馮焱 魏思昂 王雷 馮江浩
摘 要:目的:分析膳食纖維攝入對(duì)心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素影響的證據(jù)。方法:通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)檢索在Web of Science、PubMed、EMBASE、CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)1950—2019年8月公開(kāi)發(fā)表的有關(guān)膳食纖維和碳水化合物攝入量與心血管疾病發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的英文和中文文獻(xiàn)。嚴(yán)格按照納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn),提取資料并評(píng)價(jià)質(zhì)量,采用Rev Man 5.30進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素得到了改善,LDL的SMD值為-1.16 mmol/L,95%CI(-2.89,0.46);HDL的SMD值為0.08 mmol/L,95%CI(-0.29,0.46);收縮壓(SBP)的SMD值為-0.028 mmHg,95%CI(-1.20,0.63);舒張壓(DBP )的SMD值為-0.35 mmHg,95%CI(-0.96,0.25);腫瘤壞死因子-ɑ(TNF-ɑ)的SMD值為-0.36 pg/mL,95%CI(-2.50,-1.77);白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)的SMD值為-1.26 pg/mL,95%CI(-4.96,-2.45)。結(jié)論:高膳食纖維可通過(guò)降低心血管病患者高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子水平輔助治療心血管疾病。
關(guān)鍵詞:膳食纖維;心血管疾病;Meta分析
飲食中的膳食纖維攝入量與心血管疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[1-4]。Threapleton 等[5]通過(guò)至少3年隨訪實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),攝入更多的膳食纖維會(huì)降低心血管疾病和冠心病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),過(guò)量碳水化合物攝入能增加血液中葡萄糖和胰島素的濃度,使血流動(dòng)力學(xué)負(fù)荷發(fā)生改變,從而促使心血管疾病發(fā)生。Kim等[6]的Meta分析證明,高膳食纖維可以改善血脂狀況、降低血壓和改善胰島素敏感性,但是攝入過(guò)高的膳食纖維明顯會(huì)改變飲食結(jié)構(gòu)中的其他成分,從而影響人體健康。本研究采用Meta分析方法探討膳食纖維攝入與心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的具體關(guān)聯(lián),并分析不同膳食纖維種類(lèi)與人體BMI水平的關(guān)系,為日后膳食纖維的合理攝入及心血管疾病的早期預(yù)防和控制提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索
通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)檢索在Web of Science、PubMed、EMBASE、CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)1950—2019年8月公開(kāi)發(fā)表的有關(guān)膳食纖維和碳水化合物攝入量與心血管疾病發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的英文和中文文獻(xiàn)。主題詞包括:英文“cardiovascular disease”“dietary fiber”“intake”“LDL”“HDL”“systolic blood pressure”“diastolic blood pressure”“TNF-ɑ”“IL-6”及中文 “心血管疾病”“膳食纖維”“LDL”“HDL”“收縮壓”“舒張壓”“TNF-ɑ”“IL-6”。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
研究類(lèi)型為國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)表的關(guān)于膳食纖維攝入與心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的前瞻性研究,文獻(xiàn)納入需滿足:暴露因素為膳食纖維攝入量、研究結(jié)果為心血管疾病、研究設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)型為前瞻性隊(duì)列、提供膳食纖維與心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)(相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度及95%置信區(qū)間)。文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):非有關(guān)膳食纖維及碳水化合物攝入與心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究,不同數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)重復(fù)報(bào)告的文獻(xiàn),觀察指標(biāo)不明確,或不能提供可進(jìn)行Meta分析的數(shù)據(jù),信息量太少無(wú)法利用的文獻(xiàn)。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)提取和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
