• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Does a monsoon circulation exist in the upper troposphere over the central and eastern tropical Pacifc?

    2016-11-23 05:57:02LOUPnXingLIJinPingFENGJunZHAOSenndLIYnJie
    關(guān)鍵詞:變率季風(fēng)對流層

    LOU Pn-Xing, LI Jin-Ping, FENG Jun, ZHAO Sennd LI Yn-Jie

    aState Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;bCollege of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University,Beijing, China;cJoint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China

    Does a monsoon circulation exist in the upper troposphere over the central and eastern tropical Pacifc?

    LOU Pan-Xinga, LI Jian-Pingb,c, FENG Juanb,c, ZHAO Senaand LI Yan-Jiea

    aState Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;bCollege of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University,Beijing, China;cJoint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing, China

    Considering the central and eastern tropical Pacifc (CETP) has important climate impacts, and its seasonal variability is also thought to be important, the authors used the monsoon investigation method named ‘dynamical normalized seasonality', which can precisely describe the wind vector direction over time, to analyze the upper-tropospheric circulation over the region. The authors discovered that there is a clear reversal of seasonal changes between winter and summer wind,just like the classic monsoon. Accordingly, the authors propose the new concept of the uppertroposphere monsoon over the CETP. The results extend the classical lower-troposphere monsoon region into the upper troposphere.

    ARTICLE HISTORY

    Revised 14 June 2016

    Accepted 16 June 2016

    Dynamical normalized seasonality; tropical Pacifc;seasonal variability; uppertroposphere monsoon

    考慮到赤道中東太平洋地區(qū)(CETP)具有重要的氣候影響,以及顯著的季節(jié)性變率,本文利用可精確描述風(fēng)向變化的動態(tài)標準化季節(jié)變率(DNS)方法,分析了該區(qū)域上對流層大氣環(huán)流。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)該區(qū)域大氣環(huán)流在冬季和夏季之間存在著類似于經(jīng)典季風(fēng)的、明顯的季節(jié)性反轉(zhuǎn)現(xiàn)象。以此為基礎(chǔ)本文提出了赤道中東太平洋上對流層季風(fēng)的概念,將傳統(tǒng)的低對流層季風(fēng)區(qū)擴展到了上對流。

    1. Introduction

    With its signifcant seasonal variability (Zeng and Zhang 1998; Venkat and James 2003; Li and Zeng 2005) and considerable global climate impact (Li and Zeng 2003;An et al. 2015), the monsoon is one of the main systems of atmospheric circulation. Diferent defnitions of monsoon regions and monsoon indexes have been proposed(Wang, Wu, and Lau 2001; Li and Zeng 2002; Wang et al. 2008; Yoshida and Yamazaki 2010), such as the East Asian summer monsoon, Australian monsoon, and Asian summer monsoon (Li and Zeng 2000; Wang, Wu, and Lau 2001;Zeng and Li 2002; Feng, Li, and Li 2010).

    Using the ‘dynamical normalized seasonality' (DNS)method, Li and Zeng (2000, 2003, 2005) proposed a generalized monsoon system, and then devised the creative concept of the global monsoon (Li and Zeng 2003), which regards the geographically scattered surface monsoon regions as a whole monsoon system and unifes them as one theoretical model. As a result, they showed that the global monsoon could be geographically divided into the tropical monsoon, subtropical monsoon, and temperate—frigid monsoon (Li and Zeng 2003, 2005). Furthermore,they pointed out that in the upper troposphere over the central and eastern tropical Pacifc (CETP), there is a signifcant DNS index maximum value distribution, indicating that it may be a monsoon region. Indeed, the tropical Pacifc has always been considered to have a predominant infuence on global climate (Cane and Clement 1999; Lea,Park, and Spero 2000; Pierrehumbert 2000; Zhan and Li 2008; Li 2009; Xiao, Li, and Zhao 2012; Zhao, Li, and Zhang 2012; Zhan, Wang, and Wen 2013; Li et al. 2015; Sun, Li,and Ding 2015). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the signals of monsoonal circulation in the CETP, with the expectation to provide a useful supplement to existing monsoon research. In doing so, given that the upper troposphere over the CETP is regarded as a non-traditional monsoon region, we also benefted from the methods and theories of previous research on the South American monsoon (Zhou and Lau 1998) and Southwest Australian monsoon (Feng, Li, and Li 2010).

