[摘要]
多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)是一種以稀發(fā)排卵或無(wú)排卵、高雄激素血癥及卵巢多囊樣改變?yōu)橹饕卣鞯拇x性疾病。目前尚無(wú)動(dòng)物模型能夠全面地覆蓋PCOS所有臨床表現(xiàn)。本文綜述了常見(jiàn)的PCOS動(dòng)物模型,并總結(jié)了其生殖與代謝特征。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 多囊卵巢綜合征;疾病模型,動(dòng)物;綜述
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R711.75
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2024)05-0787-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.171
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20241127.0854.001;2024-11-27 15:01:25
Research advancesin animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome
LIU Fang, XU Lin
(Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
[Abstract] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disease characterized by oligo-ovulation or anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovary changes. At present, no animal model can fully cover all clinical manifestations of PCOS. This article reviews the common animal models of PCOS and summarizes its reproductive and metabolic characteristics.
[Key words] polycystic ovary syndrome; disease models, animal; review
多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)是導(dǎo)致育齡期女性排卵障礙不孕的主要原因之一,其患病率大約為20%[1-2]。PCOS是一種高度異質(zhì)性疾病,其臨床表現(xiàn)以生殖異常和代謝異常為主[3-4]。目前關(guān)于PCOS的研究主要以臨床樣本、細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究為主。其中,PCOS的動(dòng)物模型以人工誘導(dǎo)為主,包括外源性使用雄激素、雌激素及來(lái)曲唑等。本文綜述了目前國(guó)內(nèi)外常用的PCOS動(dòng)物模型,并總結(jié)不同模型的生殖特征與代謝特征差異,為PCOS動(dòng)物模型造模方法選擇提供參考。
1 雄激素誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
高雄激素血癥是PCOS的主要臨床表現(xiàn)[5-6]。外源性使用雄激素可以導(dǎo)致高雄激素血癥,是PCOS動(dòng)物造模常用的手段之一,目前常用于誘導(dǎo)PCOS動(dòng)物模型的雄激素有游離睪酮、脫氫表雄酮(DHEA)及雙氫睪酮(DHT)等。
1.1 產(chǎn)前雄激素誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
GULAN等[7]選取SD大鼠,于妊娠第15天時(shí)皮下注射游離睪酮0.5 μg/(kg·d),每日1次,直至大鼠分娩,其雌性后代表現(xiàn)為血清睪酮、三酰甘油(TG)及總膽固醇(TC)水平升高,始基卵泡比例明顯減少,而初級(jí)卵泡、次級(jí)卵泡及竇卵泡比例明顯增加。KUSAMOTO等[8]在C57BL/6小鼠妊娠16~18 d時(shí)皮下注射DHT 250 μg/d,其雌性后代表現(xiàn)出青春期延遲、成年期動(dòng)情周期紊亂、血清睪酮水平升高,卵泡數(shù)量增加及黃體數(shù)量減少。DECHICK等[9]于雌性SD大鼠妊娠16~19 d時(shí),皮下注射游離睪酮5 mg/d,其雌性后代表現(xiàn)出體質(zhì)量增加,血清胰島素(INS)水平升高,但血糖(GLU)水平無(wú)明顯變化。
1.2 青春前期雄激素誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
PRUETT等[10]將含有7.5 mg DHT顆粒的硅膠管埋植于3周齡SD大鼠皮下,緩慢釋放90 d,模型大鼠除體質(zhì)量增加、血清DHT及INS水平升高外,血清TG、TC、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及GLU水平均無(wú)明顯變化。ZHANG等[11]在3周齡Wistar大鼠皮下埋植含15 mg DHT的硅橡膠管,緩慢釋放75 d,模型大鼠體質(zhì)量增加、動(dòng)情周期紊亂、血清DHT水平升高,但血清睪酮水平無(wú)明顯變化。與PRUETT等[10]的研究比較,ZHANG等[11]的研究增加了DHT劑量,但縮短了造模時(shí)間,亦能成功誘導(dǎo)出PCOS動(dòng)物模型。
SONG等[12]選取3周齡的Wistar大鼠,給予皮下注射DHEA 6 mg/(kg·d),共20 d,模型大鼠除體質(zhì)量增加、動(dòng)情周期紊亂、血清INS及GLU水平升高外,還表現(xiàn)出生殖能力下降(胚胎數(shù)目、胚胎質(zhì)量及產(chǎn)仔數(shù)量均下降,孕期吸收的胚胎數(shù)量增加)。另有大量實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇3~4周齡小鼠或大鼠,予以皮下注射DHEA 60 mg/(kg·d),共20~28 d,亦成功誘導(dǎo)出上述表現(xiàn)[13-15]。
