摘要" 綜述老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱發(fā)生率、老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的術(shù)后不良結(jié)局、老年胃腸腫瘤病人的衰弱評估工具、老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術(shù)期衰弱的干預(yù)措施,以期為改善老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術(shù)期衰弱狀態(tài),制定切實、有效的圍術(shù)期干預(yù)措施減少或消除衰弱對病人術(shù)后不良結(jié)局的影響提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞" 老年人;胃腸道腫瘤;圍術(shù)期;衰弱;并發(fā)癥;護理;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.02.025
作者簡介 閆亞鈴,護士,碩士研究生在讀
通訊作者 顧春紅,E?mail:13818505564@163.com
引用信息 閆亞鈴,顧春紅,姜建玲,等.老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術(shù)期衰弱的研究進展[J].護理研究,2025,39(2):333?338.
Research progress on perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors
YAN Yaling1, GU Chunhong2*, JIANG Jianling2, WANG Xuelian1
1.Jiangnan University Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangsu 214122 China; 2.Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
*Corresponding Author" GU Chunhong, E?mail: 13818505564@163.com
Abstract""" This paper reviewed the incidence of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,the postoperative adverse outcomes of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,the assessment tools of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,and the interventions for perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors.It's aimed at improving the perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,and developing effective perioperative interventions to reduce or eliminate the impact of frailty on postoperative adverse outcomes of patients.
Keywords""" elderly people; gastrointestinal tumors; perioperative period; frailty; complication; nursing; review
在全球老齡化趨勢不斷加速的背景下,老年胃腸腫瘤病人手術(shù)比例不斷增高,盡管手術(shù)、麻醉技術(shù)不斷進步,但老年胃腸腫瘤手術(shù)病人的術(shù)后不良結(jié)局發(fā)生風險仍然較高。衰弱是老年人生理儲備下降導(dǎo)致機體易損性增加、抗應(yīng)激能力減退的非特異性臨床狀態(tài)[1],是術(shù)后發(fā)生不良結(jié)局的重要危險因素?,F(xiàn)就老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱發(fā)生率、老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的術(shù)后不良結(jié)局、老年胃腸腫瘤病人的衰弱評估工具、老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術(shù)期衰弱的干預(yù)措施進行綜述,以期為臨床工作者和研究者制定切實、有效的圍術(shù)期干預(yù)措施提供參考。
1" 老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱發(fā)生率
