鄭康鵬 唐鑫國 徐琦 樊鈺亭 梁博 付曉偉 方路
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(82160578);江西省衛(wèi)生健康委科技計劃項目(202210033)
作者單位:南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科(郵編330006)
作者簡介:鄭康鵬(1997),男,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事肝膽胰腺的臨床方面研究。E-mail:zkp2016140243@126.com
△通信作者 E-mail:fanglu@medmail.com.cn
摘要:目的 建立可預(yù)測膽囊癌(GBC)患者根治性手術(shù)成功實施的列線圖并進(jìn)行初步驗證。方法 納入320例行手術(shù)治療(包括根治性手術(shù)、姑息性切除術(shù)、腹腔探查術(shù)和活檢術(shù))的GBC患者。根據(jù)納入時間先后分為訓(xùn)練集(235例)和驗證集(85例)。比較實施根治性手術(shù)和非根治性手術(shù)患者的臨床資料,多因素Logistic回歸分析影響GBC患者根治性手術(shù)成功實施的因素,并繪制列線圖預(yù)測模型。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線和校準(zhǔn)曲線評價預(yù)測模型的區(qū)分度及校準(zhǔn)度,應(yīng)用臨床決策曲線(DCA)評估列線圖預(yù)測模型的實際效用。結(jié)果 單因素分析顯示,根治性手術(shù)組和非根治性手術(shù)組在體質(zhì)量減輕、黃疸、高血壓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、血紅蛋白(HB)、白蛋白(ALB)、糖類抗原(CA)19-9、CA125、總膽紅素和直接膽紅素差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。將這11個潛在的預(yù)測因素在訓(xùn)練集納入多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示無黃疸、高血壓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,HB、ALB升高,CA19-9降低是預(yù)測GBC根治手術(shù)成功實施的因素。根據(jù)Logistic回歸得到的6個獨立風(fēng)險因素建立列線圖。在訓(xùn)練組和驗證組中,列線圖的曲線下面積分別為0.901和0.822,模型具有良好的區(qū)分度。Hosmer-Lemeshow檢驗表明模型校準(zhǔn)度良好(χ2=5.740,P=0.676)。模型校準(zhǔn)曲線均接近理想曲線,表明觀察結(jié)果與實際結(jié)果吻合良好。DCA曲線顯示模型對臨床使用具有凈效益和良好的臨床實用性。結(jié)論 該列線圖可有效篩選適合根治性手術(shù)的GBC患者,減少預(yù)期根治性手術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)為姑息性切除或剖腹探查術(shù)的機(jī)會,增加患者手術(shù)獲益的可能性。
關(guān)鍵詞:膽囊腫瘤;列線圖;黃疸;高血壓;CA-19-9抗原;根治性手術(shù);危險因素
中圖分類號:R735.8文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20231560
Nomogram construction and validation for predicting the possibility successful
implementation of radical surgery in gallbladder cancer patients
ZHENG Kangpeng, TANG Xinguo, XU Qi, FAN Yuting, LIANG Bo, FU Xiaowei, FANG Lu△
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: fanglu@medmail.com.cn
Abstract: Objective To develop a nomogram for predicting the successful implementation of radical surgery for gallbladder cancer (GBC). Methods A total of 320 patients with GBC who underwent surgical procedures including radical surgery, palliative excision, abdominal exploration, and biopsy were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the training set (235 cases) and the verification set (85 cases) according to the time of inclusion. By comparing the clinical data of patients undergoing radical surgery and patients with non-radical surgery, multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the prediction model affecting the successful implementation of radical surgery in GBC patients, and a column graph was drawn. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve were used to evaluate the differentiation and calibration of the prediction model. Clinical decision curve (DCA) was used to evaluate the practical utility of the nomogram prediction model. Results Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in weight loss, jaundice, hypertension, lymph node metastasis, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin (HB), albumin (ALB), CA19-9, CA125, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin between the radical surgery group and the non-radical surgery group (P<0.05). These 11 potential predictors were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis in the training set, and results showed that no jaundice, hypertension, lymph node metastasis, elevated HB and ALB, and decreased CA19-9 were predictive factors for the successful implementation of radical GBC surgery. A nomogram was established based on 6 independent risk factors obtained by Logistic regression. In the training group and the verification group, the area under the curve of the nomogram was 0.901 and 0.822, respectively, and the model has good differentiation. Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the model was well calibrated (χ2=5.740, P=0.676). The calibration curve of the model was close to ideal curve, indicating that the observed results were in good agreement with the actual results. The DCA curve showed that the model had a net benefit and good clinical practicability for clinical application. Conclusion The nomogram can effectively screen patients with GBC suitable for radical surgery, thus reducing the chance of conversion of anticipated radical surgery to palliative resection or exploratory laparotomy and increasing the likelihood of surgical benefits for patients.
