呂夢(mèng)娜 李建斌 吳銳
作者單位:1南昌大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(郵編330006);2南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科
作者簡(jiǎn)介:呂夢(mèng)娜(2002),女,本科在讀,主要從事風(fēng)濕免疫疾病方面研究。E-mail:2415801387@qq.com
△通信作者 E-mail:tcmclinic@163.com
摘要:目的 探討血細(xì)胞比值及炎癥指標(biāo)對(duì)自身炎癥性疾?。ˋIDs)合并新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19)嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。方法 148例AIDs合并COVID-19患者根據(jù)COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度分為輕癥組100例和重癥組48例。比較2組患者感染后24~72 h內(nèi)的紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ESR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(SII)和白細(xì)胞-C反應(yīng)蛋白比值(LeCR)等指標(biāo)差異;采用Logistic回歸分析AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的危險(xiǎn)因素;受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評(píng)估各指標(biāo)對(duì)AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果 重癥組ESR、CRP、血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)、中性粒細(xì)胞-淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、血小板-淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白-淋巴細(xì)胞比值(CLR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白-白蛋白比值(CAR)、SII和血小板-白蛋白比值(PAR)高于輕癥組,平均血小板體積(MPV)、淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(LYM)、白蛋白(Alb)和LeCR低于輕癥組(P<0.05)。Logistic回歸分析顯示,ESR升高是AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,LeCR和SII升高是保護(hù)因素。ROC曲線分析顯示,LeCR對(duì)AIDs合并重癥COVID-19的預(yù)測(cè)效能優(yōu)于ESR和SII。結(jié)論 ESR、SII和LeCR是預(yù)測(cè)AIDs并發(fā)COVID-19疾病嚴(yán)重程度的有效指標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:自身炎癥性疾?。恍滦凸跔畈《痉窝?;預(yù)后;白細(xì)胞-C反應(yīng)蛋白比值
中圖分類號(hào):R593.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20231029
Early predictors of the severity of COVID-19 in patients with autoinflammatory diseases
LYU Mengna1, LI Jianbin2, WU Rui2△
1 The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; 2 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
△Corresponding Author E-mail: tcmclinic@163.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the value of blood cell ratio and inflammation index in predicting the severity of autoinflammatory disease (AIDs) complicated by corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Based on the severity of COVID-19, 148 patients with AIDs combined with COVID-19 were categorized into two groups: the mild case group (n=100) and the severe case group (n=48). Laboratory indicators, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and white blood cell to C-reactive protein ratio (LeCR), were compared between the two groups within 24 to 72 h after infection. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for the severity of AIDs patients with COVID-19. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive value of indicators for the severity of AIDs and COVID-19. Results ESR, CRP, platelet count (PLT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio (CLR), C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR), SII and platelet-to-albumin ratio (PAR) were higher in the severe case group than those in the mild case group. The mean platelet volume (MPV), lymphocyte count (LYM), albumin count (Alb) and LeCR levels were lower in the severe case group than those in the severe case group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that elevated levels of ESR was an independent risk factor for the severity of COVID-19 in patients with AIDs, while increased levels of LeCR and SII acted as protective factors. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that LeCR was better than ESR and SII in predicting the severe of COVID-19 in AIDs patients. Conclusion ESR, SII and LeCR are effective indicators for predicting the severity of disease associated with AIDs and COVID-19.
