[摘要] 目的
探究外源性趨化因子配體12(CXCL12)通過激活趨化因子受體4(CXCR4)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)信號(hào)通路對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞遷移的作用。
方法 用外源性CXCL12處理肺癌細(xì)胞,通過Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3B以及CXCR4/AKT信號(hào)通路蛋白進(jìn)行檢測(cè),通過劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)細(xì)胞的遷移進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比較,加入外源性CXCL12組細(xì)胞的遷移能力增強(qiáng)(t=3.949,P<0.05),自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3B Ⅱ的表達(dá)水平顯著增高(t=3.051,P<0.05),CXCR4的表達(dá)和AKT的磷酸化水平也明顯增高(t=2.974、4.307,P<0.05)。
結(jié)論
CXCL12可能通過CXCR4/AKT信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)自噬進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞的遷移。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 趨化因子CXCL12;受體,CXCR4;肺腫瘤;自噬;細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R734.2
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2024)05-0669-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.172
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.r.20241127.0855.002;2024-11-27 16:49:50
CXCL12 induces autophagy and promotes the migration of lung cancer cells via the CXCR4/AKT signaling pathway
ZHANG Yifan, WAN Lixin, LI Hui, SUN Xiao
(Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang 47300, China)
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect of exogenous CXCL12 on the migration of lung cancer cells by activating the CXCR4/AKT signaling pathway.
Methods Lung cancer cells were treated by exogenous CXCL12. Western blot was used to measure the autophagy-related protein microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B Ⅱ (LC3B Ⅱ) and the proteins associated with the CXCR4/AKT signaling pathway, and wound healing assay was used to observe cell migration.
Results Compared with the control group, the group with the addition of exogenous CXCL12 had significant increases in the migration ability of cells (t=3.949,Plt;0.05) and the expression of the autophagy-related protein LC3B Ⅱ (t=3.051,Plt;0.05), as well as significant increases in the expression of CXCR4 and the phosphorylation level of AKT (t=2.974,4.307,Plt;0.05).
Conclusion CXCL12 may promote the migration of lung cancer cells by inducing autophagy via the CXCR4/AKT signaling pathway.
[Key words] chemokine CXCL12; receptors, CXCR4; lung neoplasms; autophagy; cell movement
肺癌是世界上導(dǎo)致病人死亡的主要疾病之一,其進(jìn)展機(jī)制一直是研究的重點(diǎn),而研究表明趨化因子在肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演重要角色[1-4]。趨化因子是一類小細(xì)胞因子,趨化因子配體12(CXCL12)是趨化因子家族中研究最廣泛的成員[5-6]。研究表明,CXCL12在腫瘤中廣泛高表達(dá),影響腫瘤的進(jìn)展[7-8]。CXCL12與其特異性受體趨化因子受體4(CXCR4)相互作用后,誘導(dǎo)下游信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲[2,6,9]。CXCL12可以促進(jìn)蛋白激酶B(AKT)的磷酸化,而AKT信號(hào)通路的激活可以誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的自噬[10-12]。有研究結(jié)果表明,自噬可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的自我更新和發(fā)展,但是在不同的腫瘤和環(huán)境中,自噬又可以抑制腫瘤的進(jìn)展[13-16]。而CXCL12是否可以通過CXCR4/AKT誘導(dǎo)自噬影響肺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移尚不明確。本研究旨在探討外源性CXCL12對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞遷移的影響及其可能的作用機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞A549細(xì)胞購自武漢普諾賽生物科技有限公司。CXCR4抗體和兔二抗購自愛必信公司,磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)抗體和β-actin抗體購自CST公司,外源性CXCL12購自Peprotech公司,CXCR4抑制劑AMD3100購自Selleck公司,完全培養(yǎng)基購自普諾賽公司,胎牛血清購自依科賽公司,胰蛋白酶和青霉素-鏈霉素雙抗購自索萊寶公司。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) A549細(xì)胞使用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.1胎牛血清和體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.01青霉素-鏈霉素雙抗的混合培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 藥物作用 使用AMD3100預(yù)處理A549細(xì)胞1 h,然后再加入0.1 mg/L的外源性CXCL12共同培養(yǎng)24 h。