老年胃腸腫瘤病人隨著年齡增長,身體機能下降,加之免疫衰老、炎癥、與年齡相關(guān)的慢性疾病、外部環(huán)境、心理社會因素以及癌癥本身及其治療等的影響,更易發(fā)生衰弱[2]。2020年全球癌癥統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示,結(jié)直腸癌和胃癌分別是全球第3位常見癌癥和第5位常見癌癥,也是癌癥病人死亡的第2位常見因素和第4位常見因素[3]。胃癌病人中,年齡gt;60歲者比例高達70.8%,約60%的結(jié)直腸癌病人年齡gt;65歲[4]。衰弱在結(jié)直腸癌病人中發(fā)生率高達60.5%[5],在胃癌病人中高達43.8%[6]。術(shù)前衰弱會增加老年胃腸手術(shù)病人的不良結(jié)局,導(dǎo)致死亡率和再入院率增高[7?9]、生活質(zhì)量降低、住院時間延長、住院費用增加[10?11]。及時的干預(yù)和管理能夠有效預(yù)防衰弱發(fā)生,改善衰弱狀況。
2" 老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的術(shù)后不良結(jié)局
2.1 衰弱與并發(fā)癥
手術(shù)本身就是一件應(yīng)激事件[12],而衰弱則會進一步增加病人術(shù)后不良結(jié)局發(fā)生。多項研究證明,老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人術(shù)后短期及長期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加[13?14],其發(fā)生率gt;50%[15]。衰弱是結(jié)腸切除術(shù)后吻合口瘺發(fā)生的獨立危險因素,與無吻合口瘺的病人相比,衰弱病人更易因吻合口瘺或其他并發(fā)癥死亡[16]。Gong等[17]研究顯示,衰弱病人胃腸道功能延遲恢復(fù)概率更大,出現(xiàn)腸梗阻等并發(fā)癥的風險更高。衰弱是老年病人胃腸術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的獨立危險因素[18]。可見,衰弱作為重要的預(yù)測指標,可以更好地幫助病人管理和減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
2.2 衰弱與住院時間和生存率
衰弱會使老年胃腸腫瘤病人死亡率增高、住院時間延長。一項Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前存在衰弱的結(jié)直腸癌病人短期和長期預(yù)后均較差,衰弱病人的總死亡率比非衰弱病人高2~3倍,住院時間長于非衰弱病人[19]。Parmar等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),衰弱程度越高,病人術(shù)后死亡率越高,住院時間越長。Jeong等[21]對231例胃癌病人進行衰弱評估和死亡率預(yù)測,得出衰弱前期病人的死亡率為20.7%,衰弱病人的死亡率為20.0%。Lu等[22]研究表明,衰弱是預(yù)測術(shù)后生存率的重要指標??梢?,衰弱與術(shù)后住院時間、短期及長期生存率密切相關(guān),應(yīng)及時對衰弱病人進行管理與干預(yù),從而縮短術(shù)后住院時間,提高生存率。
2.3 衰弱與生活質(zhì)量
生活質(zhì)量是癌癥治療的終點評價指標之一[23]。已有研究結(jié)果顯示,衰弱會影響病人術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量[24],導(dǎo)致殘疾率增加[25]。Montroni等[13]研究表明,術(shù)前美國東部腫瘤協(xié)作組(ECOG)評分≥2分(體力狀態(tài)較差)是直腸癌病人術(shù)后3個月生活質(zhì)量下降的有力預(yù)測因子。故需提高對老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量的關(guān)注。
3" 老年胃腸腫瘤病人衰弱的評估工具
3.1 Fried衰弱表型(FFP)
FFP是常用的衰弱評估工具,其于2001年由Fried等[1]編制,病人存在體力活動減少、自述疲乏、握力降低、體重下降、步速緩慢5種表現(xiàn)中的至少3種表現(xiàn)判定為衰弱,存在1種或2種表現(xiàn)判定為衰弱前期,不存在任何表現(xiàn)判定為無衰弱。該量表既涉及病人的主觀感受,又涉及客觀測量結(jié)果,因此在臨床上應(yīng)用廣泛。同時,該量表將衰弱作為臨床事件的前驅(qū)狀態(tài),可獨立預(yù)測跌倒、行走能力下降、日常生活能力受損情況,便于采取措施預(yù)防不良事件的發(fā)生[26]。Hogan等[27]使用FFP對42例年齡≥65歲的胃腸手術(shù)病人衰弱狀態(tài)進行分析,結(jié)果顯示該量表可以準確反映病人的衰弱程度,且能預(yù)測老年胃腸道疾病病人術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。
3.2 衰弱指數(shù)(Frailty Index, FI)