    2. Methodology and data

    2.1. Methodology

    A monsoon region can be identifed by the wind vector direction, measured by the angle in degrees, varying greatly between winter and summer. Taking the East Asian monsoon as an example, the prevailing wind is northwesterly and northeasterly in winter (Chen, Zhu, and Luo 1991;Ding 1994; Huang, Zhou, and Chen 2003; Jhun and Lee 2004), and then turns southeasterly in summer (Lau and Yang 1997; Wang, Wu, and Lau 2001; Ding and Chan 2005). If the angle between the winter and summer wind vector exceeds the critical value of 90° (Webster et al. 1998; Li and Zeng 2000), then the region can be regarded as a monsoon region.

    The above concept underpins the DNS method proposed by Li and Zeng (2000, 2002), in which the DNS index is calculated as follows: whereis the climatological wind feld in winter (sometimes taken as the wind in January);Viis the climatological wind feld in summer (sometimes taken as the wind in July); andVˉis the mean of winter (or January) and summer(or July) climatological wind vectors at the same point. The constant 2 on the right-hand side of the formula is the determinant criterion. It can be derived that the critical value ofis exactly equal to 2 when the angle between two diferent vectors is 90° (Li and Zeng 2000). Equation (1) describes that if the angle varies less than the critical 90°, the value of δ is negative; otherwise,if it exceeds 90°, then the value ofδis positive. The value of δ increases as the angle becomes larger at the same location (Li and Zeng 2000).

    The norm‖A‖is defned as follows:

    where S represents the selected study area, and it can be calculated at a point(i,j)as follows:

    where φjand ΔS are the latitude at point(i,j)and the area element respectively.

    Additionally, with the defnition of the norm‖A‖, a rigorous mathematical proof can be concluded that the DNS index is actually independent of the φj, because the formula of the DNS index separately contains the same operational factor in the numerator and denominator centered above and below the division line.

    2.2. Data

    Global monthly NCEP-2 and four-time daily NCEP-1 atmospheric wind field data were obtained from the NCEP—NCAR reanalysis data-set (Kalnay et al. 1996;Kanamitsu et al. 2002), with a horizontal resolution of 2.5° × 2.5° and 17 pressure levels from 1000 to 10 hPa. The pentad results in the study were derived from these daily data. The global monthly wind data were from ERA-Interim (Simmons et al. 2007; Dee et al. 2011), with a 1.5° × 1.5° horizontal resolution and 37 pressure levels from 1000 to 1 hPa.

    Figure 2.Horizontal circulation at 300 hPa: (a) climatology; (b) winter; (c) summer.

    3. Results

    It can be seen that, in the vertical direction (Figure 1(a) and(b)), there is a DNS index maximum area greater than the critical constant of 2 extending from the lower and middle troposphere up to the upper troposphere over the CETP;its core area is between 150 and 400 hPa. The solid blue and red lines delineate the boundaries of the maximum area, which respectively denote the westerly isotachs at 0 m s-1in winter and easterly isotachs at 0 m s-1in summer.

    The DNS index maximum area right above the tropical Pacifc (Figure 1(a) and (b)) stretches down and integrates as one at about 15°N, with the part stretching upward located over the subtropical monsoon. This indicates that this maximum area over the tropical Pacifc has the same intrinsic properties as the low-level subtropical monsoons,such as the North American monsoon.

    Besides, the DNS index maximum area tends to extend to the Northern Hemisphere above 500 hPa. It can be seen that the horizontal distribution (Figure 1(c)—(f)) of the DNS index maximum area (7.5°S—30°N, 85°—180°W) at specifed pressure levels (200, 300 hPa) in the upper troposphere also leans into the Northern Hemisphere; and,at the same time, it presents a dual core in the east and west area, with the east core area being more signifcant.

