(guān)系,為解釋數(shù)字連通性的復(fù)雜影響提供更直觀的證據(jù)。
為彌補(bǔ)以上兩點(diǎn)研究不足,本文基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論(person-environment fit theory)[18]探索數(shù)字連通性與員工多元時(shí)間觀的匹配與否與員工親環(huán)境行為之間的關(guān)系。酒店業(yè)作為現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),在發(fā)展的過(guò)程中面臨著諸多環(huán)境問(wèn)題[19]。員工作為酒店業(yè)環(huán)境治理活動(dòng)中的具體執(zhí)行者,他們的行為直接決定了企業(yè)的環(huán)境績(jī)效,因此,關(guān)注員工的親環(huán)境行為具有非常重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義[20]。個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論指出,當(dāng)個(gè)體所需(如技能、資源等)被環(huán)境滿(mǎn)足或者環(huán)境能夠與個(gè)體在某些方面保持一致時(shí),個(gè)體能夠達(dá)到與環(huán)境相容和匹配的狀態(tài)[21-22]。個(gè)體偏好在與自己價(jià)值觀(如時(shí)間觀)一致的企業(yè)工作,匹配的工作能夠滿(mǎn)足個(gè)體內(nèi)在需要和在工作中實(shí)現(xiàn)精神追求的目標(biāo)[23]。根據(jù)個(gè)體-環(huán)境匹配理論,數(shù)字連通性代表著企業(yè)的要求,企業(yè)期望員工能夠在非工作時(shí)間保持工作的狀態(tài)。相應(yīng)地,員工自身的多元時(shí)間觀代表著員工對(duì)同時(shí)承擔(dān)多種活動(dòng)的偏好。對(duì)于擁有多元時(shí)間觀的個(gè)體,其對(duì)時(shí)間和活動(dòng)的偏好和需要能夠被企業(yè)的數(shù)字連通性要求滿(mǎn)足,獲得匹配的狀態(tài)。當(dāng)員工的精神需要得以滿(mǎn)足,職場(chǎng)精神力(workplace spirituality)將獲得提升[24]。職場(chǎng)精神力是指員工在認(rèn)同了工作、團(tuán)隊(duì)以及企業(yè)的意義價(jià)值之后,產(chǎn)生的一種超越自我的、互聯(lián)感的內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)[25-26]。職場(chǎng)精神力是員工親環(huán)境行為的重要前置因素,大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),職場(chǎng)精神力高的員工愿意為企業(yè)的環(huán)境績(jī)效作出貢獻(xiàn)[27-28]??傊?,本研究試圖從數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀的一致性視角解釋數(shù)字連通性的復(fù)雜效應(yīng),同時(shí)研究解釋這兩者之間的一致性對(duì)員工親環(huán)境行為的影響以及職場(chǎng)精神力的中介作用(圖1)。
本研究響應(yīng)了國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代下的企業(yè)管理問(wèn)題研究的號(hào)召[29],豐富了數(shù)字連通性領(lǐng)域的研究。一方面,關(guān)注酒店業(yè)中的數(shù)字連通性問(wèn)題,提出數(shù)字連通性與酒店業(yè)員工親環(huán)境行為關(guān)系的理論框架;另一方面,基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論,從匹配視角解釋數(shù)字連通性與親環(huán)境行為的復(fù)雜曲面關(guān)系,為解釋以往不一致的發(fā)現(xiàn)提供新的解釋思路。
1 理論基礎(chǔ)與假設(shè)提出
1.1 個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論
個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論主要關(guān)注個(gè)人和環(huán)境的匹配與否對(duì)壓力的影響[30]。個(gè)體存在強(qiáng)烈的與環(huán)境保持一致的內(nèi)生動(dòng)機(jī),希望能控制生活,并降低不確定性[31]。個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論存在兩種形式。一種為需求-能力匹配(demand-ability fit)。這種匹配形式強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)中的工作要求(如角色要求和組織規(guī)范等)與員工能力(如工作技能和精力等)之間的匹配程度。另外一種為需要-補(bǔ)充匹配(need-supply fit)。這種匹配形式強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體內(nèi)生的基本生理或心理需要(如歸屬需要)與外部環(huán)境的匹配。如果外部環(huán)境能夠滿(mǎn)足個(gè)體的基本需要,則可達(dá)到匹配狀態(tài)。當(dāng)個(gè)人-環(huán)境處于不匹配的狀態(tài)時(shí),會(huì)引起兩種結(jié)果。一方面,個(gè)體會(huì)經(jīng)歷強(qiáng)烈的心理、生理或者行為上的痛苦;另一方面,個(gè)體會(huì)出現(xiàn)防御性的應(yīng)對(duì)方式,表現(xiàn)出拒絕、遠(yuǎn)離或者壓抑等。
個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論已被廣泛運(yùn)用到組織行為學(xué)領(lǐng)域,解釋個(gè)人環(huán)境特征匹配與否對(duì)員工工作態(tài)度和工作行為的影響[22,32-33]??紤]到數(shù)字連通性屬于企業(yè)對(duì)員工非工作時(shí)間安排的要求,而員工的多元時(shí)間觀屬于員工對(duì)自我時(shí)間安排的偏好,兩者在時(shí)間維度上保持一致,符合個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論的基本前提,即兩者比較的為同一內(nèi)容[30]。因此,個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論為探討數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀匹配對(duì)員工職場(chǎng)精神力以及親環(huán)境行為的影響提供了恰當(dāng)?shù)睦碚摽蚣堋?/p>
1.2 數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀匹配與職場(chǎng)精神力
基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論[34]、數(shù)字連通性[12,35-36]和多元時(shí)間觀[37-38]的相關(guān)研究,本研究提出當(dāng)數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配時(shí)(即兩者同高或者同低),員工認(rèn)為與企業(yè)達(dá)到匹配和平衡狀態(tài),職場(chǎng)精神力提升。職場(chǎng)精神力指的是個(gè)體對(duì)工作的意義感知,以及在意義感知基礎(chǔ)上培養(yǎng)起來(lái)的團(tuán)體感和與組織價(jià)值觀一致感[39]。職場(chǎng)精神力代表了個(gè)體對(duì)職場(chǎng)的最高需求和富有超越性的自我認(rèn)知[40],包含工作意義感、團(tuán)體感與組織價(jià)值觀一致感3個(gè)維度[26]。以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),職場(chǎng)精神力對(duì)員工的工作態(tài)度、工作績(jī)效和幸福感產(chǎn)生積極的影響[41-43]。
根據(jù)個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論,當(dāng)數(shù)字連通性處于高水平時(shí),企業(yè)對(duì)員工具有高要求,期望員工在非工作時(shí)間繼續(xù)處理工作事務(wù),此時(shí),員工的多元時(shí)間觀可以與企業(yè)要求達(dá)到需求-能力匹配和需要-補(bǔ)充匹配。一方面,企業(yè)要求員工加班,多元時(shí)間觀的員工也具有同時(shí)處理多項(xiàng)事務(wù)的能力,擁有這種特質(zhì)的個(gè)體經(jīng)常急于完成任務(wù),但是不會(huì)體驗(yàn)到忙碌感[44]。同時(shí),這類(lèi)型的個(gè)體具有較強(qiáng)的靈活性,有能力通過(guò)合理安排時(shí)間完成多項(xiàng)工作任務(wù),由此達(dá)到需求-能力匹配。另一方面,高數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀可以達(dá)成需要-補(bǔ)充匹配。多元時(shí)間觀的員工期望能夠同時(shí)完成豐富多樣化的工作,這與企業(yè)要求員工在非工作時(shí)間繼續(xù)工作達(dá)成和諧的狀態(tài),員工的個(gè)人需要得以滿(mǎn)足。同樣,低水平的數(shù)字連通性與單一時(shí)間觀也可以達(dá)成匹配狀態(tài)。在低水平的數(shù)字連通性條件下,企業(yè)不要求員工在非工作時(shí)間繼續(xù)加班,而單一時(shí)間觀的員工也只能單線(xiàn)工作,在非工作時(shí)間無(wú)法承擔(dān)工作任務(wù)。員工對(duì)時(shí)間和活動(dòng)管理的偏好與企業(yè)的要求既可以達(dá)到需求-能力匹配,也可以達(dá)到需要-補(bǔ)充匹配。個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論指出,在匹配的情況下,員工會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境表現(xiàn)出積極的評(píng)估[31],員工會(huì)認(rèn)為在這樣的企業(yè)中工作可以獲得需求滿(mǎn)足[45],增加對(duì)企業(yè)的認(rèn)同,這是形成員工團(tuán)隊(duì)感和與企業(yè)價(jià)值觀一致感的重要前提[16,40]。