FI由Mitnitski等[28]根據(jù)加拿大健康和老齡化研究(CSHA)結(jié)果研發(fā),是病人存在的健康缺陷與基于缺陷累積理論的所有測量變量的比率,最初包含70個變量,涵蓋身體功能、臨床結(jié)果、實驗室指標、營養(yǎng)攝入、認知篩查、社會支持等多方面內(nèi)容,對衰弱病人評估時具有較強的特異性。但由于評估內(nèi)容較多且耗時較長,在臨床上不易操作,因此,有學者根據(jù)CSHA與美國外科醫(yī)師學會國家外科質(zhì)量改進計劃(NSQIP)對FI進行修正,形成包含11個變量的mFI?11和包含5個變量的 mFI?5[29?30]。Vermillion等[18]對41 455例老年胃腸道癌癥病人的術(shù)后結(jié)局進行預(yù)測得出,高mFI?11評分與胃腸道癌癥手術(shù)病人的住院時間延長、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生和30 d死亡率密切相關(guān)。
3.3 其他評估工具
臨床衰弱量表(CFS)、衰弱量表(FS)、埃德蒙頓衰弱量表(EFS)等也可用于老年胃腸手術(shù)病人的衰弱評估。CFS以病人的日?;顒幽芰图膊〉燃墳橐罁?jù),對病人的衰弱程度進行分級,其設(shè)計內(nèi)容相對側(cè)重病人的臨床狀態(tài),對評估人員的專業(yè)性要求較高[31]。FS內(nèi)容簡單明了,不需要測量設(shè)備和復(fù)雜的計算,因此被廣泛用于臨床,但其也存在缺少客觀指標的不足[32]。EFS評估簡單便捷,但評估內(nèi)容較為主觀且不適用于疾病急性期病人[33]。在選擇衰弱評估工具時應(yīng)根據(jù)量表內(nèi)容、評估條件及病人疾病特征綜合考慮。
4" 老年胃腸腫瘤病人圍術(shù)期衰弱的干預(yù)措施
4.1 運動鍛煉
運動鍛煉安全性高、成本低且獲益明顯,對預(yù)防和改善衰弱狀態(tài)具有重要意義。但由于衰弱病人的身體狀態(tài)、所處社會環(huán)境以及個人習慣不同,關(guān)于衰弱病人運動鍛煉的具體指南尚未形成。目前,針對老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的運動鍛煉方法包括有氧運動、抗阻運動、平衡訓練、柔韌性運動、虛擬運動訓練和多組分運動干預(yù)。其中,多組分運動干預(yù)是指衰弱運動干預(yù)過程中不局限于某一種運動的干預(yù)手段[34]。多項研究表明,多組分運動干預(yù)比單一運動干預(yù)在改善胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人軀體功能狀態(tài)、生活質(zhì)量等方面更具優(yōu)勢[35?36]。Macías?Valle等[37]研究結(jié)果顯示,與常規(guī)護理相比,在結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)前后應(yīng)用多組分運動干預(yù)對提高老年結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)病人的生活質(zhì)量、改善病人身體功能有額外益處。Wada等[38]對接受胃癌手術(shù)的衰弱病人進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多組分運動干預(yù)可以改善病人術(shù)后結(jié)局,減少嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。國際衰弱與肌肉減少癥研究會議(ICFSR)建議,將多組分運動干預(yù)作為治療衰弱的主要療法[39]??梢姡嘟M分運動干預(yù)是預(yù)防或改善老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人的有效干預(yù)措施。
4.2 營養(yǎng)支持
營養(yǎng)不良是衰弱的危險因素之一[6],營養(yǎng)不良及其導(dǎo)致的肌蛋白合成減少和肌肉組織的特殊變化等,會進一步促進衰弱的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。大多數(shù)胃腸道腫瘤病人就診時處于疾病進展期,機體吸收不良、惡性腫瘤消耗、營養(yǎng)攝入不足及胃腸道功能減弱等會造成其機體出現(xiàn)營養(yǎng)不良癥狀,從而導(dǎo)致或加重衰弱。已有研究表明,衰弱狀態(tài)動態(tài)可逆,合適的營養(yǎng)支持有可能延緩甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)衰弱[40]。地中海飲食模式是預(yù)防衰弱的有效措施[41],此外,補充維生素D以及鈣、蛋白質(zhì)和熱量也很重要。國外研究組建議,老年衰弱病人的最佳蛋白質(zhì)攝入量為1.0~1.2 g/(kg·d)[42],老年人的平均靜息能量消耗為25 kcal/(kg·d),如果考慮正常的體力活動,這一消耗可增加為32.5 kcal(kg·d)[43]。我國專家共識提出,對處于穩(wěn)定期的老年惡性腫瘤病人,推薦總能量攝入為25~30 kcal/kg,蛋白質(zhì)目標攝入量為1.2~1.5 g/kg,腎功能正常的病人蛋白質(zhì)目標攝入量可提高至2.0 g/kg[44]。但不同的病人具體情況存在差異,故還需根據(jù)病人具體情況由營養(yǎng)科醫(yī)師制定詳細的營養(yǎng)支持方案。