Key words: autoinflammatory diseases; COVID-19; prognosis; leucocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio
自身炎癥性疾?。ˋIDs)是一種由基因突變或家族遺傳引起的全身炎癥反應(yīng),通常在兒童時(shí)期發(fā)病[1-2]。研究表明,AIDs主要是細(xì)胞因子功能障礙導(dǎo)致的機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)及組織損傷[3-4],并與干擾素途徑、核因子(NF)-κB信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)和炎癥小體的激活有關(guān)[5-6]。多種風(fēng)濕性疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制與細(xì)胞因子相關(guān),因此均歸入AIDs的范疇,如強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、白塞病、痛風(fēng)、結(jié)節(jié)性紅斑等[7]。盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)并控制病情,對(duì)于患者預(yù)后尤其重要。新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是一種自限性的病毒感染性疾病,嚴(yán)重的COVID-19可導(dǎo)致急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、腎功能衰竭、血栓性并發(fā)癥、細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴、多器官功能衰竭和死亡[8]。AIDs成人患者合并COVID-19的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于兒童,但相關(guān)研究尚不充分[9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比(NLR)、血小板/淋巴細(xì)胞比(PLR)、淋巴細(xì)胞/單核細(xì)胞比(LMR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白/淋巴細(xì)胞比(CLR)和C反應(yīng)蛋白/白蛋白(CAR)是與全身炎癥相關(guān)并可能與COVID-19預(yù)后有關(guān)的指標(biāo)[10-11]。本研究旨在探討血細(xì)胞比值及炎癥指標(biāo)對(duì)AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 臨床資料 回顧性納入2022年12月—2023年2月就診于南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院的AIDs合并COVID-19患者148例,其中男73例,女75例,年齡18~79歲,平均(41.26±14.40)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合2022年自身炎癥性疾病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]。(2)經(jīng)實(shí)時(shí)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)嚴(yán)重急性呼吸綜合征冠狀病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)核酸檢測(cè)或抗原檢測(cè)確診的COVID-19患者。(3)年齡≥18歲。(4)臨床資料完整。依據(jù)《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案(試行第八版修訂版)》[12]臨床分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將輕型和普通型患者合為輕癥組100例,重型和危重型合為重癥組48例。本研究根據(jù)《赫爾辛基宣言》進(jìn)行,并已獲得南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),倫理批準(zhǔn)號(hào):IIT[2023]臨倫審第045號(hào)。
1.2 資料收集 收集患者年齡、性別等基線人口學(xué)特征,實(shí)驗(yàn)室常規(guī)檢查結(jié)果,包括紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ESR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)、平均血小板體積(MPV)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、單核細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(MON)、淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(LYM)、中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(NEU)、白蛋白(Alb)。于24~72 h內(nèi)采集患者外周血細(xì)胞,使用邁瑞B(yǎng)C-5390CRP型和BC-7500CS型全自動(dòng)血液細(xì)胞分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。計(jì)算NLR、PLR、CLR、CAR、淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)/單核細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(LMR)、系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(SII,血小板計(jì)數(shù)×中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)/淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù))、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)/C反應(yīng)蛋白(LeCR)及血小板計(jì)數(shù)/白蛋白計(jì)數(shù)(PAR)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 26.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以[x] ±s表示,2組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Logistic回歸分析AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度分型的危險(xiǎn)因素。采用Graph Pad Prism 9.5.1軟件繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,根據(jù)曲線下面積(AUC)評(píng)估診斷價(jià)值。雙側(cè)P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 一般資料和臨床特征 2組性別比例、年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。重癥組ESR、CRP、PLT、NLR、PLR、CLR、CAR、SII和PAR高于輕癥組,MPV、LYM、Alb和LeCR水平低于輕癥組(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 AIDs合并COVID-19患者嚴(yán)重程度分型的危險(xiǎn)因素 以疾病嚴(yán)重程度為因變量(輕癥組=0,重癥組=1),分別以ESR、CRP、PLT、MPV、LYM、Alb、NLR、PLR、CLR、CAR、SII、LeCR、PAR為自變量,進(jìn)行單因素二元Logistic回歸分析,提示ESR、CRP、PLT、LYM、Alb、NLR、PLR、CLR、CAR、SII、LeCR和PAR可能是AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的影響因素(P<0.05),見表2。進(jìn)一步多因素二元Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,ESR水平升高是AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,LeCR和SII水平升高是保護(hù)因素,見表3。