Key words: gallbladder neoplasms; nomograms; jaundice; hypertension; CA-19-9 antigen; radical surgery; risk factors
膽囊癌(gallbladder cancer,GBC)是一種高度侵襲性的膽道腫瘤,占所有膽道腫瘤的80%~95%,預(yù)后較差,5年生存率僅為5%[1]。其發(fā)病率具有區(qū)域性,東亞和南美洲(如印度和智利)的發(fā)病率高于其他地區(qū)[2]。GBC發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能的危險因素包括年齡、急性炎癥和結(jié)石病史等[3-4]。Glenn等[5]首先提出根治性膽囊切除術(shù),將膽囊和肝十二指腸韌帶淋巴結(jié)一起切除,用于治療肝外膽道惡性腫瘤。隨后,Pack等[6]提出一種更積極的方法,將全右肝葉切除術(shù)與膽囊切除術(shù)結(jié)合起來治療GBC。GBC對放化療均不敏感,晚期GBC患者在接受新輔助化療后,只有隨后進(jìn)行R0切除的患者才能受益[7]。因此,手術(shù)仍然是GBC的首選治療方法,及時、準(zhǔn)確的根治性切除是唯一的治愈方法。盡管GBC容易侵犯鄰近器官并發(fā)生血液、淋巴及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,但早期GBC患者根治性切除后可完全治愈,晚期患者適當(dāng)?shù)氖中g(shù)治療可延長生存期[8-9]。GBC患者是否可以接受根治性手術(shù)通常根據(jù)影像學(xué)檢查來評估,但預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確度往往不理想,患者最終的手術(shù)方式大多取決于術(shù)中探查和臨床經(jīng)驗,導(dǎo)致計劃的根治性手術(shù)變成姑息性切除、探查或活檢,增加了患者的痛苦并浪費醫(yī)療資源。目前列線圖預(yù)測模型已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床研究,本文將列線圖預(yù)模型與GBC患者根治性手術(shù)相結(jié)合,旨在為GBC患者設(shè)計個性化治療方案。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 選取2013年1月—2023年1月南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院收治的320例因GBC行手術(shù)治療(包括根治性手術(shù)、姑息性切除術(shù)、腹腔探查術(shù)和活檢術(shù))的患者。將2013年1月—2019年12月235例GBC患者作為訓(xùn)練集。2020年1月—2023年1月的85例GBC患者作為驗證集。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):病歷完整、經(jīng)過手術(shù)治療和病理證實的GBC患者。根據(jù)美國癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(AJCC)第8版TNM分期,以下情況被視為根治性切除術(shù):(1)Tis和T1a分期接受單純膽囊切除術(shù)。(2)T1b期行膽囊切除+肝楔形切除(距膽囊2 cm以上)及區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。(3)T2期膽囊切除+肝楔形切除(距膽囊2 cm以上)或Ⅳb期+Ⅴ段肝切除+區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。(4)T3、T4期右半肝切除、右三葉切除或肝臟聯(lián)合其他臟器,實現(xiàn)R0腫瘤切除。非根治性手術(shù):(1)姑息性切除術(shù)。標(biāo)本的大塊切除或切緣陽性+膽道內(nèi)外引流。(2)腹腔探查術(shù)。通過腹腔鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移,未行姑息性手術(shù)且未取活檢。(3)活檢術(shù)。通過腹腔鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移,未行姑息性手術(shù)且取得活檢。