1.2.3 劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn) 將A549細(xì)胞接種于6孔板中,待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)滿后用200 μL的槍頭在板中央劃線,然后用PBS洗3遍,將漂浮的細(xì)胞洗去,此時(shí)作為0 h拍照。用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.01胎牛血清的培養(yǎng)液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),分別在培養(yǎng)24、48 h時(shí)拍照,然后計(jì)算愈合率。
1.2.4 自噬相關(guān)蛋白及CXCR4/AKT信號(hào)通路蛋白Western blot檢測(cè) 用RIPA裂解液、蛋白酶抑制劑和磷酸酶抑制劑的混合液裂解細(xì)胞0.5 h,在4 ℃下以20 000 r/min離心15 min,取蛋白上清。用BCA試劑盒測(cè)蛋白濃度后,將所有蛋白樣本稀釋至同一濃度,然后加上樣緩沖液,沸水煮5 min。制備SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝膠,加入蛋白樣本20 μg,電泳分離蛋白,然后使用PVDF膜300 mA濕轉(zhuǎn)1 h。轉(zhuǎn)膜后用含50 g/L脫脂牛奶的TBST溶液封閉2 h,以PBST洗3遍后加一抗4 ℃孵育過夜。吸去一抗,以PBST洗3遍,加入二抗常溫孵育2 h,以PBST洗3遍,用ECL 發(fā)光液顯影。使用Image J軟件分析蛋白條帶的灰度值,蛋白表達(dá)水平以目的蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白灰度值的比值表示。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以±s表示,兩組比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) "果
2.1 CXCL12對(duì)A549細(xì)胞遷移的影響
劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,加入外源性CXCL12組細(xì)胞的遷移能力增強(qiáng),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.949,P<0.05)。見圖1。
2.2 CXCL12對(duì)A549細(xì)胞自噬的影響
Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,加入外源性CXCL12組細(xì)胞自噬蛋白LC3B Ⅱ的表達(dá)增高,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.051,P<0.05)。見圖2。
2.3 CXCL12對(duì)CXCR4/AKT信號(hào)通路的影響
Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,加入外源性CXCL12組細(xì)胞CXCR4及p-AKT的表達(dá)增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.974、4.307,P<0.05)。見圖3。
3 討 "論
本實(shí)驗(yàn)使用外源性CXCL12作用于肺癌A549細(xì)胞,然后對(duì)細(xì)胞的遷移能力進(jìn)行檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示,加入外源性CXCL12可以明顯促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞的遷移?,F(xiàn)有的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CXCL12可以調(diào)節(jié)骨髓的腫瘤微環(huán)境,利于腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[17]。CXCL12可以明顯促進(jìn)乳腺癌向骨髓和其他部位的轉(zhuǎn)移,并且CXCL12的表達(dá)還與乳腺癌向肝臟和肺部的轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[18-20]。此外,CXCL12可以通過激活ERK1/2信號(hào)通路維持食管癌干細(xì)胞高水平的轉(zhuǎn)移特征,證明CXCL12是影響食管癌的潛在靶點(diǎn)之一[21-22]。這些研究結(jié)果與本研究結(jié)果相一致,表明CXCL12可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移,是影響多種腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的潛在分子。但是有研究結(jié)果顯示,CXCL12可顯著減緩胰腺癌在體外的生長(zhǎng),并且使體內(nèi)腫瘤也明顯變小,此外,CXCL12還導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞在體外的黏附性和遷移性變差,在體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)移性變?nèi)酰?3]。這說明CXCL12對(duì)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的影響在不同腫瘤中扮演著不同的角色,尚需繼續(xù)探究CXCL12在不同腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移中的具體作用和機(jī)制。目前已經(jīng)確定CXCL12是影響腫瘤進(jìn)展的一個(gè)重要分子,對(duì)CXCL12的繼續(xù)研究可以為腫瘤的治療提供新的策略。
目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外源性CXCL12在促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞遷移的同時(shí),可以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的自噬。而自噬抑制劑氯喹可以抑制CXCL12介導(dǎo)的癌細(xì)胞遷移[24]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,CXCL12可以促進(jìn)自噬標(biāo)志性蛋白LC3B Ⅱ的表達(dá),提示CXCL12可能是通過誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞的自噬促進(jìn)細(xì)胞遷移。有研究結(jié)果表明,CXCL12可以與CXCR4結(jié)合,然后誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),參與腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移[25-29]。為了探究CXCL12是否是通過CXCR4激活A(yù)KT發(fā)揮作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)在肺癌細(xì)胞中加入外源性CXCL12,對(duì)CXCR4的表達(dá)和AKT的磷酸化水平進(jìn)行檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示,外源性CXCL12可以促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞CXCR4的表達(dá)和AKT的磷酸化。有研究結(jié)果表明,CXCL12/CXCR4可以通過激活A(yù)KT信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞的遷移[30],并且CXCR4的抑制劑AMD3100可以抑制CXCR4介導(dǎo)的骨肉瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[31-32]。但是,目前尚無研究證明在肺癌中CXCL12可通過CXCR4/AKT信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)自噬促進(jìn)肺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移。所以,本研究首次對(duì)此進(jìn)行了探討,結(jié)果表明CXCL12可能通過CXCR4/AKT誘導(dǎo)自噬進(jìn)而發(fā)揮促肺癌細(xì)胞遷移的作用。