    According to the defnition of a monsoon area (Section 2.1), the DNS index maximum area means that the magnitude of the variation in the prevailing wind direction reaches at least 90°, implying that the area over the CETP may be a monsoon region. Given this strong possibility from the results presented in Figure 1, we next analyze in more depth how the wind vector feld varies in the CETP between winter and summer.

    Considering the infuence of the tropical Pacifc, we select the specifc domain of (7.5°S—22.5°N, 85°—175°W) as our study region. Hereafter, the CETP refers to this selected region. Figure 2 shows the features of the horizontal circulation in winter and summer (300-hPa NCEP-2 data are used as an example; the 200-hPa NCEP-2 and ERA-Interim results were similar). Generally, the prevailing wind direction changes from west in winter to east in summer, andthe reversal characteristics of the horizontal circulation are basically homogeneous.

    Figure 3.Horizontal circulation at 300 hPa in diferent pentads.

    However, a number of regional characteristics are apparent (Figure 2(b) and (c)), such as the seasonal variation of the circulation is diferent between the east(95°—125°W) and west CETP (150°—170°W); the east CETP wind in summer varies much more compared to the west. At the same time, the circulation in summer varies lightly irregularly from about 10°—15°N to the north edge, in particular the marginal circulation variation is not quite so homogeneous because the wind in summer is relatively weak compared to the climatological wind.

    To verify the above results, Figures 3 and 4 show the evolution of the horizontal circulation between winter and summer. Still taking 300 hPa as the example, we can see that the wind frstly begins to change from pentad 16 (late March; Figure 3(a)) in the east CETP (95°—125°W), and then the dominant westerly wind begins to decay and turn into weak easterly wind between pentad 20 (early April; Figure 3(b)) and pentad 24 (early May; Figure 3(c)). Furthermore,the wind evolutionary process mainly fnishes by pentad 28 (early June; Figure 4(a)) in the east; whereas, at the same time (pentads 24—28), the dominant westerly wind in the west CETP (150°—170°W) begins to decay and turn easterly. Basically, it turns into a weak easterly in pentad 32 (mid-June; Figure 4(b)), and by pentad 36 (early July; Figure 4(c))the evolutionary process has completely fnished across the whole region.

    Extending the rough depiction of the evolution shown in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 5 illustrates the process in more detail, over the whole region, and identifes the precise time that the evolutionary process completed. The results clearly show that the seasonal transition frst begins in the east ECTP, and then spreads to the north and west.

    In some areas, the wind direction may change earlier or later (Figure 5), but it always reaches or exceeds 90°. So, generally speaking, the dominant westerly wind in winter turns easterly in summer, and this process clearly demonstrates that the circulation reverses in summer (or July) compared to winter (or January). The results confrm the existence of an upper-troposphere monsoon over the CETP.

    Figure 4.Horizontal circulation at 300 hPa in diferent pentads.

    Figure 5.The precise completion time of the transition (exceeding the critical value of 2) of the horizontal circulation from winter to summer at 300 hPa.

    4. Discussion and conclusion

    This study demonstrates the existence of an upper-troposphere monsoon circulation over the CETP in accordance with the defnition of the DNS index, in which the dominant wind direction changes completely from winter to summer. Also shown is that the wind changes in diferent parts (between the east and west) of the monsoon region with time do not take place at exactly the same pace.

    Previous studies state that the monsoons or monsoon regions always involve precipitation; for instance, the East Asian summer monsoon (Wu, Zhou, and Li 2009; Wu et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2008; Li et al. 2011), or other monsoon systems in the lower troposphere (Zhao et al. 2008; Shi, Li,and Wilson 2014). However, since the upper-troposphere monsoon over the CETP is a non-classical monsoon region,there is something unique causing the monsoon circulation to appear entirely in the upper troposphere. So,when it comes to the relationship between the summer monsoon and precipitation, it is less related to this case,meaning we mainly focus on analyzing the circulation character itself.

    We studied the seasonal variation of the circulation changing over time, then verifed it with the above results,and ultimately confrm the existence of the upper-troposphere monsoon over the CETP. The results expand the traditional monsoon distribution area from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere.

    Disclosure statement

    No potential confict of interest was reported by the authors.