文獻(xiàn)篩選和數(shù)據(jù)提取工作由2位研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,當(dāng)評(píng)價(jià)意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)則通過(guò)討論解決,如仍不能解決則由第3人仲裁。資料的提取主要包括第一作者名稱、出版年份、國(guó)家、研究對(duì)象數(shù)量、年齡、隨訪時(shí)間等。本系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析是根據(jù)《Cochrane干預(yù)系統(tǒng)回顧手冊(cè)》要求進(jìn)行,并根據(jù)系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析指南首選報(bào)告提出[7-8]。應(yīng)用AHRQ質(zhì)量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)列出的11個(gè)條目對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,分別用“是、否和不清楚”作答,定義“是”為1分、“否”為0分、“不清楚”為0.5分。Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)評(píng)分滿分11分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Review Manager 5.3軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析,定量變量數(shù)據(jù)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均數(shù)差(SMD)及95%CI表示,二分類(lèi)變量使用優(yōu)勢(shì)比(OR)及95%CI表示。對(duì)所得結(jié)果進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)P>0.05且I2<50%時(shí),使用固定效應(yīng)模型;當(dāng)P<0.05或I2>50%時(shí),表明異質(zhì)性較大,使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。
2 膳食纖維攝入對(duì)心血管疾病的影響及Meta分析
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索
從Web of Science、PubMed、EMBASE、CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索1950—2019年8月膳食纖維對(duì)心血管疾病患者HDL、LDL、SBP、DBP、TNF-ɑ、IL-6的影響,篩選得到有15篇文獻(xiàn),總樣本量為6 644人(附表)。文獻(xiàn)的納入篩選流程見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估
如圖2、圖3可知,8篇分配隱藏、13篇受試者和11篇人員的盲法、12篇結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)的方法仍存在未知偏倚,有3篇納入文獻(xiàn)在結(jié)果完整度方面存在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的偏倚,有15篇文章在選擇偏倚方面和其他偏倚存在未知的偏倚。
2.3 膳食纖維攝入對(duì)心血管疾病相關(guān)指標(biāo)影響及Meta分析
由于影響心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素過(guò)多,本研究選取了幾種主要高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行Meta分析:LDL、HDL、SBP、DBP、TNF-α、IL-6。13篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了LDL和HDL,并進(jìn)行Meta分析,LDL的SMD值 -1.16 mmol/L,95% CI(-2.89,0.58)[9-21](P<0.001,I2=99%),使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(圖4a)。HDL的SMD值為0.08 mmol/L,95% CI(-0.29,0.46)(P<0.05,I2=93%),使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(圖4b)。
8篇文獻(xiàn)中涉及了心血管疾病SBP和DBP與膳食纖維的研究[9,12,13,15,17-18,20-21],其中8項(xiàng)可用于Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)后收縮壓降低,SBP的SMD值為-0.28 mmHg,95% CI(-1.20,0.63),P<0.05,I2=94%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(圖4c)。而與低纖維組相比,攝入高膳食纖維組DBP的SMD值為-0.35 mmHg,95%CI(-0.96,0.25),P<0.05,I2=93%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(圖4d)。通過(guò)研究不同膳食纖維攝入量組對(duì)心血管疾病患者炎癥因子水平的影響篩選出3篇相關(guān)研究[11,22-23]。相比于低膳食纖維者,高膳食纖維者炎癥水平更低。TNF-α的SMD值為-0.36 pg/mL,95%CI(-2.50,1.77)(圖5a),IL-6的SMD值為-1.26 pg/mL,95% CI(-4.96,2.45)(圖5b)。高膳食纖維組的攝入明顯改善了心血管病患者的炎癥因子水平。
2.4 膳食纖維攝入量與心血管患者BMI的相關(guān)性