相反,當(dāng)數(shù)字連通性與員工的多元時(shí)間觀不匹配時(shí),員工經(jīng)歷較強(qiáng)的心理生理壓力。同時(shí),員工會(huì)出現(xiàn)防御性應(yīng)對(duì),在認(rèn)知上降低對(duì)企業(yè)的認(rèn)同,認(rèn)為企業(yè)無(wú)法提供符合員工個(gè)人價(jià)值觀的工作要求[46]。此外,不匹配的狀態(tài)會(huì)引起員工對(duì)外部環(huán)境做出低相似性和低吸引力的評(píng)價(jià),降低對(duì)工作意義的感知[47]。低認(rèn)同和無(wú)意義的工作感知最終損害員工的職場(chǎng)精神力。綜上,本研究提出以下假設(shè):
H1:數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀越匹配,員工職場(chǎng)精神力越高
1.3 數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀匹配的兩種組合與員工職場(chǎng)精神力
數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀的匹配存在兩種情況,即高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀和低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀。本研究提出,盡管匹配的情況引起高水平的職場(chǎng)精神力,相較于高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平,低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,下屬感知到的職場(chǎng)精神力更高。具體來(lái)說(shuō),在高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平下,盡管員工偏好在同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)內(nèi)處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù),但是隨著任務(wù)需求的增加,員工的時(shí)間和精力被大量消耗,員工可能會(huì)體驗(yàn)到一定程度的工作負(fù)荷和壓力[48]。超載的工作使得員工情緒耗竭,降低對(duì)工作興趣和意義感的評(píng)價(jià),最終損害員工的職場(chǎng)精神力[49]。相反,在低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,職場(chǎng)對(duì)員工在非工作時(shí)間的時(shí)間安排不做要求,員工不需要在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù),非工作時(shí)間內(nèi)的時(shí)間和精力等資源也不具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性,員工的資源可以有效保存[50-51]。因此,員工更容易對(duì)企業(yè)形成積極的評(píng)價(jià),認(rèn)為自己做的工作是有意義的,且企業(yè)能提供與自己價(jià)值觀一致的工作任務(wù)?;谝陨贤普?,本研究提出:
H2:在數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配的情形下,相比高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平,在低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,員工職場(chǎng)精神力更高
1.4 數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀不匹配的兩種組合與員工職場(chǎng)精神力
數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀的不匹配同樣存在兩種情況,即高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀和低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀。本研究提出,盡管不匹配的情況降低員工的職場(chǎng)精神力,兩種水平呈現(xiàn)不對(duì)稱(chēng)的結(jié)果,相較于低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平,高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,下屬感知到的職場(chǎng)精神力更低。具體而言,在高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,企業(yè)對(duì)員工在非工作時(shí)間的時(shí)間安排持有較高的要求,期望員工能隨時(shí)隨地被聯(lián)系,完成工作相關(guān)的任務(wù),這種外部要求使員工感知到強(qiáng)烈的工作超載和壓力[3],且工作壓力對(duì)無(wú)法多任務(wù)并行的員工產(chǎn)生尤為嚴(yán)重的影響。單一時(shí)間觀的員工只有能力在同一時(shí)間處理單一事務(wù)(如家庭事務(wù)),超載的工作要求使得員工無(wú)法協(xié)調(diào)工作和家庭角色,表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)外部要求的痛苦感和不良的應(yīng)對(duì)措施(如抗拒和遠(yuǎn)離工作)[52-53]。最終,員工無(wú)法產(chǎn)生對(duì)工作的勝任感、自主感以及聯(lián)系感,其職場(chǎng)精神力受損[39]。相反,雖然低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀也會(huì)引起員工的不匹配感知,低水平的連通性需求降低員工對(duì)工作要求的感知,避免工作超載和壓力的產(chǎn)生[54]。綜上,本研究提出:
H3:在數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀不匹配的情形下,相比低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平,在高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,員工職場(chǎng)精神力更低
1.5 職場(chǎng)精神力與親環(huán)境行為
職場(chǎng)精神力進(jìn)一步影響員工的親環(huán)境行為。擁有職場(chǎng)精神力的員工不僅會(huì)關(guān)注工作意義感和組織價(jià)值觀一致感,也能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自我超越,關(guān)注與環(huán)境和環(huán)境中他人的聯(lián)結(jié)[55]?;赟chwartz提出的價(jià)值基礎(chǔ)理論,精神力能促使個(gè)體積極投身保護(hù)環(huán)境和關(guān)愛(ài)他人的社會(huì)活動(dòng)中[56]。此外,職場(chǎng)精神力幫助員工培養(yǎng)團(tuán)隊(duì)感,使得員工關(guān)注同伴或者他人的利益,以及對(duì)他人的責(zé)任心,這有利于提升員工的公民行為[57]。親環(huán)境行為屬于公民行為的一種[27],因此,職場(chǎng)精神力高的員工也會(huì)展現(xiàn)出親環(huán)境行為[28,58]。綜合上述論點(diǎn),本研究提出:
H4:職場(chǎng)精神力與親環(huán)境行為正相關(guān)
H5:職場(chǎng)精神力中介數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀的(不)匹配與親環(huán)境行為的關(guān)系
2 研究1:數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配對(duì)員工職場(chǎng)精神力影響的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
2.1 研究樣本
本研究通過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)收集平臺(tái)Credamo(中文名“見(jiàn)數(shù)”)收集數(shù)據(jù),該數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)具有良好的信譽(yù),數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量達(dá)到國(guó)際頂級(jí)學(xué)術(shù)期刊的要求[59]。本研究共招募205名酒店業(yè)員工參與了本次實(shí)驗(yàn)。樣本必須符合兩個(gè)條件:1)全職員工;2)非工作時(shí)間會(huì)通過(guò)電子通訊工具加班。實(shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始前,參與者首先被告知研究目的、自愿參與/退出以及數(shù)據(jù)保密原則,隨后需填寫(xiě)知情同意書(shū),再進(jìn)行正式的問(wèn)卷填寫(xiě)。剔除無(wú)效樣本后,共保留176份有效問(wèn)卷,回收率為85.9%。對(duì)最終樣本分別就性別、年齡、受教育程度、婚姻狀況、子女個(gè)數(shù)、收入、職業(yè)和工作年限進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,樣本中女性占比58.5%;51.7%參與者處于21~30歲之間,37.5%參與者處于31~40歲之間;70.5%參與者具有大學(xué)本科學(xué)歷,16.5%參與者具有大專(zhuān)學(xué)歷;65.3%參與者為已婚狀態(tài);49.4%參與者有1個(gè)小孩,38.6%參與者無(wú)小孩;44.9%參與者月收入在6001~10 000元之間,26.7%參與者月收入在4001~6000元之間;平均工作年限為7.31年(SD=6.40),在非工作時(shí)間平均的工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)為2.78小時(shí)/天(SD=1.95)。
2.2 研究程序
本研究采用2(數(shù)字連通性:高vs.低)×2(時(shí)間觀:多元vs.單一)被試間因子設(shè)計(jì)。具體而言,本研究通過(guò)文字材料操縱數(shù)字連通性,實(shí)驗(yàn)材料改編自Richardson和Benbunan-Fich提出的對(duì)非工作時(shí)間工作連通性的情境測(cè)量[60]。參與者首先被要求想象以下場(chǎng)景:“您是一家企業(yè)的員工,周五下午6點(diǎn),您結(jié)束了一周的工作,出發(fā)去朋友家參加聚會(huì)?!苯又?,高數(shù)字連通性組的參與者將面對(duì)以下3個(gè)突發(fā)情境:在地鐵上,上司要求使用微信小程序整理急需的工作表格;在朋友家,客戶(hù)請(qǐng)求使用微信視頻指導(dǎo)設(shè)備調(diào)試;睡覺(jué)前,同事請(qǐng)求使用工作電腦核對(duì)對(duì)接信息。低數(shù)字連通性組參與者的情境為在地鐵上看短視頻、在朋友家聊天和睡前刷手機(jī),無(wú)數(shù)字連通性相關(guān)的情境描述。多元時(shí)間觀采用Conte和Jacobs編制的量表,共6題,如“我喜歡在同一時(shí)間同時(shí)處理幾項(xiàng)活動(dòng)”[61]。將參與者按照得分高于整體均值或低于整體均值分為多元時(shí)間觀高值組和多元時(shí)間觀低值組。