    Funding

    This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects (41530424) and SOA Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interactions (GASI-IPOVAI-03).

    References

    An, Z. S., G. X. Wu, J. P. Li, Y. B. Sun, Y. M. Liu, W. J. Zhou, Y. J. Cai,et al. 2015. “Global Monsoon Dynamics and Climate Change.”Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 43 (1): 29—77. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054623.

    Cane, M., and A. C. Clement. 1999. “A Role for the Tropical Pacifc Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System on Milankovitch and Millennial Timescales. Part II: Global Impacts.” In Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales, edited by P. U. Clark, R. S. Webb and L. D. Keigwin, 373—383. Washington, D.C: American Geophysical Union. doi:10.1029/ GM112p0373.

    Chen, L. X., Q. G. Zhu, and H. B. Luo. 1991. East Asian Monsoon. [In Chinese]. Beijing: China Meteorological Press.

    Dee, D. P., S. M. Uppala, A. J. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli,S. Kobayashi, U. Andrae, et al. 2011. “The ERA-Interim Reanalysis: Confguration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 137 (656): 553—597. doi:10.1002/qj.828. Ding, Y. H. 1994. Monsoon over China. Dordrecht, Boston,London: Kluwer Academic Publishers

    Ding, Y. H., and J. C. L. Chan. 2005. “The East Asian Summer Monsoon: An Overview.” Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 89 (1—4): 117—142. doi:10.1007/s00703-005-0125-z.

    Feng, J., J. P. Li, and Y. Li. 2010. “A Monsoon-like Southwest Australian Circulation and Its Relation with Rainfall in Southwest Western Australia.” Journal of Climate 23 (6): 1334—1353. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2837.1.

    Huang, R. H., L. T. Zhou, and W. Chen. 2003. “The Progresses of Recent Studies on the Variabilities of the East Asian Monsoon and Their Causes.” Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 20 (1): 55—69. doi:10.1007/BF03342050.

    Jhun, J.-G., and E.-J. Lee. 2004. “A New East Asian Winter Monsoon Index and Associated Characteristics of the Winter Monsoon.”Journal of Climate 17 (4): 711—726. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0711:ANEAWM>2.0.CO;2.

    Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin,M. Iredell, et al. 1996. “The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77 (3): 437—471. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2. 0.CO;2.

    Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S.-K. Yang, J. J. Hnilo,M. Fiorino, and G. L. Potter. 2002. “NCEP-DOE AMIP-IIReanalysis (R-2).” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83 (11): 1631—1643.

    Lau, K.-M., and S. Yang. 1997. “Climatology and Interannual Variability of the Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 14 (2): 141—162. doi:10.1007/ s00376-997-0016-y.

    Lea, D. W., D. K. Park, and H. J. Spero. 2000. “Climate Impact of Late Quaternary Equatorial Pacifc Sea Surface Temperature Variations.” Science 289 (5485): 1719—1724. doi:10.1126/ science.289.5485.1719.

    Li, Y., J. P. Li, W. J. Zhang, X. Zhao, F. Xie, and F. Zheng. 2015.“Ocean Dynamical Processes Associated with the Tropical Pacifc Cold Tongue Mode.” Journal of Geophysical Research 120 (9): 6419—6435. doi:10.1002/2015JC010814.

    Li, J. P. 2009. “Tropical Pacifc and Its Global Impacts.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 97 (1): 1—2. doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0132-y.

    Li, J. P., Z. W. Wu, Z. H. Jiang, and J. H. He. 2011.“Can Global Warming Strengthen the East Asian Summer Monsoon?” Journal of Climate 23 (24): 6696—6705. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3434.1.

    Li, J. P., and Q. C. Zeng. 2000. “Signifcance of the Normalized Seasonality of Wind Field and Its Rationality for Characterizing the Monsoon.” Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 43 (6): 646—653.

    Li, J. P., and Q. C. Zeng. 2002. “A Unifed Monsoon Index.”Geophysical Research Letters 29 (8): 115-1—115-4. doi:10.102 9/2001GL013874.

    Li, J. P., and Q. C. Zeng. 2003. “A New Monsoon Index and the Geographical Distribution of the Global Monsoons.” Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 20 (2): 299—302. doi:10.1007/s00376-003-0016-5.