4.3 心理干預(yù)
焦慮和抑郁在老年胃腸手術(shù)病人中較常見[45?46]。近年來,研究者對老年胃腸腫瘤病人的精神和心理狀態(tài)關(guān)注越來越多[47]。已有研究表明,衰弱可降低病人的自我控制能力,增加病人心理負擔,心理負擔加大會引起焦慮[48];反之,焦慮也可通過破壞神經(jīng)體液調(diào)節(jié)降低病人的治療依從性,損害胃腸道功能,從而增加衰弱風險[49]。Renna等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌病人抑郁和焦慮癥狀嚴重程度與炎癥加劇相關(guān)。Li等[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年胃腸腫瘤手術(shù)病人的焦慮和抑郁會導(dǎo)致其術(shù)后死亡率增加,且術(shù)前焦慮與術(shù)后疼痛呈正相關(guān)等[52]。提示醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)重視老年胃腸腫瘤手術(shù)病人的心理狀態(tài),早期識別與干預(yù)病人的不良心理,注意干預(yù)時間和內(nèi)容的科學性,健全老年人健康體系;家屬或照顧者應(yīng)多陪伴病人,培養(yǎng)病人的興趣愛好,鼓勵病人參加社會活動等。
4.4 認知干預(yù)
年齡增長不僅會導(dǎo)致身體衰弱,還會導(dǎo)致認知功能下降[53],衰弱與認知障礙密切相關(guān),老年病人術(shù)后認知障礙發(fā)生率增加[54],可能會導(dǎo)致抑郁發(fā)生以及軀體活動能力下降等,進一步導(dǎo)致衰弱發(fā)生[55]。手術(shù)應(yīng)激和炎癥均可能導(dǎo)致老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人術(shù)后認知障礙發(fā)生[56]。為預(yù)防或減少術(shù)后認知障礙發(fā)生,應(yīng)在病人入院時對其進行認知功能篩查[57],常用的篩查工具為簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)。應(yīng)對認知障礙初篩陽性的病人進行就醫(yī)指導(dǎo)并鼓勵其參加認知訓練,常包括記憶訓練、手工制作、計算能力訓練、電子游戲、虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)、經(jīng)顱電磁刺激、運動訓練等,需對認知障礙初篩陰性的病人加強健康教育,引導(dǎo)病人重視認知功能的重要性。
4.5 口腔健康管理
2016年,世界牙科聯(lián)盟發(fā)布關(guān)于口腔健康的定義,指不僅有說話、微笑、聞味、品嘗、接觸、咀嚼、吞咽以及通過面部表情傳達一系列情緒的能力,而且不存在顱面復(fù)合體疾病、不適和疼痛[58]。已有研究表明,老年人的衰弱與口腔健康間存在相關(guān)性[59], 口腔健康下降可能導(dǎo)致口腔無力感增加以及咀嚼和吞咽障礙[60],咀嚼功能越差,老年人衰弱發(fā)生率越高[61];同時,吞咽障礙和營養(yǎng)不良也相互影響,吞咽障礙可導(dǎo)致或加重營養(yǎng)不良[62],缺乏營養(yǎng)又可加重衰弱或吞咽障礙[63]。目前,我國臨床護理人員對口腔健康和衰弱的認知不足,老年人對口腔健康的保健意識弱,關(guān)于老年胃腸腫瘤衰弱病人口腔健康管理的措施不夠完善,現(xiàn)有措施主要為鼓勵病人保持口腔清潔、指導(dǎo)病人選擇合適的餐具、調(diào)整飲食結(jié)構(gòu)、進行簡單的口腔功能訓練等[64?65]。胃癌病人術(shù)中會留置鼻腸管,留置鼻腸管會減弱食管下端括約肌功能,增加反流風險,反流物進入口腔易引起誤吸和吸入性肺炎等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,因此需重視這類病人的口腔健康管理,以預(yù)防衰弱和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
4.6 基于老年綜合評估的(CGA)管理措施
CGA是一個多學科診斷過程,評估醫(yī)學、功能、心理和社會能力,最終評估衰弱狀態(tài)和各種老年綜合征[66]。存在衰弱的病人需進行定期評估,評估內(nèi)容常包括一般情況評估、軀體功能狀態(tài)評估、營養(yǎng)評估、精神心理狀態(tài)評估、疼痛評估、口腔健康評估、睡眠評估、社會支持評估、多重用藥評估等;根據(jù)評估內(nèi)容對病人實施個性化的干預(yù)措施有利于預(yù)防和管理衰弱發(fā)生。近年來,通過CGA識別和管理衰弱病人已受到越來越多的關(guān)注。一項研究對340例結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)衰弱病人實施基于CGA的管理,結(jié)果表明,衰弱老年人預(yù)后改善[67]。基于CGA的管理措施能為病人提供個性化護理,更精確、有效地管理衰弱,還可以提高病人依從性,但這種模式耗時長且需要多學科團隊合作,在老年病房應(yīng)用較多,在外科病房應(yīng)用相對較少。