在閱讀不同情境后,參與者需填寫(xiě)操縱檢驗(yàn)題項(xiàng)、職場(chǎng)精神力量表、多元時(shí)間觀量表和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)信息。此外,為了進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制,問(wèn)卷中設(shè)置系統(tǒng)甄別題目(“6+3+4=?”)。問(wèn)卷中所有題目選擇相同答案的也被視為無(wú)效問(wèn)卷。
2.3 測(cè)量工具
本研究采用以往研究中使用過(guò)的成熟英文量表,根據(jù)Brislin提出的翻譯-回譯程序?qū)⒃⑽牧勘矸g成中文[62]。除數(shù)字連通性之外的所有量表均采用Likert 5點(diǎn)量表計(jì)分法(1=完全不符合,5=完全符合)。
操縱檢驗(yàn)改編自Richardson和Benbunan-Fich提出的非工作時(shí)間工作連通性量表,共4題[60]。參與者需要回答在材料情境中,收到工作相關(guān)任務(wù)的頻率,如“上述企業(yè)在我上班/下班途中聯(lián)系我處理工作”。量表采用Likert 5點(diǎn)計(jì)分法(1=從不,5=總是)。本研究中該量表的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.95。
職場(chǎng)精神力采用Milliman等編制的量表,共21題,包含3個(gè)維度:工作意義(6題,如“我在上述工作中能體驗(yàn)到快樂(lè)”)、團(tuán)隊(duì)感(7題,如“與他人合作很有價(jià)值”)和組織價(jià)值觀一致感(8題,如“我對(duì)上述工作單位提供的價(jià)值觀感到滿(mǎn)意”)[24]。本研究中該量表3個(gè)維度的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)分別為0.91、0.88和0.95。
多元時(shí)間觀采用Conte和Jacobs編制的量表,共6題[61]。本研究中該量表的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.94。
2.4 研究結(jié)果與討論
首先進(jìn)行數(shù)字連通性的操縱檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,高數(shù)字連通性組參與者感知到的數(shù)字連通性(M=4.00,SD=0.62,n=90)顯著高于低數(shù)字連通性組參與者(M=1.66,SD=0.70,n=86),t(174)=23.31,plt;0.001,Cohen’s d=3.54,即數(shù)字連通性操縱成功。
為了檢驗(yàn)H1~H3,本研究進(jìn)行了3次獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。根據(jù)數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀的匹配程度,首先進(jìn)行匹配組參與者與不匹配組參與者職場(chǎng)精神力的獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,匹配組參與者的職場(chǎng)精神力(M=3.82,SD=0.75,n=90)顯著高于不匹配組參與者的職場(chǎng)精神力(M=3.43,SD=0.95,n=86),t(174)=3.00,p=0.003,Cohen’s d=0.46。H1成立。
接著,在匹配組中進(jìn)行高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平與低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平參與者職場(chǎng)精神力的獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平參與者的職場(chǎng)精神力(M=4.05,SD=0.50,n=55)顯著高于高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平參與者的職場(chǎng)精神力(M=3.46,SD=0.93,n=35),t(88)=3.93,plt;0.001,Cohen’s d=0.79。H2成立。
最后,在不匹配組中進(jìn)行高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平與低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平參與者職場(chǎng)精神力的獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平參與者的職場(chǎng)精神力(M=4.37,SD=0.18,n=31)顯著高于高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平參與者的職場(chǎng)精神力(M=2.90,SD=0.79,n=55),t(84)=10.24,plt;0.001,Cohen’s d=2.57。H3成立。
通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)字連通性的操縱和多元時(shí)間觀的測(cè)量,研究1證實(shí)數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀對(duì)職場(chǎng)精神力的匹配效應(yīng)。但是該研究存在兩方面的不足。首先,實(shí)驗(yàn)研究雖然有助于建立變量間的因果關(guān)系,但缺乏一定的外部效度。其次,研究1沒(méi)有驗(yàn)證職場(chǎng)精神力與親環(huán)境行為的關(guān)系以及職場(chǎng)精神力的中介作用。因此,本文進(jìn)一步采用1項(xiàng)調(diào)研研究檢驗(yàn)本研究的假設(shè)模型。
3 研究2:數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配與員工親環(huán)境行為關(guān)系的調(diào)研研究
3.1 研究樣本和研究程序
本研究采用委托發(fā)放和線(xiàn)下調(diào)查兩種方式收集數(shù)據(jù)。其中,委托發(fā)放與某數(shù)據(jù)公司合作,請(qǐng)?jiān)摂?shù)據(jù)公司精準(zhǔn)聯(lián)系就職于酒店企業(yè)且存在加班現(xiàn)象的員工完成問(wèn)卷調(diào)查。該數(shù)據(jù)公司具有一定權(quán)威性,在數(shù)據(jù)收取過(guò)程中可以做到流程監(jiān)控,以確保數(shù)據(jù)的真實(shí)性和有效性[63]。此外,研究者對(duì)參與者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)訪談,再次確認(rèn)數(shù)據(jù)的真實(shí)性。線(xiàn)下調(diào)查通過(guò)聯(lián)系兩家廣州五星級(jí)酒店進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)補(bǔ)充,通過(guò)筆者的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò),采用滾雪球的方式邀請(qǐng)這兩家酒店員工參與調(diào)研。問(wèn)卷派發(fā)時(shí)間為2022年8月28日—9月20日,所有問(wèn)卷均通過(guò)電子鏈接發(fā)放給參與者,他們首先被告知研究目的、自愿參與/退出以及數(shù)據(jù)保密原則,在參與者完成知情同意書(shū)之后進(jìn)行正式問(wèn)卷調(diào)查。問(wèn)卷測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)容包括數(shù)字連通性、多元時(shí)間觀、職場(chǎng)精神力、親環(huán)境行為和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)信息。此外,為了進(jìn)行質(zhì)量監(jiān)控,問(wèn)卷中設(shè)置系統(tǒng)甄別題目(“在學(xué)校負(fù)責(zé)教學(xué)工作的職業(yè)是?”)。問(wèn)卷中所有題目選擇相同答案也視為無(wú)效問(wèn)卷。
數(shù)據(jù)公司共派發(fā)400份問(wèn)卷,線(xiàn)下調(diào)查共補(bǔ)充100份數(shù)據(jù),剔除無(wú)效樣本之后,共保留437份有效問(wèn)卷,回收率為87.4%。對(duì)最終樣本分別就性別、年齡、受教育程度、婚姻狀況、子女個(gè)數(shù)、收入、職業(yè)和工作年限進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,樣本中女性占比65.4%;48.3%參與者處于21~30歲之間,41.9%參與者處于31~40歲之間;62.5%參與者具有大學(xué)本科學(xué)歷,25.2%參與者具有大專(zhuān)學(xué)歷;69.3%參與者為已婚狀態(tài);51%參與者有1個(gè)小孩,33%參與者無(wú)小孩;52.6%參與者月收入在6001~10 000元之間,27.2%參與者月收入在4001~6000元之間;65.4%參與者所處的企業(yè)性質(zhì)為民營(yíng)企業(yè),20.8%參與者所處的企業(yè)性質(zhì)為國(guó)有企業(yè);平均工作年限為8.20年(SD=5.91),在非工作時(shí)間平均的工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)為3.01小時(shí)/天(SD=1.89)。
3.2 測(cè)量工具
本研究采用以往研究中使用過(guò)的成熟英文量表,根據(jù)Brislin提出的翻譯-回譯程序?qū)⒃⑽牧勘矸g成中文[62]。除數(shù)字連通性之外的所有量表均采用Likert 5點(diǎn)計(jì)分法(1=非常不同意,5=非常同意)。
數(shù)字連通性采用Richardson和Benbunan-Fich提出的非工作時(shí)間工作連通性量表,共18題[60]。參與者需要回答在一系列非工作場(chǎng)景或活動(dòng)中,收到工作相關(guān)任務(wù)的頻率,如“在購(gòu)物的時(shí)候”“在度假的時(shí)候”等。量表采用Likert 5點(diǎn)計(jì)分法(1=從不,5=總是)。本研究中該量表的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.94。