    Li, J. P., and Q. C. Zeng. 2005. “A New Monsoon Index, Its Interannual Variability and Relation with Monsoon Precipitation.” [In Chinese.] Climatic and Environmental Research 10 (3): 351—365.

    Pierrehumbert, R. 2000. “Climate Change and the Tropical Pacifc: The Sleeping Dragon Wakes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 (4): 1355—1358. doi:10.1073/ pnas.97.4.1355.

    Shi, F., J. P. Li, and R. Wilson. 2014. “A Tree-ring Reconstruction of the South Asian Summer Monsoon Index over the past Millennium.” Scientific Reports. 4: 6739. doi:10.1038/ srep06739.

    Simmons, A., S. Uppala, D. Dee, and S. Kobayashi. 2007. “ERAInterim: New ECMWF Reanalysis Products from 1989 Onwards.” ECMWF Newsletter 110 (110): 25—35.

    Sun, C., J. P. Li, and R. Q. Ding. 2015. “Strengthening Relationship between ENSO and Western Russian Summer Surface Temperature.” Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (2): 843—851. doi:10.1002/2015GL067503.

    Venkat, K., and L. K. James. 2003. “The Indian Monsoon and Its Relation to Global Climate Variability.” In Global Climate: Current Research and Uncertainties in the Climate System,edited by X. Rodó and F. A. Comín, 186—236. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.

    Wang, B., R. G. Wu, and K.-M. Lau. 2001. “Interannual Variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Contrasts between the Indian and the Western North Pacifc—East Asian Monsoons*.” Journal of Climate 14 (20): 4073—4090. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4073:IVOTAS>2.0.CO;2.

    Wang, B., Z. W. Wu, J. P. Li, J. Liu, C.-P. Chang, Y. H. Ding, and G. X. Wu. 2008. “How to Measure the Strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon.” Journal of Climate 21 (17): 4449—4463. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2183.1.

    Webster, P. J., V. O. Magana, T. N. Palmer, J. Shukla, R. A. Tomas,M. Yanai, and T. Yasunari. 1998. “Monsoons: Processes,Predictability, and the Prospects for Prediction.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 103 (C7): 14451—14510. doi:10.1029/97JC02719.

    Wu, Z. W., B. Wang, J. P. Li, and F. F. Jin. 2009. “An Empirical Seasonal Prediction Model of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Using ENSO and NAO.” Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (D18): 1—13 doi:10.1029/2009JD011733.

    Wu, B., T. J. Zhou, and T. Li. 2009. “Seasonally Evolving Dominant Interannual Variability Modes of East Asian Climate.” Journal of Climate 22 (11): 2992—3005. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2710.1.

    Xiao, D., J. Li, and P. Zhao. 2012. “Four-dimensional Structures and Physical Process of the Decadal Abrupt Changes of the Northern Extratropical Ocean—Atmosphere System in the 1980s.” International Journal of Climatology 32 (7): 983—994. doi:10.1002/joc.2326.

    Yoshida, K., and K. Yamazaki. 2010. “Role of Vertical Eddy Heat Flux in the Response of Tropical Tropopause Temperature to Changes in Tropical Sea Surface Temperature.” Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (D1). doi:10.1029/2009JD012783.

    Zeng, Q. C., and J. P. Li. 2002. “Interaction between Northern and Southern Hemispheric Atmospheres and the Essence of Monsoon.” Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 26 (3): 207—226.

    Zeng, Q. C., and B. L. Zhang. 1998. “On the Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric General Circulation and the Monsoon.” [In Chniese.] Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 22 (6): 806—813. doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1998.06.01.

    Zhan, R. F., and J. P. Li. 2008. “Infuence of Atmospheric Heat Sources over the Tibetan Plateau and the Tropical Western North Pacifc on the Inter-Decadal Variations of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange of Water Vapor.”Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 51 (8): 1179—1193. doi:10.1007/s11430-008-0082-8.

    Zhan, R. F., Y. Q. Wang, and M. Wen. 2013. “The SST Gradient between the Southwestern Pacifc and the Western Pacifc Warm Pool: A New Factor Controlling the Northwestern Pacifc Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency.” Journal of Climate 26 (7). doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00798.1.