5" 小結(jié)
目前,關(guān)于老年胃腸腫瘤手術(shù)病人的衰弱發(fā)生率以及衰弱對該類病人的影響研究較多,研究重點已逐步轉(zhuǎn)移至衰弱的預(yù)防和管理方面,但大多數(shù)研究側(cè)重于老年胃腸腫瘤手術(shù)衰弱病人的術(shù)前管理,關(guān)于病人術(shù)中及術(shù)后衰弱的管理研究較少。此外,臨床工作人員和病人對衰弱的認知不足,缺乏從衰弱管理者角度對老年胃腸手術(shù)病人的質(zhì)性研究,針對老年胃腸手術(shù)病人的衰弱評估工具尚不明確,也未形成對這類病人的標準化衰弱干預(yù)方案。今后需結(jié)合實際情況構(gòu)建適用于我國病人的標準管理方案和評估工具,以改善該類病人圍術(shù)期的衰弱狀態(tài),減少或消除衰弱對該類病人術(shù)后不良結(jié)局的影響。
參考文獻:
[1]" FRIED L P,TANGEN C M,WALSTON J,et al.Frailty in older adults:evidence for a phenotype[J].iScience,2001,56(3):M146-M156.
[2]" ZHANG X,MENG X,CHEN Y,et al.The biology of aging and cancer:frailty,inflammation,and immunity[J].Cancer Journal,2017,23(4):201-205.
[3]" SUNG H,F(xiàn)ERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA:a Cancer Journal for Clinicians,2021,71(3):209-249.
[4]" FAGARD K,LEONARD S,DESCHODT M,et al.The impact of frailty on postoperative outcomes in individuals aged 65 and over undergoing elective surgery for colorectal cancer:a systematic review[J].Journal of Geriatric Oncology,2016,7(6):479-491.
[5]" MICHAUD MATURANA M,ENGLISH W J,NANDAKUMAR M,et al.The impact of frailty on clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer surgery:a systematic literature review[J].ANZ Journal of Surgery,2021,91(11):2322-2329.
[6]" ZHANG Q Q,ZHANG M,HU S H,et al.Prevalence and risk factors of preoperative frailty in Chinese elderly inpatients with gastric and colorectal cancer undergoing surgery:a single-center cross-sectional study using the Groningen Frailty Indicator[J].Supportive Care in Cancer,2022,30(1):677-686.
[7]" LIN H S,WATTS J N,PEEL N M,et al.Frailty and post-operative outcomes in older surgical patients:a systematic review[J].BMC Geriatrics,2016,16(1):157.
[8]" KIM D H,KIM C A,PLACIDE S,et al.Preoperative frailty assessment and outcomes at 6 months or later in older adults undergoing cardiac surgical procedures:a systematic review[J].Annals of Internal Medicine,2016,165(9):650-660.
[9]" BEGGS T,SEPEHRI A,SZWAJCER A,et al.Frailty and perioperative outcomes:a narrative review[J].Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia,2015,62(2):143-157.
[10]" MCISAAC D I,BEAULéP E,BRYSON G L,et al.The impact of frailty on outcomes and healthcare resource usage after total joint arthroplasty:a population-based cohort study[J].The Bone amp; Joint Journal,2016,98(6):799-805.