多元時(shí)間觀采用與研究1相同的題目[61]。本研究中該量表的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.95。
職場(chǎng)精神力采用與研究1相同的題目[24]。本研究中該量表的3個(gè)維度的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)分別為0.71、0.72和0.83。
親環(huán)境行為采用Boiral和Paille編制的量表,共7題,如“我積極參加企業(yè)組織的環(huán)?;顒?dòng)”[64]。本研究中該量表的Cronbach’s α系數(shù)為0.75。
已有研究證明,員工的性別、年齡、受教育程度、婚姻狀況、子女個(gè)數(shù)、收入和工作年限會(huì)影響其職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為,本研究將這些變量作為控制變量。
3.3 分析策略
本研究采用響應(yīng)面回歸分析方法[65-66]檢驗(yàn)數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀對(duì)職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為的影響。響應(yīng)面回歸分析可以生成三維響應(yīng)面,能夠有效檢驗(yàn)匹配與不匹配對(duì)結(jié)果的影響。為避免多重共線(xiàn)性的影響,本研究首先將員工數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀進(jìn)行均值中心化處理[22,67],然后計(jì)算出3個(gè)二次項(xiàng),包括數(shù)字連通性的平方項(xiàng)(D2)、數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀的乘積項(xiàng)(D[×]P)和多元時(shí)間觀的平方項(xiàng)(P2)。本研究采用R軟件中的RSA軟件包進(jìn)行控制變量和5個(gè)多項(xiàng)式回歸項(xiàng),即數(shù)字連通性(D)、多元時(shí)間觀(P)、數(shù)字連通性的平方項(xiàng)(D2)、數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀的乘積項(xiàng)(D[×]P)和多元時(shí)間觀的平方項(xiàng)(P2),對(duì)員工職場(chǎng)精神力進(jìn)行回歸[68],如式(1)。用RSA軟件包進(jìn)行響應(yīng)面回歸具有兩個(gè)明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。一方面,該軟件可以對(duì)兩個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)變量的(不)匹配進(jìn)行直接模擬,而不是采用差異分?jǐn)?shù)的方法進(jìn)行計(jì)算,這可以增加結(jié)果效力[66,69]。另一方面,RSA可以有效解釋?zhuān)ú唬┢ヅ淝樾沃械亩喾N差異,例如匹配情形中的雙高和雙低的差異,對(duì)結(jié)果做出更細(xì)致的解釋[68]。隨后,本研究根據(jù)響應(yīng)面回歸分析的結(jié)果計(jì)算響應(yīng)面沿一致線(xiàn)(congruence line;D=P)和不一致線(xiàn)(incongruence line;D=-P)的斜率和曲率,并畫(huà)出相應(yīng)的響應(yīng)面圖。
[職場(chǎng)精神力=b0+b1D+b2P+b3D2+b4D×P+b5P2](1)
根據(jù)Edwards和Parry的觀點(diǎn),只有當(dāng)3個(gè)二次項(xiàng)的綜合影響(即D2、D[×]P和P2)顯著且響應(yīng)面沿不一致線(xiàn)(D=-P)的曲率(b3-b4+b5)顯著區(qū)別于0時(shí),可以說(shuō)明一致效應(yīng)存在[70]。
為了驗(yàn)證一致性情形下兩種水平的差異(H2),需要檢驗(yàn)響應(yīng)面沿一致性線(xiàn)的斜率(b1+b2)是否顯著為負(fù)值,若為負(fù)值,說(shuō)明當(dāng)數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配時(shí),二者的取值越低,員工的職場(chǎng)精神力越高。
為了驗(yàn)證不一致情形下兩種水平的差異(H3),需要通過(guò)計(jì)算響應(yīng)面不一致性線(xiàn)的側(cè)向位移(lateral shift=(b2-b1)/[2×(b3-b4+b5)])判斷響應(yīng)面沿不一致線(xiàn)曲面的對(duì)稱(chēng)性[71]。如果響應(yīng)面不一致性線(xiàn)的側(cè)向位移為正值且顯著,結(jié)合正值的沿不一致線(xiàn)曲率,可以說(shuō)明在沿不一致性線(xiàn)的Dlt;P區(qū)域,職場(chǎng)精神力值更高。此時(shí)可以說(shuō)明,員工職場(chǎng)精神力在低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀區(qū)域的取值高于在高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀區(qū)域的取值。
為了檢驗(yàn)職場(chǎng)精神力的中介作用(H4),根據(jù)Edwards和Cable的建議,需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建1個(gè)集區(qū)變量(block variable)[72]。集區(qū)變量的創(chuàng)建方式為根據(jù)式(1)的回歸結(jié)果,以5個(gè)回歸項(xiàng)(D、P、D2、D×P和P2)各自的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)為權(quán)重,加總成為一個(gè)整體的集區(qū)變量,然后將該集區(qū)變量視為新的自變量。對(duì)鏈?zhǔn)街薪樾?yīng)的檢驗(yàn),采用R軟件中的RMediation方法進(jìn)行分析[73]。該方法已經(jīng)得到大量研究的認(rèn)可與運(yùn)用[74-75]。
3.4 研究結(jié)果
3.4.1" " 描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果
所有變量的均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差和變量之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)如表1所示。
3.4.2" " 驗(yàn)證性因子分析
為驗(yàn)證假設(shè)模型的測(cè)量效度,本研究進(jìn)行一系列的驗(yàn)證性因子分析,結(jié)果如表2所示。首先,考慮到變量的測(cè)量題項(xiàng)過(guò)多(如數(shù)字連通性含18題)會(huì)影響模型擬合指標(biāo),本研究對(duì)題項(xiàng)較多的變量進(jìn)行了打包處理[76]。具體而言,本研究對(duì)數(shù)字連通性打成3個(gè)包。由于職場(chǎng)精神力包含3個(gè)維度,本研究對(duì)其3個(gè)維度各打成3個(gè)包之后再進(jìn)行二階驗(yàn)證性因子分析[77]。驗(yàn)證性因子分析結(jié)果如表2所示,本研究的假設(shè)模型擬合指標(biāo)優(yōu)良(χ2=724.39,plt;0.001,df=266,CFI=0.94,TLI=0.93,RMSEA=0.06,SRMR=0.06),并顯著優(yōu)于其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型。結(jié)果說(shuō)明,本研究假設(shè)的4個(gè)變量之間具有良好的區(qū)分效度。
3.4.3" " 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)
H1預(yù)測(cè)相比于數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀不匹配的情形,在兩者匹配的情形下,員工職場(chǎng)精神力更高。為了檢驗(yàn)H1,本研究將控制變量和多項(xiàng)式對(duì)職場(chǎng)精神力進(jìn)行三模型的線(xiàn)性回歸分析,結(jié)果如表3所示。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),3個(gè)二項(xiàng)式對(duì)職場(chǎng)精神力的綜合影響顯著(ΔR2=0.07,ΔF=14.63,plt;0.001)。同時(shí),響應(yīng)面沿不一致線(xiàn)的曲率顯著為正(b3-b4+b5=0.16,plt;0.001,95% CI=[0.07,0.25])。根據(jù)結(jié)果描繪出的響應(yīng)面圖如圖2所示,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)響應(yīng)面沿不一致線(xiàn)呈現(xiàn)U形,綜合結(jié)果驗(yàn)證H1。
H2預(yù)測(cè)在數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀匹配的情形下,相比于高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平,在低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,員工職場(chǎng)精神力更高。結(jié)合表3中的模型3可知,響應(yīng)面沿一致性線(xiàn)的斜率顯著為負(fù)值(b1+b2=-0.24,plt;0.001),說(shuō)明職場(chǎng)精神力沿著一致性線(xiàn)逐漸減弱,因此,H2得以證實(shí)。
H3預(yù)測(cè)在數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀不匹配的情形下,相比于低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀水平,在高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀水平下,員工的職場(chǎng)精神力更低。本研究計(jì)算得出的側(cè)向位移為0.47。因此,H3得到支持。