1.2 資料收集 從醫(yī)院病歷系統(tǒng)中提取患者的臨床資料:性別、體質(zhì)量減輕(入院近3個月體質(zhì)量下降5%以上)、發(fā)熱、腹痛、黃疸、高血壓、糖尿病、膽囊結(jié)石、上腹部手術(shù)史、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)。入院時指標(biāo):C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞計數(shù)(WBC)、血紅蛋白(HB)、血小板計數(shù)(PLT)、淋巴細(xì)胞百分比、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖類抗原(CA)19-9、CA125、凝血酶原時間(PT)、凝血酶時間(TT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚體、白蛋白(ALB)、總膽紅素、直接膽紅素、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用R 4.2.3和SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以[x] ±s表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;非正態(tài)分布的計量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Wilcoxon檢驗。計數(shù)資料以例或例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher確切概率法。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析影響GBC根治性手術(shù)成功實施的預(yù)測因素,構(gòu)建列線圖預(yù)測模型。繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線和校準(zhǔn)曲線評價預(yù)測模型的區(qū)分度及校準(zhǔn)度,應(yīng)用臨床決策曲線(DCA)評估列線圖預(yù)測模型的實際效用。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 手術(shù)情況 在訓(xùn)練集中,101例(43.0%)行根治性手術(shù),134例(57.0%)行非根治性手術(shù),其中姑息性手術(shù)82例,腹部探查或活檢52例;在驗證集中,39例(45.9%)行根治性手術(shù),46例(54.1%)行非根治性手術(shù),其中姑息性手術(shù)29例,腹部探查或活檢17例。訓(xùn)練集和驗證集行不同手術(shù)患者T分期情況見表1。
2.2 根治性手術(shù)成功實施的因素分析 單因素分析顯示,根治性手術(shù)組和非根治性手術(shù)組在體質(zhì)量減輕、黃疸、高血壓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、BMI、HB、ALB、CA19-9、CA125、總膽紅素和直接膽紅素差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。將這11個潛在的預(yù)測因素在訓(xùn)練集納入多因素Logistic回歸分析(因變量:根治性手術(shù)=1,非根治性手術(shù)=0;自變量:男=1,女=0;余分類變量是=1,否=0),結(jié)果顯示無黃疸、高血壓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,HB、ALB升高,CA19-9降低是預(yù)測GBC根治手術(shù)成功實施的因素,見表3。
2.3 列線圖的構(gòu)建和驗證 根據(jù)Logistic回歸得到的6個獨立風(fēng)險因素建立列線圖,見圖1。分?jǐn)?shù)越高表明成功實施根治性手術(shù)的可能性越大。Hosmer-Lemeshow檢驗表明模型校準(zhǔn)度良好(χ2=5.740,P=0.676)。ROC曲線顯示,在訓(xùn)練集中,模型曲線下面積(AUC)為0.901,在驗證集中AUC為0.822,模型具有良好的區(qū)分度,見圖2。模型校準(zhǔn)曲線均接近理想曲線,表明觀察結(jié)果與實際結(jié)果吻合良好,見圖3。DCA曲線顯示模型對臨床使用具有凈收益和良好的臨床實用性,見圖4。
3 討論
盡管醫(yī)療設(shè)備和手術(shù)技術(shù)在不斷改進(jìn),然而GBC的預(yù)后并未明顯改善。早期GBC患者可通過根治性手術(shù)徹底治愈;然而,早期患者沒有特異的臨床癥狀,缺乏有效的早期診斷指標(biāo)[10]。多數(shù)GBC患者被發(fā)現(xiàn)時已處于疾病中晚期,通過術(shù)前評估,也難以確定這些患者手術(shù)切除的閾值,也給臨床醫(yī)生帶來困擾。因此建立一個可篩選GBC患者是否適合進(jìn)行根治性手術(shù)的預(yù)測模型尤為重要。本研究表明,ALB、HB、CA19-9、高血壓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和黃疸是影響GBC根治手術(shù)的實施的重要預(yù)測因素,得到的列線圖可有效篩選適合根治性手術(shù)的GBC患者。無法接受根治性手術(shù)的GBC患者也可通過這些危險因素進(jìn)行識別,以便及早選擇其他治療方法,使患者接受個性化治療。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黃疸是GBC根治手術(shù)實施的獨立預(yù)測因素,會降低GBC患者實施根治性手術(shù)的概率,這與Tran等[11-12]的研究相似,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然黃疸會降低根治性手術(shù)的成功率,但并不是手術(shù)的禁忌證,部分黃疸患者在進(jìn)行根治性手術(shù)后仍具有較長生存期,特別是當(dāng)伴有低水平的CA19-9時。此外,高血壓也是GBC實施根治手術(shù)的獨立預(yù)測因素。既往研究表明,血壓升高與口咽癌、結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、腎癌等癌癥的發(fā)病率呈正相關(guān)[13-14],而使用β受體阻滯劑可能會抑制頭頸癌和乳腺癌侵襲[15-16]。但β受體阻滯劑的使用能否降低GBC的侵襲性,從而提高其實施根治性手術(shù)的概率尚未可知。