[11]" ROBINSON T N,WU D S,STIEGMANN G V,et al.Frailty predicts increased hospital and six-month healthcare cost following colorectal surgery in older adults[J].The American Journal of Surgery,2011,202(5):511-514.
[12]" MCISAAC D I,MACDONALD D B,AUCOIN S D.Frailty for perioperative clinicians:a narrative review[J].Anesthesia and Analgesia,2020,130(6):1450-1460.
[13]" MONTRONI I,UGOLINI G,SAUR N M,et al.Predicting functional recovery and quality of life in older patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery:real-world data from the international GOSAFE study[J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2023,41(34):5247-5262.
[14]" GIANNOTTI C,MASSOBRIO A,CARMISCIANO L,et al.Effect of geriatric comanagement in older patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer:a retrospective,before-and-after study[J].Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,2022,23(11):1868.e9-1868.e16.
[15]" WATT J,TRICCO A C,TALBOT-HAMON C,et al.Identifying older adults at risk of harm following elective surgery:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BMC Medicine,2018,16(1):2.
[16]" MAEDA H,TAKAHASHI M,SEO S,et al.Frailty and colorectal surgery:review and concept of cancer frailty[J].Journal of Clinical Medicine,2023,12(15):5041.
[17]" GONG W B,QI X.Association of frailty with delayed recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colorectal cancer resections[J].Journal of Investigative Surgery,2020,33(6):544-550.
[18]" VERMILLION S A,HSU F C,DORRELL R D,et al.Modified frailty index predicts postoperative outcomes in older gastrointestinal cancer patients[J].Journal of Surgical Oncology,2017,115(8):997-1003.
[19]" BOAKYE D,RILLMANN B,WALTER V,et al.Impact of comorbidity and frailty on prognosis in colorectal cancer patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Cancer Treatment Reviews,2018,64:30-39.
[20]" PARMAR K L,LAW J,CARTER B,et al.Frailty in older patients undergoing emergency laparotomy:results from the UK observational emergency laparotomy and frailty(ELF) study[J].Annals of Surgery,2021,273(4):709-718.
[21]" JEONG J R,CHOI J W,RYU S Y,et al.Relationship between frailty and mortality after gastrectomy in older patients with gastric cancer[J].Journal of Geriatric Oncology,2022,13(1):67-73.
[22]" LU J,CAO L L,ZHENG C H,et al.The preoperative frailty versus inflammation-based prognostic score:which is better as an objective predictor for gastric cancer patients 80 years and older?[J].Annals of Surgical Oncology,2017,24(3):754-762.
[23]" CASALI P,LICITRA L,COSTANTINI M,et al.Quality of life assessment and clinical decision-making[J].Ann Oncol,1997,8(12):1207-1211.
[24]" R?NNING B,WYLLER T B,NESBAKKEN A,et al.Quality of life in older and frail patients after surgery for colorectal cancer--a follow-up study[J].Journal of Geriatric Oncology,2016,7(3):195-200.
[25]" MCISAAC D I,TALJAARD M,BRYSON G L,et al.Frailty as a predictor of death or new disability after surgery:a prospective cohort study[J].Annals of Surgery,2020,271(2):283-289.
[26]" FRIED L P,F(xiàn)ERRUCCI L,DARER J,et al.Untangling the concepts of disability,frailty,and comorbidity:implications for improved targeting and care[J].The Journals of Gerontology Series,2004,59(3):M255-M263.
[27]" HOGAN D B,MAXWELL C J,AFILALO J,et al.A scoping review of frailty and acute care in middle-aged and older individuals with recommendations for future research[J].Canadian Geriatrics Journal,2017,20(1):22-37.
[28]" MITNITSKI A B,MOGILNER A J,ROCKWOOD K.Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging[J].The Scientific World Journal,2001,1:323-336.
[29]" VELANOVICH V,ANTOINE H,SWARTZ A,et al.Accumulating deficits model of frailty and postoperative mortality and morbidity:its application to a national database[J].Journal of Surgical Research,2013,183(1):104-110.