H4和H5預(yù)測(cè)職場(chǎng)精神力與親環(huán)境行為的關(guān)系以及職場(chǎng)精神力的中介作用,根據(jù)表3中的模型3提供的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化系數(shù)計(jì)算出集區(qū)變量之后,同時(shí)控制其他變量(性別、年齡、受教育程度、婚姻狀況、子女個(gè)數(shù)、收入和工作年限),將集區(qū)變量作為預(yù)測(cè)變量,對(duì)職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為進(jìn)行回歸。結(jié)果顯示,職場(chǎng)精神力與親環(huán)境行為之間的關(guān)系顯著(B=0.77,plt;0.001),證實(shí)H4。采用Bootstraping程序檢驗(yàn)得到顯著的間接效應(yīng)(估計(jì)值為0.29,95% CI=[0.23,0.35]),H5得以證實(shí)。此外,集區(qū)變量對(duì)親環(huán)境行為的直接效應(yīng)不顯著(估計(jì)值為0.05,95% CI=[-0.07,0.16]),說(shuō)明職場(chǎng)精神力完全中介數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀的匹配與親環(huán)境行為的關(guān)系。
4 結(jié)論與討論
4.1 研究結(jié)論
以往少量研究關(guān)注酒店業(yè)數(shù)字連通性的影響,也未從匹配角度探究數(shù)字連通性的復(fù)雜曲線(xiàn)關(guān)系。本研究基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論,探討數(shù)字連通性與員工的多元時(shí)間觀的匹配或不匹配對(duì)員工職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為的影響。通過(guò)1項(xiàng)情境實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和1項(xiàng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀不匹配情況,兩者匹配時(shí),員工的職場(chǎng)精神力更高;在數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配的情形下,相比于高數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀,低數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀引起更高的員工職場(chǎng)精神力;在數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀不匹配的情形下,相比于低數(shù)字連通性-高多元時(shí)間觀,高數(shù)字連通性-低多元時(shí)間觀引起更低的職場(chǎng)精神力;職場(chǎng)精神力完全中介數(shù)字連通性與多元時(shí)間觀的(不)匹配與親環(huán)境行為的關(guān)系。
4.2 理論貢獻(xiàn)
本研究的理論貢獻(xiàn)表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。首先,本研究豐富了數(shù)字連通性在酒店業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。大部分研究關(guān)注數(shù)字連通性對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)員工的影響[78]。學(xué)者認(rèn)為受新冠疫情影響,大部分酒店業(yè)面臨人才流失和企業(yè)倒閉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),很少出現(xiàn)加班的情況[79]。然而,隨著我國(guó)加班文化的普及以及經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力的影響,即使是遭受新冠疫情影響巨大的酒店業(yè),仍然頻繁要求員工居家辦公,隨時(shí)隨地被聯(lián)系[8,80]。這種非工作時(shí)間的數(shù)字連通性對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工的影響卻鮮為人知。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),數(shù)字連通性會(huì)對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工的職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為造成影響。本研究也呼應(yīng)了Chadee等的研究,其研究發(fā)現(xiàn),數(shù)字連通性影響酒店業(yè)員工的自我控制資源和工作退縮行為[8]。
其次,本研究對(duì)數(shù)字連通性的復(fù)雜效應(yīng)提供了新的解釋視角。研究者對(duì)數(shù)字連通性這一現(xiàn)象褒貶不一,有些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)字連通性的積極作用,有些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相反的消極作用[35-36]。為解釋不一致效應(yīng),研究者提出數(shù)字連通性的雙刃劍效應(yīng)[5],也有研究者提出數(shù)字連通性對(duì)結(jié)果的非線(xiàn)性效應(yīng)[2]。這些研究均忽視了數(shù)字連通性與員工個(gè)體特征的匹配效應(yīng)。本研究基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論,提出數(shù)字連通性對(duì)員工工作狀態(tài)(如職場(chǎng)精神力)和行為(如親環(huán)境行為)的影響取決于員工的時(shí)間觀。只有當(dāng)數(shù)字連通性與員工的時(shí)間觀匹配時(shí),才能起到積極的作用,不匹配的情況下只會(huì)降低員工的職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為。
再次,本研究為理解數(shù)字連通性提供更豐富的解釋思路。本研究指出,數(shù)字連通性并不是越多(或少)越好(或壞)。只有與個(gè)人的時(shí)間觀協(xié)同考慮,才能揭示數(shù)字連通性的效應(yīng)。具體而言,高數(shù)字連通性并不一定帶來(lái)工作壓力和沖突,對(duì)偏好多元時(shí)間觀的員工,高數(shù)字連通性會(huì)產(chǎn)生個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配感知,增加員工的職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為。同樣,低數(shù)字連通性并不一定會(huì)降低員工的工作熱情,對(duì)于偏好單一時(shí)間觀的員工,在低數(shù)字連通性要求的企業(yè)工作反而會(huì)增加員工的職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為。這挑戰(zhàn)了以往對(duì)數(shù)字連通性的普遍性認(rèn)知。例如大量研究表明,高數(shù)字連通性會(huì)增加員工的壓力和工作家庭沖突[81-82]。
最后,本研究也貢獻(xiàn)了職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為研究領(lǐng)域的理論發(fā)展。以往大量研究主要從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力(如精神型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力)和組織環(huán)境(如組織公正)的角度關(guān)注影響職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為的因素[28,49]。本文為探究職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為提供了新的預(yù)測(cè)變量,并從數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀匹配的角度提出兩者的(不)匹配是影響酒店業(yè)員工職場(chǎng)精神力和親環(huán)境行為強(qiáng)有力的因素。
4.3 實(shí)踐啟示
本研究的結(jié)論對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工和管理者具有一定的啟示和指導(dǎo)作用。首先,本研究結(jié)果指出,數(shù)字連通性不是單一好壞的工作要求,酒店業(yè)和管理者應(yīng)該根據(jù)員工的個(gè)人特征和偏好提出適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)字連通性的要求。具體而言,針對(duì)多元時(shí)間觀的員工,酒店業(yè)管理者可以要求員工在非工作時(shí)間處理工作事務(wù)。相反,對(duì)于單一時(shí)間觀的員工,則盡量降低對(duì)員工非工作時(shí)間的工作要求和安排,在工作時(shí)間內(nèi)安排員工更好地完成任務(wù)。只有數(shù)字連通性要求與員工的時(shí)間管理偏好一致,才能提升員工的職場(chǎng)精神力,引導(dǎo)員工做出更多的親環(huán)境行為。其次,即使數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀達(dá)到匹配,高水平的匹配仍然會(huì)帶來(lái)一定的工作壓力,降低員工的職場(chǎng)精神力。這提示酒店業(yè)和管理者對(duì)非工作時(shí)間的加班要求應(yīng)該適度,過(guò)度的要求反而會(huì)適得其反。
4.4 研究不足與未來(lái)研究方向
本研究存在以下不足。1)雖然本研究采用不同研究方法試圖建立數(shù)字連通性和員工多元時(shí)間觀匹配與員工職場(chǎng)精神力的關(guān)系,以降低共同方法偏差問(wèn)題,研究2采用的自我報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)仍然可能引起結(jié)果的偏差[83]。未來(lái)研究需要采用更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)方法和數(shù)據(jù)收集過(guò)程驗(yàn)證本研究的結(jié)論。例如,未來(lái)研究可以采用時(shí)滯設(shè)計(jì)(time-lag design)和跨層設(shè)計(jì)(multi-level design)進(jìn)行研究[74,84]。2)本文關(guān)注數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀對(duì)酒店業(yè)員工職場(chǎng)精神力的影響,但在研究1對(duì)數(shù)字連通性的操縱中,未具體到酒店業(yè)的情境,參與者可能代入其他情境,產(chǎn)生偏差。3)本研究基于個(gè)人-環(huán)境匹配理論關(guān)注數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀的(不)匹配對(duì)員工職場(chǎng)精神力的影響,未來(lái)研究可基于其他理論視角關(guān)注其他中介機(jī)制。例如,未來(lái)研究可基于角色理論,關(guān)注數(shù)字連通性和多元時(shí)間觀的(不)匹配對(duì)角色沖突的影響。這是因?yàn)榉枪ぷ鲿r(shí)間的數(shù)字連通性要求是企業(yè)對(duì)員工非工作時(shí)間的工作角色的期望,而員工在非工作時(shí)間對(duì)自己的非工作角色(如家庭角色)持有不同的覺(jué)知,且員工可能需要履行家庭角色,當(dāng)多個(gè)角色之間存在時(shí)間和精力等資源的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)角色沖突[12,85]。因此,角色沖突可能是解釋數(shù)字連通性后效的一個(gè)重要機(jī)制。