綜上,CXCL12可促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和自噬,并且可促進(jìn)CXCR4的表達(dá)和AKT的磷酸化,提示CXCL12可能通過CXCR4/AKT誘導(dǎo)自噬,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞的遷移。本文結(jié)果為肺癌的治療提供了新的研究方向。但本研究?jī)H探討了CXCL12誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞自噬和遷移的相關(guān)性,兩者的具體作用還有待進(jìn)一步研究和探討。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]NASIM F, SABATH B F, EAPEN G A. Lung cancer[J]. The Medical Clinics of North America, 2019,103(3):463-473.
[2]CAVALLARO S. CXCR4/CXCL12 in non-small-cell lung cancer metastasis to the brain[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2013,14(1):1713-1727.
[3]SPAKS A. Role of CXC group chemokines in lung cancer development and progression[J]. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 2017,9(Suppl 3):S164-S171.
[4]HASHEMI S F, KHORRAMDELAZAD H. The cryptic role of CXCL17/CXCR8 axis in the pathogenesis of cancers: a review of the latest evidence[J]. Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling, 2023,17(3):409-422.
[5]ADAMS D H, LLOYD A R. Chemokines: leucocyte recruitment and activation cytokines[J]. Lancet (London, England), 1997,349(9050):490-495.
[6]YANG Y, LI J, LEI W, et al. CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in cancer: from mechanisms to clinical applications[J]. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 2023,19(11):3341-3359.
[7]ZHANG Z, YU Y, ZHANG Z, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived CXCL12 enhances immune escape of bladder cancer through inhibiting P62-mediated autophagic degradation of PDL1[J]. Journal of Experimental amp; Clinical Cancer Research: CR, 2023,42(1):316.
[8]WANG D, WANG X, SONG Y, et al. Exosomal miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p promote CXCL12/CXCR7-induced metastasis of colorectal cancer by crosstalk with cancer-associated fibroblasts[J]. Cell Death amp; Disease, 2022,13(4):380.
[9]WU X, QIANL, ZHAOH D, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4: an
amazing challenge and opportunity inthe fight against fibrosis[J]." Ageing Research Reviews, 2023,83:101809.
[10]HASHIMOTO I, KOIZUMI K, TATEMATSU M, et al. Blocking on the CXCR4/mTOR signalling pathway induces the anti-metastatic properties and autophagic cell death in peritoneal disseminated gastric cancer cells[J]. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990), 2008,44(7):1022-1029.
[11]RONG L, LI Z, LENG X, et al. Salidroside induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in human gastric cancer AGS cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway[J]. Biomedicine amp; Pharmacotherapy=Biomedecine amp; Pharmacotherapie, 2020,122:109726.
[12]ZHENG J Y, QU D N, WANG C, et al. Involvement of CXCL12/CXCR4 in the motility of human first-trimester endometrial epithelial cells through an autocrine mechanism by activating PI3K/AKT signaling[J]." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020,20(1):87.
[13]HAN Y H, MUN J G, JEON H D, et al. Betulin inhibits lung metastasis by inducing cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis of metastatic colorectal cancer cells[J]. Nutrients, 2019,12(1):66.