[30]" CHIMUKANGARA M,HELM M C,F(xiàn)RELICH M J,et al.A 5-item frailty index based on NSQIP data correlates with outcomes following paraesophageal hernia repair[J].Surgical Endoscopy,2017,31(6):2509-2519.
[31]" ROCKWOOD K,SONG X,MACKNIGHT C,et al.A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people[J].Food Chemistry,2005,173(5):489-495.
[32]" MORLEY J E,MALMSTROM T K,MILLER D K.A Simple Frailty Questionnaire(FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans[J].The Journal of Nutrition,Health amp; Aging,2012,16(7):601-608.
[33]" ROLFSON D B,MAJUMDAR S R,TSUYUKI R T,et al.Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale[J].Age and Ageing,2006,35(5):526-529.
[34]" KWAK D,THOMPSON L V.Frailty:past,present,and future?[J].Sports Medicine and Health Science,2021,3(1):1-10.
[35]" CHITTRAKUL J,SIVIROJ P,SUNGKARAT S,et al.Multi-system physical exercise intervention for fall prevention and quality of life in pre-frail older adults:a randomized controlled trial[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2020,17(9):3102.
[36]" FREIBERGER E,KEMMLER W,SIEGRIST M,et al.Frailty and exercise interventions[J].Zeitschrift Für Gerontologie Und Geriatrie,2016,49(7):606-611.
[37]" MACíAS-VALLE A,RODRíGUEZ-LóPEZ C,GONZáLEZ-SENAC N M,et al.Exercise effects on functional capacity and quality of life in older patients with colorectal cancer:study protocol for the ECOOL randomized controlled trial[J].BMC Geriatrics,2023,23(1):314.
[38]" WADA Y,NISHI M,YOSHIKAWA K,et al.Preoperative nutrition and exercise intervention in frailty patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy[J].International Journal of Clinical Oncology,2022,27(9):1421-1427.
[39]" IZQUIERDO M,MERCHANT R A,MORLEY J E,et al.International exercise recommendations in older adults(ICFSR):expert consensus guidelines[J].The Journal of Nutrition,Health amp; Aging,2021,25(7):824-853.
[40]" RASHIDI POUR FARD N,AMIRABDOLLAHIAN F,HAGHIGHATDOOST F.Dietary patterns and frailty:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Nutrition Reviews,2019,77(7):498-513.
[41]" NI LOCHLAINN M,COX N J,WILSON T,et al.Nutrition and frailty:opportunities for prevention and treatment[J].Nutrients,2021,13(7):2349.
[42]" CRUZ-JENTOFT A J,LANDI F,SCHNEIDER S M,et al.Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults:a systematic review.Report of the international sarcopenia initiative(EWGSOP and IWGS)[J].Age and Ageing,2014,43(6):748-759.
[43]" BAUER J,BIOLO G,CEDERHOLM T,et al.Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people:a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group[J].Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,2013,14(8):542-559.
[44]" 中華醫(yī)學會老年醫(yī)學分會,《中華老年醫(yī)學雜志》編輯委員會.老年人衰弱預(yù)防中國專家共識(2022)[J].中華老年醫(yī)學雜志,2022,41(5):503-511.
[45]" OKUMURA M,INOUE T,MELINDA G,et al.Social frailty as a risk factor for new-onset depressive symptoms at one year post-surgery in older patients with gastrointestinal cancer[J].Journal of Geriatric Oncology,2020,11(5):904-907.
[46]" CHUNG J,JU G,YANG J,et al.Prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression in Korean patients with newly diagnosed advanced gastrointestinal cancer[J].The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine,2018,33(3):585-594.
[47]" TSAI H F,LIU C Y,YANG S H,et al.Factors related to frailty in older cancer patients undergoing colorectal surgery:a longitudinal study[J].Cancer Nursing,2022,45(6):E865-E873.
[48]" MLYNARSKA A,MLYNARSKI R,GOLBA K S.Anxiety,age,education and activities of daily living as predictive factors of the occurrence of frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders[J].Aging amp; Mental Health,2018,22(9):1179-1183.