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1] BLAGOEV B, SCHREYOGG G. Why do extreme work hours persist? Temporal uncoupling as a new way of seeing[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2019, 62(6): 1818-1847.
[2] REN S, HU J, TANG G, et al. Digital connectivity for work after hours: Its curvilinear relationship with employee job performance[J]. Personnel Psychology, 2023, 76(3): 731-757.
[3] 李馨, 劉培, 李?lèi)?ài)梅, 等. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)非工作時(shí)間電子通信預(yù)期影響下屬工作績(jī)效的多路徑模型[J]. 心理學(xué)報(bào), 2022, 54(8): 964-978.[LI Xin, LIU Pei, LI Aimei, et al. A multipath model of leader after-hours electronic communication expectations and employee job performance[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2022, 54(8): 964-978.]
[4] SHINE R. Coronavirus pandemic leaves businesses struggling to survive the COVID-19 shutdown[EB/OL]. [2023-05-24]. https://www.abc.net. au/news/2020-04-04/coronavirus-shutdown-leaves- businesses-struggling-to-su rvive/12116334.
[5] 王笑天, 劉培, 李?lèi)?ài)梅. 自由還是束縛?異質(zhì)性視角下工作性通訊工具使用對(duì)幸福感的影響[J]. 中國(guó)人力資源開(kāi)發(fā), 2019, 36(8): 47-59. [WANG Xiaotian, LIU Pei, LI Aimei. Freedom or constraint? The effect of work-related use of information and communication on technologies after hours on well-being[J]. Human Resources Development of China, 2019, 36(8): 47-59.]
[6] SHI Y, ZHANG H, XIE J, et al. Work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours and focus on opportunities: The moderating role of work-family centrality[J]. Current Psychology, 2021, 40(10): 639-646.
[7] ORGANISATION I L. Ilo monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work, 5th edition (June)[EB/OL]. [2023-05-24]. https://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/ wcms _749399.pdf.
[8] CHADEE D, REN S, TANG G Y. Is digital technology the magic bullet for performing work at home? Lessons learned for post COVID-19 recovery in hospitality management[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2021, 92: 102718.
[9] LV X, YANG Y, QIN D, et al. Artificial intelligence service recovery: The role of empathic response in hospitality customers’ continuous usage intention[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2021, 126: 106993.
[10] SPANAKI M, PAPATHEODOROU A, PAPPAS N. Tourism in the post COVID-19 era: Evidence from hotels in the north east of England[J]. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2021, 13(3): 357-368.
[11] TER HOEVEN C L, MILLER V D, PEPER B, et al. “The work must go on”: The role of employee and managerial communication in the use of work-life policies[J]. Management Communication Quarterly, 2017, 31(2): 194-229.
[12] DERKS D, DUIN D, TIMS M. Smartphone use and work-home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2014, 88(1): 155-177.
[13] ROBERTS J A, WILLIAMS B H, DAVID M E. Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2017, 75: 206-217.
[14] WANG B, LIU Y, PARKER S. How does the use of information communication technology affect individuals? A work design perspective[J]. The Academy of Management Annals, 2020, 14(2): 695-725.
[15] BLUEDORN A C, KAUFMAN C F, LANE P M. How many things do you like to do at once? An introduction to monochronic and polychronic time[J]. The Executive, 1992, 6(4): 17-26.
[16] MILLIMAN J, GATLING A, BRADLEY-GEIST J C. The implications of workplace spirituality for person-environment fit theory[J]. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2017, 9(1): 1-12.
[17] SINGHAL M, CHATTERJEE L. A person-organization fit-based approach for spirituality at work: Development of a conceptual framework[J]. Journal of Human Values, 2006, 12(2): 161-178.
[18] LEWIN K. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers[M]. New York: Harpers, 1951: 346.
[19] 田虹, 姜春源. 社會(huì)責(zé)任型人力資源管理對(duì)旅游企業(yè)員工親環(huán)境行為的影響研究[J]. 旅游學(xué)刊, 2021, 36(11): 133-144. [TIAN Hong, JIANG Chunyuan. Research on the influence of social responsibility human resource management on employees’ pro-environment behavior in tourism enterprises[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2021, 36(11): 133-144.
[20] BOIRAL O. Greening the corporation through organizational citizenship behaviors[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2008, 87(2): 221-236.
[21] KRISTOF-BROWN A L, ZIMMERMAN R D, JOHNSON E C. Consequences of individual’s fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit[J]. Personnel Psychology, 2005, 58(2): 281-342.
[22] LIU P, WANG X T, LI A, et al. Predicting work-family balance: A new perspective on person-environment fit[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2019, 10: 1804.