KALHORI等[16]于NMRI小鼠3周齡時(shí)給予皮下注射睪酮10 mg/(kg·d),共5周,模型小鼠表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)情周期紊亂,卵巢體積減小,血清睪酮及黃體生成素(LH)水平升高,血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平下降,囊性卵泡數(shù)量增加,黃體數(shù)量減少。
1.3 青春后期雄激素誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
儲(chǔ)維薇等[17]在SD大鼠6周齡時(shí)給予皮下注射DHEA 60 mg/(kg·d),共28 d,模型大鼠體質(zhì)量及卵巢質(zhì)量增加,動(dòng)情周期紊亂,血清睪酮、LH水平及LH/FSH比值增加,血清FSH水平無(wú)明顯變化,卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)及黃體數(shù)量減少。此外,KIM等[18]分別選用3周齡(青春前期)及6周齡(青春后期)SD大鼠作為研究對(duì)象,予以皮下注射DHEA 60 mg/(kg·d),共20~30 d,結(jié)果表明青春后期大鼠表現(xiàn)出PCOS樣癥狀比例更高。
2 雌激素誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
雌激素不僅有促進(jìn)和維持女性生殖器官及第二性征的生理作用,還具有調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)分泌功能、保護(hù)心血管系統(tǒng)以及促進(jìn)骨骼生長(zhǎng)和成熟的作用[19]。使用外源性雌激素可以抑制雄激素轉(zhuǎn)化為雌激素,從而使機(jī)體出現(xiàn)高雄激素血癥,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致PCOS[20]。目前常用于PCOS動(dòng)物造模的雌激素主要為戊酸雌二醇(EV)。
JAVANSHIR等[21]選取5周齡Wistar大鼠,予以腹腔注射EV 4 mg/d,共25 d,模型大鼠體質(zhì)量下降,GLU水平升高,血清HDL水平下降,但TC、TG、LDL及LH水平升高;囊性卵泡數(shù)量及卵泡膜細(xì)胞層數(shù)增加,但顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)及發(fā)育期卵泡數(shù)量減少。FAEZE等[22]選取140~150 g SD大鼠,予以皮下注射EV 4 mg/d,共28 d,除體質(zhì)量增加外,基本復(fù)制了JAVANSHIR等的PCOS模型。
3 高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂飲食和肥胖可以通過(guò)增加血清睪酮水平導(dǎo)致卵巢功能障礙,從而表現(xiàn)出PCOS樣癥狀[23]。
PATEL等[24]使用40%脂肪含量的高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)3~4周齡SD大鼠,共15周,模型大鼠表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)情周期紊亂;血清睪酮、TC及INS水平升高,雌二醇(E2)水平下降,但TG水平無(wú)變化;囊性卵泡數(shù)量增加,黃體數(shù)量減少。龔宇航等[25]使用60%脂肪含量的高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)3周齡SD大鼠,共15周,模型大鼠表現(xiàn)為體質(zhì)量增加,卵巢相對(duì)質(zhì)量下降,動(dòng)情周期紊亂,血清INS及睪酮水平升高,囊性卵泡數(shù)量及卵泡膜細(xì)胞層數(shù)增加,而顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)減少;與PATEL等[24]的造模方法比較,該方法所得模型更符合PCOS相關(guān)表現(xiàn),可能與脂肪含量增加有關(guān)。
4 來(lái)曲唑誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
來(lái)曲唑是一種芳香化酶抑制劑,能有效抑制雄激素向雌激素轉(zhuǎn)化,從而提高體內(nèi)雄激素水平[26]。因此,來(lái)曲唑是誘導(dǎo)PCOS模型的常用藥物。
4.1 來(lái)曲唑誘導(dǎo)的青春前期PCOS模型
HE等[27]給予4周齡SD大鼠灌胃來(lái)曲唑1 mg/(kg·d),共21 d,模型大鼠表現(xiàn)為體質(zhì)量增加;血清TG、LDL、睪酮、LH及E2水平升高,HDL水平下降,但FSH水平及LH/FSH比值無(wú)明顯變化;囊性卵泡數(shù)量增加,但顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)及黃體數(shù)量減少。ABDELRAHMAN等[28]使用0.5 mg/(kg·d)來(lái)曲唑灌胃4周齡Wistar大鼠,共21 d,亦成功誘導(dǎo)出表現(xiàn)為肥胖、排卵異常、高雄激素血癥及卵泡發(fā)育異常的PCOS大鼠模型。
4.2 來(lái)曲唑誘導(dǎo)的青春后期PCOS模型
大量研究選取青春后期(約6周齡)SD大鼠或Wistar大鼠,予以1 mg/(kg·d)來(lái)曲唑灌胃,共21~28 d,均成功誘導(dǎo)出PCOS模型,該模型表現(xiàn)為體質(zhì)量增加,動(dòng)情周期紊亂,高雄激素血癥,血清TG、TC及LDL水平升高等脂代謝異常,卵巢囊性卵泡數(shù)量增加,而顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)及黃體數(shù)量減少[29-31]。