    Zhao, P., J. M. Chen, D. Xiao, S. Nan, Y. Zou, and B. T. Zhou. 2008.“Summer Asian-Pacic Oscillation and Its Relationship with Atmospheric Circulation and Monsoon Rainfall.” Journal of Meteorological Research 22 (4): 455—471.

    Zhao, X., J. P. Li, and W. J. Zhang. 2012. “Summer Persistence Barrier of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Central Western North Pacifc.” Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 29(6): 1159—1173. doi:10.1007/s00376-012-1253-2.

    Zhou, J. Y., and K.-M. Lau. 1998. “Does a Monsoon Climate Exist over South America?” Journal of Climate 11 (5): 1020—1040. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1020:DAMCEO>2 .0.CO;2.

    標準化動態(tài)季節(jié)變率(DNS); 熱帶太平洋; 季節(jié)變率; 上對流層季風(fēng)

    31 May 2016

    CONTACT LI Jian-Ping ljp@bnu.edu.cn

    ? 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    猜你喜歡
    變率季風(fēng)對流層
    內(nèi)部變率和全球變暖對春季北太平洋維多利亞模態(tài)增強的相對貢獻
    研究顯示降水變率將隨氣候增暖而增強
    一天下完一年的雨
    郴州地區(qū)對流層頂氣候概況
    綠水青山圖——海洋季風(fēng)的贊歌
    戶撒刀
    實時干涉測量中對流層延遲與鐘差精修正建模
    載人航天(2016年4期)2016-12-01 06:56:24
    成都地區(qū)2005~2015年對流層NO2柱濃度趨勢與時空分布
    萬馬奔騰
    中華奇石(2015年9期)2015-07-09 18:32:58
    皖北地區(qū)對流層頂氣象特征分析
    级片在线观看| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 成在线人永久免费视频| 久久中文看片网| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 嫩草影院精品99| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 亚洲av熟女| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 黄频高清免费视频| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 美女午夜性视频免费| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 亚洲av美国av| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 精品福利观看| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 一a级毛片在线观看| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 国产精品,欧美在线| 99国产综合亚洲精品| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 黑人操中国人逼视频| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆 | 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 天堂√8在线中文| 日本a在线网址| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 很黄的视频免费| 怎么达到女性高潮| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 一级黄色大片毛片| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 亚洲第一av免费看| 亚洲av美国av| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 亚洲激情在线av| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产熟女午夜一区二区三区| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 俺也久久电影网| 在线看三级毛片| 成人欧美大片| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 变态另类丝袜制服| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 怎么达到女性高潮| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| www.999成人在线观看| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 国产精品永久免费网站| 亚洲精品在线美女| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久, | 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 在线观看日韩欧美| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 一区福利在线观看| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 香蕉久久夜色| 国产av在哪里看| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 久9热在线精品视频| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久 | 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| av福利片在线| 窝窝影院91人妻| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 久久热在线av| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 变态另类丝袜制服| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 精品高清国产在线一区| 999精品在线视频| 免费高清视频大片| 久99久视频精品免费| 黄片播放在线免费| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 免费高清视频大片| 在线观看日韩欧美| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 午夜福利欧美成人| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 俺也久久电影网| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 亚洲成人久久性| 久久香蕉国产精品| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 国产熟女xx| 日本五十路高清| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 日本a在线网址| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 久久精品成人免费网站| 精品高清国产在线一区| avwww免费| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 女警被强在线播放| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 欧美午夜高清在线| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 国产在线观看jvid| 一本久久中文字幕| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看 | 一区二区三区激情视频| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 国产不卡一卡二| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 又大又爽又粗| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 在线观看一区二区三区| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| av福利片在线| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 日本一本二区三区精品| 黑人操中国人逼视频| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 一区二区三区激情视频| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 一级毛片精品| 一区福利在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 亚洲avbb在线观看| 中国美女看黄片| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 成人三级做爰电影| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 久久久久久大精品| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 韩国精品一区二区三区| or卡值多少钱| 国产视频内射| 色综合婷婷激情| 悠悠久久av| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 午夜久久久在线观看| 丁香六月欧美| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产 | 精品电影一区二区在线| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 亚洲第一av免费看| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| bbb黄色大片| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看 | 精品久久久久久,| 免费观看人在逋| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 成人精品一区二区免费| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 欧美色视频一区免费| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站 | 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 精品久久久久久,| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 亚洲无线在线观看| bbb黄色大片| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站 | 一级毛片高清免费大全| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 