[23] MITROFF I I, DENTON E A. A study of spirituality in the workplace[J]. Sloan Management Review, 1999, 40: 83-92.
[24] MILLIMAN J, CZAPLEWSKI A, FERGUSON J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment[J]. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 2003, 16(4): 426-447.
[25] ASHMOS D P, DUCHON D. Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure[J]. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2000, 9(2): 134-145.
[26] 柯江林, 孫健敏, 王娟. 職場(chǎng)精神力量表的開(kāi)發(fā)及信效度檢驗(yàn)[J]. 中國(guó)臨床心理學(xué)雜志, 2014, 22(5): 826-830. [KE Jianglin, SUN Jianmin, WANG Juan. Development and validation of the workplace spirituality scale[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2014, 22(5): 826-830.]
[27] REZAPOURAGHDAM H, ALIPOUR H, DARVISHMOTEVALI M. Employee workplace spirituality and pro-environmental behavior in the hotel industry[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2018, 26(5): 740-758.
[28] AFSAR B, BADIR Y, SAFDAR U. Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2015, 45: 79-88.
[29] 張志學(xué), 趙曙明, 連匯文, 等. 數(shù)智時(shí)代的自我管理和自我領(lǐng)導(dǎo):現(xiàn)狀與未來(lái)[J]. 外國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理, 2021, 43(11): 3-14. [ZHANG Zhixue, ZHAO Shuming, LIAN Huiwen, et al. Self-management and self-leadership in the digital and AI era: An overview and future directions[J]. Foreign Economics amp; Management, 2021, 43(11): 3-14.
[30] EDWARDS J, CAPLAN R, HARRISON V. Person-environment fit theory: Conceptual foundations, empirical evidence, and directions for future research[M]// COOPER C L. Theories of Organizational Stress. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998: 67-94
[31] VAN VIANEN A. Person-environment fit: A review of its basic tenets[J]. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2018, 5(1): 75-101.
[32] DONOHUE R. Person-environment congruence in relation to career change and career persistence[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2006, 68(3): 504-515.
[33] CHEN Z, POWELL G, GREENHAUS J. Work-to-family conflict, positive spillover, and boundary management: A person-environment fit approach[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2009, 74(1): 82-93.
[34] KAHN R L, WOLFE D M, QUINN R P, et al. Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity[M]. Oxford: John Wiley, 1964: 470.
[35] GADEYNE N, VERBRUGGEN M, DELANOEIJE J, et al. All wired, all tired? Work-related ICT-use outside work hours and work-to-home conflict: The role of integration preference, integration norms and work demands[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2018, 10: 86-99.
[36] DERKS D. Smartphone use, work-home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery[J]. Applied Psychology, 2014, 63(3): 411-440.
[37] ASGHAR M, GULL N, TAYYAB M, et al. Polychronicity at work: Work engagement as a mediator of the relationships between job outcomes[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2020, 45: 470-478.
[38] CONTE J, AASEN B, JACOBSON C, et al. Investigating relationships among polychronicity, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and work engagement[J]. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2019, 34(7): 459-473.
[39] 柯江林, 丁群. 創(chuàng)業(yè)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)初創(chuàng)企業(yè)員工態(tài)度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響——職場(chǎng)精神力的中介效應(yīng)與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)-成員交換的調(diào)節(jié)作用[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理研究, 2020, 41(1): 91-103. [KE Jianglin, DING Qun. The effects of entrepreneurial leadership on employees’ work attitudes and innovation performance in start-ups—The mediated role of workplace spirituality and the moderating effect of LMX[J]. Research On Economics and Management, 2020, 41(1): 91-103.]
[40] YU S. Cohort difference in job environments: The mediating effect of organizational identification on the relationships between mindful leadership and self-spirituality[J]. The Journal of General Psychology, 2023, 150(3): 363-377.
[41] GATLING A, KIM J, MILLIMAN J. The relationship between workplace spirituality and hospitality supervisors’ work attitudes: A self-determination theory perspective[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2016, 28(3): 471-489.
[42] SINTAASIH D, DEWI I G A, UTAMA I, et al. Work spirituality: Its effect to the organizational commitment and performance of rural credit institution administrator[J]. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 2019, 35(3): 306-322.
[43] PAWAR B S. Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes an empirical test of direct and interaction effects[J]. Leadership amp; Organization Development Journal, 2009, 30(8): 759-777.
[44] JANG J, GEORGE R. Understanding the influence of polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention: A study of non-supervisory hotel employees[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2012, 31(2): 588-595.
[45] GREGURAS G, DIEFENDORFF J. Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2009, 94(2): 465-477.
[46] VLEUGELS W, VERBRUGGEN M, DE COOMAN R, et al. A systematic review of temporal person-environment fit research: Trends, developments, obstacles, and opportunities for future research[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2023, 44(2): 376-398.
[47] GLASER L, FOURNé S, ELFRING T. Achieving strategic renewal: The multi-level influences of top and middle managers’ boundary-spanning[J]. Small Business Economics, 2015, 45(2): 305-327.
[48] MCDANIEL B, O’CONNOR K, DROUIN M. Work-related technoference at home and feelings of work spillover, overload, life satisfaction and job satisfaction[J]. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2021, 14(5): 526-541.
[49] HALDORAI K, KIM W, CHANG H, et al. Workplace spirituality as a mediator between ethical climate and workplace deviant behavior[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2019, 86: 102372.
[50] PISZCZEK M. Boundary control and controlled boundaries: Organizational expectations for technology use at the work-family interface[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2016, 38(4): 592-611.
[51] RAGSDALE J, HOOVER C. Cell phones during nonwork time: A source of job demands and resources[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2016, 57: 54-60.
[52] JOHNSON R, LIN S H J, LEE H W. Self-control as the fuel for effective self-regulation at work: Antecedents, consequences, and boundary conditions of employee self-control[M]// ELLIOT A J. Advances in Motivation Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc., 2018: 87-128.
[53] MOTAMED-JAHROMI M, FEREIDOUNI Z, DEHGHAN A. Effectiveness of positive thinking training program on nurses’ quality of work life through smartphone applications[J]. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2017(2): 1-6.
[54] DERKS D, TEN BRUMMELHUIS L, ZECIC D. Switching on and off …: Does smartphone use obstruct the possibility to engage in recovery activities?[J]. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2014, 23(1): 80-90.
[55] PETCHSAWANG P, DUCHON D. Measuring workplace spirituality in an asian context[J]. Human Resource Development International, 2009, 12(4): 459-468.
[56] SCHWARTZ S H. Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values[M]. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc., 1994: 85-119.
[57] NOWELL B, BOYD N M. Sense of community responsibility in community collaboratives: Advancing a theory of community as resource and responsibility[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2014, 54(3-4): 229-242.
[58] CSUTORA M, ZSóKA á. May spirituality lead to reduced ecological footprint? Conceptual framework and empirical analysis[J]. World Review of Entrepreneurship, 2014, 10(1): 88-105.
[59] HU J, MA X, XU X, et al. Treat for affection? Customers’ differentiated responses to pro-customer deviance[J]. Tourism Management, 2022, 93: 104619.
[60] RICHARDSON K, BENBUNAN-FICH R. Examining the antecedents of work connectivity behavior during non-work time[J]. Information and Organization, 2011, 21(3): 142-160.
[61] CONTE J, JACOBS R. Validity evidence linking polychronicity and big five personality dimensions to absence, lateness, and supervisory performance ratings[J]. Human Performance, 2003, 16(2): 107-129.
[62] BRISLIN R W. Translation and content analysis of oral and written material[M]// TRIANDIS H C, BERRY J W. Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology. Boston: Allyn amp; Baco, 1980: 389-444.