文獻(xiàn)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),攝入膳食纖維的種類(lèi)和劑量與心血管疾病患者BMI存在很大的差異,本研究將膳食纖維分為3類(lèi):膳食纖維補(bǔ)充劑、水果蔬菜類(lèi)膳食纖維、麥谷膳食纖維。其中18.5≤BMI≤24.99 為正常范圍、25 ≤BMI≤30為超重、BMI≥30為肥胖。在納入的文獻(xiàn)中,補(bǔ)充劑類(lèi)膳食纖維劑量較低在6~15 g/d,而根據(jù)BMI狀況,膳食纖維補(bǔ)充劑宜在8~15 g/d;水果蔬菜類(lèi)的膳食纖維在17~29 g/d,患者BMI值沒(méi)有太大的變化;麥麩纖維的食物攝入量在50~144 g/d,隨著攝入量的增加,BMI值在100 g/d達(dá)到最大值(>30 kg/m2)(圖6)。
3 討論
Cesari等[24]通過(guò)CARDIVEG研究評(píng)估探討飲食習(xí)慣與祖細(xì)胞的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)地中海飲食能夠增強(qiáng)心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者的祖細(xì)胞活性。Lu等[25-26]對(duì)中晚期慢性腎臟病患者提供高膳食纖維飲食,促炎因子、硫酸吲哚酯和血清膽固醇的水平明顯降低,心血管發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降。本研究Meta分析表明,膳食纖維的攝入改善了心血管疾病患者的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,心臟收縮能力(DBP、SBP)、血清學(xué)指標(biāo)(HDL、LDL)及促炎因子水平(TNF-α、IL-6)得到改善。但是根據(jù)膳食纖維攝入量與BMI關(guān)系,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同種類(lèi)的膳食纖維與BMI值有著很大的差異。其中水果蔬菜類(lèi)膳食纖維攝入量在17~29 g/d時(shí),心血管疾病患者BMI值變化趨勢(shì)不大,而這與Reynolds A等[27]推薦膳食纖維攝入量25~29 g/d一致,但是膳食纖維補(bǔ)充劑和麥谷類(lèi)膳食纖維攝入量存在很多差異,當(dāng)膳食纖維攝入量在8~15 g/d,心血管疾病患者BMI值甚至可以恢復(fù)至正常范圍;而全麥類(lèi)膳食纖維攝入量在100 g/d時(shí)與心血管疾病患者BMI值呈肥胖狀態(tài)。因此,我們建議攝入膳食纖維的劑量應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)膳食纖維的種類(lèi)而定,選擇合理的攝入量才能起到最佳效果。
綜上所述,膳食纖維的攝入對(duì)心血管疾病的治療起到積極作用,但也需根據(jù)攝入膳食纖維種類(lèi)的不同,選擇合理的劑量才能對(duì)心血管疾病患者人群前期進(jìn)行早期干預(yù)達(dá)到最佳的作用。本研究共納入15篇文獻(xiàn),涉及國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),但是由于文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量不夠多,需要更多RCTs進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證?!?/p>
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Meta-analysis on The Correlation of Dietary Fiber Intake and Cardiovascular Disease
FENG Yan,WEI Si-ang,WANG Lei,F(xiàn)ENG Jiang-hao
(College of Life Science,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,China)
Abstract:Objective To analyze the evidence of the influence of dietary fiber intake on cardiovascular risk factors.Method We searched Web of Science,PubMed,EMBASE,CNKI and found out the cohort study about the relationship between dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease risk factors.From 1950 to 2019,the two researchers screened the literature strictly according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,extracted the data and evaluated the quality,and used Rev Man 5.30 for Meta-analysis.Result The risk factors of cardiovascular disease were also improved.The SMD value of LDL was-1.16 mmol/L,95% CI(-2.89,0.46),HDL was 0.08 mmol/L,95% CI(-0.29,0.46),systolic blood pressure(SBP)was-0.028 mmHg,95% CI(-1.20,0.63),diastolic blood pressure(DBP)was-0.35 mmHg,95% CI(-0.96,0.25).The SMD value of TNF-α was-0.36 pg mL,95% CI(-2.50,-1.77),the SMD value of IL-6 was-1.26 pg / mL,95% CI(-4.96,-2.45).Conclusion High dietary fiber can reduce the level of high risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease to assist the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Keywords:dietary fiber;cardiovascular disease;Meta-analysis