4.3 來(lái)曲唑誘導(dǎo)的成年期PCOS模型
KARATEKE等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),予以10周齡Wistar大鼠1 mg/(kg·d)來(lái)曲唑灌胃,共21 d,模型大鼠出現(xiàn)體質(zhì)量增加,血清TC、TG、睪酮、INS及GLU水平升高。ASHKAR等[33]選取10~12周齡大鼠,給予1 mg/(kg·d)來(lái)曲唑灌胃,共21 d,PCOS模型大鼠除GLU水平無(wú)明顯變化外,其余表現(xiàn)與KARATEKE等[32]的研究一致。
5 INS聯(lián)合人絨毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型
外源性使用INS可以導(dǎo)致高胰島素血癥,使性激素結(jié)合球蛋白濃度下降,導(dǎo)致血清游離睪酮水平升高,從而出現(xiàn)卵泡閉鎖等變化。HCG由α和SymbolbA@二聚體的糖蛋白組成,其α亞基與垂體分泌的FSH及LH等基本相似,故能發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致卵巢間質(zhì)細(xì)胞及卵泡膜細(xì)胞增生,從而誘發(fā)高雄激素血癥。
魏巍等[34]于第1~21天給予6周齡SD大鼠皮下注射INS 2 U/d,每日1次,第11~21天,予以皮下注射HCG每次3 U,每日2次,并將日常飲用水更換為50 g/L葡萄糖水,結(jié)果顯示,模型大鼠體質(zhì)量及卵巢相對(duì)質(zhì)量增加,動(dòng)情周期紊亂;血清睪酮及LH水平升高;囊性卵泡數(shù)量及卵泡膜細(xì)胞層數(shù)增加,而黃體數(shù)量及顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)減少。另有研究選取6~7周齡SD大鼠,予以皮下注射INS和HCG(第1天,INS 0.5 U,以后每日遞增0.5 U,遞增至6 U/d后保持該劑量,共22 d;第14天起,加用HCG每次2 U,每日2次,共9 d),成功誘導(dǎo)了PCOS模型,模型除有上述相關(guān)表現(xiàn)外,還表現(xiàn)出血清TG、TC、LDL水平升高及HDL水平下降[35]。
6 其他
BOURGNEUF等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),患2型糖尿病的GK大鼠,其雌性后代可表現(xiàn)出PCOS樣癥狀,包括動(dòng)情周期紊亂,血清E2、TG、LDL、睪酮及GLU水平升高,孕酮水平下降,卵巢黃體數(shù)量減少,囊性卵泡數(shù)量增加。
鏈脲霉素中的亞硝基脲是細(xì)胞毒素,可選擇性地破壞動(dòng)物胰島細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致GLU水平升高。RYU等[37]選取3~4周齡C57BL/6小鼠,腹腔注射鏈脲霉素15 mg/(kg·d)連續(xù)5 d,成功誘導(dǎo)出非糖尿病的小鼠PCOS模型,表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)情周期紊亂,睪酮水平升高,卵巢體積、閉鎖卵泡數(shù)量及卵泡膜細(xì)胞層數(shù)增加,但是體質(zhì)量和血清E2、INS、LH及GLU水平無(wú)明顯變化。
NOORANIZADEH等[38]將38日齡的SD大鼠24 h暴露于強(qiáng)度為350 lux/m2的熒光燈下,共90 d。結(jié)果顯示,與飼養(yǎng)于12 h/12 h光照周期環(huán)境中的對(duì)照組大鼠比較,模型大鼠表現(xiàn)為體質(zhì)量增加,血清睪酮水平升高,血清LH水平及LH/FSH比值無(wú)明顯變化,卵巢卵泡直徑增大、閉鎖卵泡數(shù)量增加及黃體消失。
雙酚A(BPA)是一種環(huán)境化學(xué)污染物質(zhì),過(guò)量的BPA攝入可干擾女性下丘腦-垂體-卵巢軸功能,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)分泌紊亂,影響卵巢外觀及功能,從而導(dǎo)致PCOS的發(fā)生[39-40]。徐晨曦等[41]給予7周齡ICR小鼠BPA 100 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,每周5 d,連續(xù)4周,結(jié)果顯示,模型小鼠表現(xiàn)為體質(zhì)量增加,GLU水平升高,卵巢體積增大,囊性卵泡及閉鎖卵泡數(shù)量增加,而顆粒細(xì)胞層數(shù)減少。
7 小結(jié)
不同造模方法可誘導(dǎo)不同表現(xiàn)的PCOS動(dòng)物模型,雄激素及雌激素誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型以生殖異常為主要表現(xiàn),如高雄激素血癥、卵巢多囊樣改變等;來(lái)曲唑誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型除生殖異常外,還兼具部分代謝異常表現(xiàn),如高脂血癥、肥胖、胰島素抵抗等;高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的PCOS模型以代謝異常為主,兼具部分生殖異常表現(xiàn)。因此,需根據(jù)不同的研究目的,選擇不同的研究方法,從而確定不同的PCOS動(dòng)物模型,以更好地進(jìn)行PCOS相關(guān)研究。
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(本文編輯 劉寧)
[收稿日期]2023-05-24; [修訂日期]2023-12-08
[基金項(xiàng)目]國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81571408)
[第一作者]劉芳(1994-),女,碩士研究生。
[通信作者]徐琳(1971-),女,博士,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:xulinqd@qdu.edu.cn。