[49]" DING L Y,MIAO X Y,JIANG X M,et al.Adverse outcomes and health-ecological influencing factors of preoperative frailty among elderly patients with gastric cancer[J].Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology,2023,149(10):7043-7051.
[50] "RENNA M E,SHROUT M R,MADISON A A,et al.Depression and anxiety in colorectal cancer patients:ties to pain,fatigue,and inflammation[J].Psycho-Oncology,2022,31(9):1536-1544.
[51]" LI J Y,MA C Y.Anxiety and depression during 3-year follow-up period in postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients:prevalence,vertical change,risk factors,and prognostic value[J].Irish Journal of Medical Science,2023,192(6):2621-2629.
[52]" LIU Q,LI L H,WEI J W,et al.Correlation and influencing factors of preoperative anxiety,postoperative pain,and delirium in elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal cancer surgery[J].BMC Anesthesiology,2023,23(1):78.
[53]" LI X H,ZHANG Y,TIAN Y T,et al.Exercise interventions for older people with cognitive frailty--a scoping review[J].BMC Geriatrics,2022,22(1):721.
[54]" JIA F F,LIU H,XU K,et al.Mediating effects of cognitive reserve on the relationship between frailty and cognition in older people without dementia[J].European Geriatric Medicine,2022,13(6):1317-1325.
[55]" MA W B,WU B,GAO X Q,et al.Association between frailty and cognitive function in older Chinese people:a moderated mediation of social relationships and depressive symptoms[J].Journal of Affective Disorders,2022,316:223-232.
[56]" XI L J,F(xiàn)ANG F,YUAN H J,et al.Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for postoperative cognitive dysfunction in geriatric patients with gastrointestinal tumor:a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2021,22(1):563.
[57]" GIANNOTTI C,SAMBUCETI S,SIGNORI A,et al.Frailty assessment in elective gastrointestinal oncogeriatric surgery:predictors of one-year mortality and functional status[J].Journal of Geriatric Oncology,2019,10(5):716-723.
[58]" HESCOT P.The new definition of oral health and relationship between oral health and quality of life[J].The Chinese Journal of Dental Research,2017,20(4):189-192.
[59]" BASTOS R S,SáL M,VELASCO S R M,et al.Frailty and oral health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults:a cross-sectional study[J].Brazilian Oral Research,2021,35:e139.
[60]" SHIROBE M,WATANABE Y,TANAKA T,et al.Effect of an oral frailty measures program on community-dwelling elderly people:a cluster-randomized controlled trial[J].Gerontology,2022,68(4):377-386.
[61]" HORIBE Y,WATANABE Y,HIRANO H,et al.Relationship between masticatory function and frailty in community-dwelling Japanese elderly[J].Aging Clinical and Experimental Research,2018,30(9):1093-1099.
[62]" SELLA-WEISS O.Association between swallowing function,malnutrition and frailty in community dwelling older people[J].Clinical Nutrition ESPEN,2021,45:476-485.
[63]" SAKAI K,NAKAYAMA E,TOHARA H,et al.Tongue strength is associated with grip strength and nutritional status in older adult inpatients of a rehabilitation hospital[J].Dysphagia,2017,32(2):241-249.
[64]" WIRTH R,DZIEWAS R,BECK A M,et al.Oropharyngeal dysphagia in older persons-from pathophysiology to adequate intervention:a review and summary of an international expert meeting[J].Clinical Interventions in Aging,2016,11:189-208.
[65]" SURA L,MADHAVAN A,CARNABY G,et al.Dysphagia in the elderly:management and nutritional considerations[J].Clinical Interventions in Aging,2012,7:287-298.
[66]" WON C W.Frailty:its scope and implications for geriatricians[J].Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research,2019,23(3):95-97.
[67]" NORMANN M A O,EKERSTAD N,ANGENETE E,et al.Effect of comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail elderly patients operated for colorectal cancer-the colorectal cancer frailty study:study protocol for a randomized,controlled,multicentre trial[J].Trials,2022,23(1):948.
(收稿日期:2023-12-09;修回日期:2024-11-21)
(本文編輯 陳瓊)