腫瘤標(biāo)志物在腫瘤組織中表達(dá)更加活躍,是早期腫瘤的預(yù)測因素。CA19-9水平有助于GBC的診斷和預(yù)后評估[17]。本研究中,CA19-9是GBC實施根治性手術(shù)的獨立預(yù)測因子。既往研究表明,術(shù)前CA19-9水平與GBC的可切除性相關(guān),當(dāng)患者血清CA19-9水平在90~450 U/mL和>450 U/mL時,分別有94%和100%的GBC無法手術(shù)切除[18]。Liu等[19]還發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠進(jìn)行R0手術(shù)切除的GBC患者CA19-9水平明顯低于不可切除GBC患者,說明CA19-9可作為評估GBC可切除性的輔助指標(biāo)。
淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是GBC常見的轉(zhuǎn)移方式,也是影響GBC預(yù)后的獨立危險因素之一[20]。GBC主要有3條淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移途徑:左側(cè)經(jīng)胰頭后方轉(zhuǎn)移至肝十二指腸韌帶,右側(cè)沿膽總管轉(zhuǎn)移至胰十二指腸淋巴結(jié),以及直接向肝門轉(zhuǎn)移[21]。目前影像學(xué)檢查對于評估GBC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度欠佳,PET/CT和增強(qiáng)CT分別僅檢測到12%和24%的區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[22]。而年齡<60歲和CA19-9水平可作為影像學(xué)檢查的補(bǔ)充,提高淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移檢出率[23]。GBC的侵襲性取決于局部腫瘤擴(kuò)散和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的程度,而根治性手術(shù)的成功實施須保證區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)的清掃[24]。因此,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移可影響GBC根治手術(shù)成功實施的概率。
血清ALB水平是評價癌癥患者營養(yǎng)狀況的基本指標(biāo)[25]。研究表明,血清ALB可以降低Rb蛋白的磷酸化,增強(qiáng)p21和p57的表達(dá),從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[26]。筆者推測,術(shù)前ALB水平較高的GBC患者可能會減緩疾病進(jìn)展,從而提高手術(shù)切除的機(jī)會。此外,HB降低也被發(fā)現(xiàn)是預(yù)測實施GBC根治性手術(shù)的獨立危險因素。貧血是癌癥患者的常見病癥,其主要原因可能是惡性腫瘤引起炎癥可釋放多種炎性因子,導(dǎo)致促紅細(xì)胞生成素合成減少,從而導(dǎo)致HB降低[27]。患有低HB血癥的惡性腫瘤患者往往患有慢性低氧血癥,低氧環(huán)境的刺激可能會增加腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物侵襲性,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞早期擴(kuò)散的可能性更高[28-29],影響根治性手術(shù)實施。
綜上所述,本研究納入黃疸、高血壓、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、HB、ALB和CA19-9這6個預(yù)測因素來建立列線圖。該模型可用于評估GBC患者成功實施根治性手術(shù)的概率,篩選適合根治性手術(shù)的GBC患者,輔助臨床醫(yī)生做出判斷。然而,本研究有一些局限性。首先,本模型基于單中心回顧性研究,導(dǎo)致了潛在的選擇偏倚。其次,本中心是三級GBC轉(zhuǎn)診中心,會收治大量中晚期患者,而早期患者較少。還需要大樣本、多中心研究來證實該模型的有效性。
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(2023-10-13收稿 2023-11-06修回)
(本文編輯 李志蕓)