[63] HAYS N A, LI H, YANG X, et al. A tale of two hierarchies: Interactive effects of power differentiation and status differentiation on team performance[J]. Organization Science, 2022, 33(6): 2085-2105.
[64] BOIRAL O, PAILLé P. Organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment: Measurement and validation[J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2012, 109(4): 431-445.
[65] EDWARDS J. Alternatives to Difference Scores: Polynomial Regression Analysis and Response Surface Methodology[M]. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002: 350-400.
[66] 唐杰, 林志揚(yáng), 莫莉. 多項(xiàng)式回歸與一致性研究: 應(yīng)用及分析[J]. 心理學(xué)報(bào), 2011, 43(12): 1454-1461. [TANG Jie, LIN Zhiyang, MO Li. On the use of polynomial regression in congruence research: Application and analysis[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2011, 43(12): 1454-1461.]
[67] ZHANG Z, WANG M, SHI J. Leader-follower congruence in proactive personality and work outcomes: The mediating role of leader-member exchange[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2012, 55(1): 111-130.
[68] BARRANTI M, CARLSON E, C?Té S. How to test questions about similarity in personality and social psychology research: Description and empirical demonstration of response surface analysis[J]. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2017, 8(4): 465-475.
[69] SHANOCK L, BARAN B, GENTRY W, et al. Erratum to: Polynomial regression with response surface analysis: A powerful approach for examining moderation and overcoming limitations of difference scores[J]. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2010, 29(1): 543-554.
[70] EDWARDS J R, PARRY M E. On the use of polynomial regression equations as an alternative to difference scores in organizational research[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1993, 36(6): 1577-1613.
[71] ATWATER L E, OSTROFF C, YAMMARINO F J, et al. Self-other agreement: Does it really matter?[J]. Personnel Psychology, 1998, 51(3): 577-598.
[72] EDWARDS J, CABLE D. The value of value congruence[J]. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 2009, 94(3): 654-677.
[73] TOFIGHI D, MACKINNON D. Rmediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals[J]. Behavior Research Methods, 2011, 43(3): 692-700.
[74] 陳晨, 秦昕, 譚玲, 等. 授權(quán)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)——下屬自我領(lǐng)導(dǎo)匹配對(duì)下屬情緒衰竭和工作績(jī)效的影響[J]. 管理世界, 2020, 36(12): 145-162. [CHEN Chen, QIN Xin, TAN Ling, et al. The(in)congruence effect of supervisor empowering leadership and subordinate self-leadership on subordinate emotional exhaustion and job performance[J]. Journal of Management World, 2020, 36(12): 145-162.]
[75] LIU P, LI X, LIU N, et al. Is cyber anxiety signaling useful? An examination of leader’s emotional and behavioral reactions[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2022, 146: 1-12.
[76] LITTLE T, CUNNINGHAM W, SHAHAR G, et al. To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits[J]. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2002, 9(2): 151-173.
[77] LITTLE T, RHEMTULLA M, GIBSON K, et al. Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one[J]. Psychological Methods, 2013, 18(3): 285-300.
[78] ZOONEN W, SIVUNEN A, RICE R. Boundary communication: How smartphone use after hours is associated with work-life conflict and organizational identification[J]. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 2020, 48(3): 372-392.
[79] ABDALLA M D J, SAID H, ALI L, et al. COVID-19 and unpaid leave: Impacts of psychological contract breach on organizational distrust and turnover intention: Mediating role of emotional exhaustion[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2021, 39: 100854.
[80] JING J, INGKADIJAYA R, ZHANG X, et al. Tourism policy and stakeholders dilemmas in the post-COVID-19 era— A case study of Guilin tourism co., Ltd.[M]//OKTADIANA H, RAHMANITA M, SUPRINA R, et al. Current Issues in Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination Research. London, New York: Routledge, 2022: 92-97.
[81] DERKS D, PETERS P, WINGERDEN P. Work-related smartphone use, work-family conflict and family role performance: The role of segmentation preference[J]. Human Relations, 2016, 69(5): 1045-1068.
[82] LANAJ K, JOHNSON R, BARNES C. Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014, 124(1): 11-23.
[83] LIU P, AN X, LI X. You are an outsider! How and when observed leader incivility affect hospitality employees’ social categorization and deviant behavior[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2022, 106: 103273.
[84] TIAN Q, ROBERTSON J. How and when does perceived CSR affect employees’ engagement in voluntary pro-environmental behavior? [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 2019, 155(4): 399-412.
[85] ROMáN S, HERRERA R, JARAMILLO J. Are mobile devices a blessing or a curse? Effects of mobile technology use on salesperson role stress and job satisfaction[J]. Journal of Business amp; Industrial Marketing, 2018, 33(5): 651-664.
Hospitality Employees’ Workplace Spirituality and Pro-environmental Behavior:
The Effects of (in) Congruence between Digital Connectivity and Polychronicity
LIU Pei, MU Yuting, ZHANG Lilu, ZHANG Linghan
(School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)
Abstract: With the advent of the digital economy, it has become the norm for employees to rely on electronic communication devices to work from anywhere at any time. Consequently, it has become increasingly prevalent for companies to impose work-related demands on employees beyond their designated working hours, a phenomenon termed “digital connectivity”. Although considerable research has explored the impacts of digital connectivity, the specific effects within the hospitality industry, where overtime work remains a serious issue, have received scant attention. Furthermore, the findings of previous studies have been mixed. While some scholars have endeavored to elucidate that from the perspectives of the “double-edged sword effect” and “too much is not enough”, they have largely neglected to account for individual employee traits. Employees’ polychronicity—their propensity to manage multiple tasks concurrently—may affect their perception and behavioral response towards digital connectivity.
To bridge the gap, this study, adopting the person-environment fit theory, examined the (in)congruence effect of digital connectivity and polychronicity on employees’ workplace spirituality and subsequent pro-environmental behavior. The hospitality industry, a pivotal pillar of the modern service sector, is confronted with a myriad of environmental challenges throughout its development. Employees play a crucial role as the primary implementers of environmental governance activities, directly influencing the environmental performance of their organizations through their behaviors. Therefore, a keen focus on employees’ pro-environmental behaviors is of practical importance. Workplace spirituality among employees refers to the transcendent and interconnected inner experience that arises after they recognize the meaning and value of their work, team and enterprise. It may serve as a catalyst in prompting pro-environmental behavior.
Utilizing the polynomial regression and response surface analysis, it conducted an experimental study comprising 176 hospitality employees and a field study involving 437 hospitality employees. The results showed that the congruence of digital connectivity and polychronicity significantly affected employees’ workplace spirituality. In terms of congruence, employees experienced reduced levels of workplace spirituality when both digital connectivity and polychronicity were higher, compared to when they were lower. In the case of incongruence, employees experienced a decline in workplace spirituality when confronted with the scenario of high digital connectivity coupled with low polychronicity, in contrast to the situation where digital connectivity was low but polychronicity was high. Moreover, workplace spirituality mediated the (in) congruence effect of digital connectivity and polychronicity on pro-environmental behavior.
This study demonstrates that digital connectivity can influence hospitality employees’ workplace spirituality and their subsequent pro-environmental behavior from the congruence perspective. In addition, exploring the effects of digital connectivity from a fit perspective helps explain mixed findings in previous studies, and provides a more comprehensive and dialectical understanding of digital connectivity. Digital connectivity is not inherently better with more or worse with less. Only by taking into account its congruence with employees’ polychronicity can the effects of digital connectivity be revealed. Practically, hospitality industry managers should propose appropriate digital connectivity requirements based on employees’ polychronicity to better stimulate their pro-environmental behavior.
Keywords: digital connectivity; polychronicity; person-environment fit theory; workplace spirituality; pro-environmental behavior
[責(zé)任編輯:王" " 婧;責(zé)任校對(duì):周小芳]