2.3 ESR、SII和LeCR預(yù)測(cè)AIDs合并重癥COVID-19的效能 LeCR預(yù)測(cè)AIDs合并COVID-19患者不良預(yù)后的效能均優(yōu)于ESR、SII、WBC及CRP,見表4,圖1、2。
3 討論
COVID-19從感染發(fā)展為重癥并出現(xiàn)臟器損傷的病理基礎(chǔ)是炎癥風(fēng)暴。其中SARS-CoV-2感染啟動(dòng)機(jī)體的固有免疫系統(tǒng),局部感染和肺組織的持續(xù)破壞導(dǎo)致免疫細(xì)胞及促炎細(xì)胞因子的聚集,激活適應(yīng)性免疫[13]。病毒血癥的持續(xù)存在可能引發(fā)失調(diào)、過激的免疫反應(yīng)并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴,因此反映炎癥和免疫狀態(tài)的循環(huán)生物標(biāo)志物是COVID-19患者預(yù)后的潛在預(yù)測(cè)因子[14]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,重癥組PLT高于輕癥組,MPV低于輕癥組。目前關(guān)于PLT與COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系仍存在爭(zhēng)議。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)COVID-19患者PLT升高[15],但其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn)危重COVID-19患者PLT降低與更嚴(yán)重的臨床結(jié)局相關(guān)[16]。因此,關(guān)于PLT與COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系仍待探討。MPV的相關(guān)研究亦存在一定爭(zhēng)議。有研究表明,重癥COVID-19感染者M(jìn)PV增高,其原因可能是SARS-CoV-2參與了血小板活化[17];但另有研究認(rèn)為,SARS-CoV-2可能通過破壞患者骨髓的造血功能間接影響MPV,MPV與感染嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[18],與本研究結(jié)果一致,但相關(guān)機(jī)制尚待探索。
有研究顯示,AIDs合并COVID-19患者ESR高于非AIDs患者[19],ESR可作為預(yù)測(cè)重癥COVID-19的血清標(biāo)志物之一[20]。但在臨床實(shí)踐中多種疾病引起的體內(nèi)炎癥活動(dòng)均可導(dǎo)致ESR升高,其診斷特異度較低。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ESR診斷的敏感度低,可能是由于COVID-19感染及患者自身炎癥性疾病的影響,ESR的異質(zhì)性更高。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由COVID-19急性期反應(yīng)引起的ESR變化在重癥患者中更為明顯,其可作為COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度的輔助預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)之一[21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,重癥組ESR顯著高于輕癥組,ESR是AIDs合并重癥COVID-19的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。目前由于ESR的特異性爭(zhēng)議較大,其對(duì)于疾病嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值仍有待探討。
研究表明,SII在COVID-19等多種疾病預(yù)后方面表現(xiàn)出一定的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[22]。在全身炎癥中,NEU增高伴隨著LYM降低[23],提示SII在預(yù)測(cè)AIDs患者合并COVID-19的預(yù)后方面具有一定潛力。有研究推測(cè),SII較高的預(yù)測(cè)效力可能與PLT的持續(xù)增高有關(guān)[24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,重癥組SII水平顯著高于輕癥組,單因素二元Logistic回歸分析顯示SII可能是AIDs合并重癥COVID-19的影響因素,但進(jìn)一步多因素二元Logistic回歸分析顯示SII水平升高是保護(hù)因素。單變量分析只考慮SII對(duì)結(jié)果的影響,在這種情況下,較高的SII與AIDs合并COVID-19嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。然而,在多變量分析中表明,控制其他混雜因素,更高的SII可能標(biāo)志著更強(qiáng)的免疫反應(yīng),在一定程度上防止嚴(yán)重疾病的發(fā)生。但由于該模型存在多種混雜變量,可能對(duì)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響。因此針對(duì)該指標(biāo)的預(yù)測(cè)效力仍需進(jìn)一步探討。
有研究顯示,重癥組患者LeCR較輕癥組顯著下降,通過β-葡聚糖增強(qiáng)免疫反應(yīng)后LeCR上升,LeCR可以更好地監(jiān)測(cè)COVID-19患者的嚴(yán)重程度和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,重癥組LeCR顯著低于輕癥組,LeCR升高是AIDs合并重癥COVID-19的保護(hù)因素;ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,LeCR預(yù)測(cè)AIDs合并COVID-19患者不良預(yù)后的AUC均高于ESR、SII、WBC及CRP。與上述研究結(jié)果一致??紤]到各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)在Logistic回歸分析中對(duì)模型整體的解釋能力,故本研究納入較多指標(biāo)擬合模型進(jìn)行回歸分析,但各指標(biāo)間存在一定的共線性問題,需進(jìn)行大樣本、多中心研究加以驗(yàn)證。
綜上所述,ESR、SII和LeCR可用于預(yù)測(cè)AIDs合并COVID-19患者的嚴(yán)重程度及其預(yù)后,其中LeCR的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值較高。
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(2023-08-01收稿 2023-09-19修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)