[14]DEBNATH J, GAMMOH N, RYAN K M. Autophagy and autophagy-related pathways in cancer[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2023, 24(8):560-575.
[15]MA Z, LOU S, JIANG Z. PHLDA2 regulates EMT and autophagy in colorectal cancer via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway[J]. Aging, 2020,12(9):7985-8000.
[16]SEYDI H, NOURI K, SHOKOUHIAN B, et al. MiR-29a-laden extracellular vesicles efficiently induced apoptosis through autophagy blockage inHCC cells[J]." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2024,203:114470.
[17]SHI J, WEI Y, XIA J, et al. CXCL12-CXCR4 contributes to the implication of bone marrow in cancer metastasis[J]. Future Oncology (London, England), 2014,10(5):749-759.
[18]RAY P, STACER A C, FENNER J, et al. CXCL12-γ in primary tumors drives breast cancer metastasis[J]. Oncogene, 2015,34(16):2043-2051.
[19]MARTINEZ-ORDOEZ A, SEOANE S, CABEZAS P, et al. Breast cancer metastasis to liver and lung is facilitated by Pit-1-CXCL12-CXCR4 axis[J]. Oncogene, 2018,37(11):1430-1444.
[20]NGUYEN K T P, DRUHAN L J, AVALOS B R, et al. CXCL12-CXCL4 heterodimerization prevents CXCL12-drivenbreast cancer cell migration[J]." Cellular Signalling, 2020,66:109488.
[21]WANG X, CAO Y, ZHANG S, et al. Stem cell autocrine CXCL12/CXCR4 stimulates invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer[J]. Oncotarget, 2017,8(22):36149-36160.
[22]JIANG G C, XU S, MAI X B, et al. SAP deletion promotes malignant insulinoma progression by inducing CXCL12 secretion from CAFs via the CXCR4/p38/ERK signalling pathway[J]." Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2024,28(10):e18397.
[23]ROY I, ZIMMERMAN N P, MACKINNON A C, et al. CXCL12 chemokine expression suppresses human pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis[J]. PloS one, 2014,9(3):e90400.
[24]YU F, LI J, XIE Y, et al. Polymeric chloroquine as an inhibitor of cancer cell migration and experimental lung metastasis[J]. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2016,244(Pt B):347-356.
[25]TEICHER B A, FRICKER S P. CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 pathway in cancer[J]. Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2010,16(11):2927-2931.
[26]MORTEZAEE K. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the microenvironment of solid tumors: a critical mediator of metastasis[J]. Life Sciences, 2020, 249:117534.
[27]RUSETSKA N, KOWALSKI K, ZALEWSKI K, et al. CXCR4/ACKR3/CXCL12 axis in the lymphatic metastasis of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Journal of Clinical Patho-
logy, 2022,75(5):324-332.
[28]LIEKENS S, SCHOLS D, HATSE S. CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in angiogenesis, metastasis and stem cell mobilization[J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2010,16(35):3903-3920.
[29]LIAO Y X, ZHOU C H, ZENG H, et al. The role of the CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in the progression and metastasis of bone sarcomas (Review)[J]. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2013,32(6):1239-1246.
[30]YIN X, XIA K, PENG S, et al. ABCF1/CXCL12/CXCR4 enhances glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating the PI3K/AKT signal pathway[J]. Developmental Neuroscience, 2023,46(3):210-220.
[31]LIAO Y X, FU Z Z, ZHOU C H, et al. AMD3100 reduces CXCR4-mediated survival and metastasis of osteosarcoma by inhibiting JNK and Akt, but not p38 or Erk1/2, pathways in in vitro and mouse experiments[J]. Oncology Reports, 2015,34(1):33-42.
[32]LIAO Y X, LV J Y, ZHOU Z F, et al. CXCR4 blockade sensitizes osteosarcoma to doxorubicin by inducing autophagic cell death via PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway inhibition[J]." International Journal of Oncology, 2021,59(1):49.
(本文編輯 劉寧)
[收稿日期]2024-03-30; [修訂日期]2024-06-26
[基金項(xiàng)目]河南省醫(yī)學(xué)科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃省部共建項(xiàng)目(SBGJ-202102220)
[第一作者]張一帆(1992-),男。
[通信作者]孫曉(1972-),男,主任醫(yī)師。E-mail:89581914@qq.com。