亚洲国产欧美网| 久久久久久人人人人人| av有码第一页| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 91字幕亚洲| 日本 av在线| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 曰老女人黄片| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆 | 久热这里只有精品99| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区 | av视频在线观看入口| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| xxx96com| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 久久性视频一级片| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 免费高清视频大片| 男人操女人黄网站| 欧美大码av| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 国产又爽黄色视频| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 三级毛片av免费| 在线国产一区二区在线| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 亚洲av成人av| 俺也久久电影网| 91大片在线观看| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 亚洲片人在线观看| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 黄色视频不卡| 禁无遮挡网站| 级片在线观看| 搞女人的毛片| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 国产三级在线视频| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 亚洲av熟女| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| av电影中文网址| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆 | 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 色综合站精品国产| 级片在线观看| 91成人精品电影| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 岛国在线观看网站| 国产真人三级小视频在线观看| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频 | 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 久久香蕉精品热| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 一级毛片高清免费大全| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| or卡值多少钱| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 免费看日本二区| www日本在线高清视频| 欧美在线黄色| 一本久久中文字幕| 我的亚洲天堂| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 国产区一区二久久| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 天天添夜夜摸| 精品日产1卡2卡| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区 | 在线观看www视频免费| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 手机成人av网站| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 色播亚洲综合网| www国产在线视频色| 成年版毛片免费区| 1024香蕉在线观看| 18美女黄网站色大片免费观看| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看| 国产日本99.免费观看| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3 | 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看 | 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产熟女xx| 看免费av毛片| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 观看免费一级毛片| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 91麻豆av在线| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 国产熟女xx| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| av中文乱码字幕在线| 丰满的人妻完整版| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 国产精品 国内视频| 成年免费大片在线观看| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播 | 日韩欧美 国产精品| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 免费观看人在逋| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| avwww免费| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 日本三级黄在线观看| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 黄色 视频免费看| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| cao死你这个sao货| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 在线av久久热| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 丁香欧美五月| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放 | 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 一a级毛片在线观看| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 成人午夜高清在线视频 | 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 99热这里只有精品一区 | 久热这里只有精品99| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 久久精品91无色码中文字幕| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 黄色成人免费大全| 国产野战对白在线观看| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 一进一出抽搐动态| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 国产av又大| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 两个人看的免费小视频| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 一本一本综合久久| 高清在线国产一区| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看 | 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 国产精品二区激情视频| 日本 欧美在线| 国产视频内射| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 老司机福利观看| 嫩草影视91久久| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| av中文乱码字幕在线| 欧美日韩中文字幕国产精品一区二区三区| cao死你这个sao货| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| netflix在线观看网站| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 99久久国产精品久久久| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2 | 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 久久草成人影院| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 最好的美女福利视频网| videosex国产| 国产精品九九99| a在线观看视频网站| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| www.自偷自拍.com| 香蕉av资源在线| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 久久精品人妻少妇| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 嫩草影视91久久| 91成年电影在线观看| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 在线国产一区二区在线| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 免费观看人在逋| 在线看三级毛片| 成年版毛片免费区| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 久久性视频一级片| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 最好的美女福利视频网| 成在线人永久免费视频| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆 | 极品教师在线免费播放| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 中国美女看黄片| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 大型av网站在线播放| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 一a级毛片在线观看| 精品久久久久久久末码| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 美国免费a级毛片| 久热这里只有精品99| 久久久久九九精品影院| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| netflix在线观看网站| 91字幕亚洲| 国产精品九九99| www国产在线视频色| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 久久久久九九精品影院| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 免费看a级黄色片| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 成年免费大片在线观看| 国产免费男女视频| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 美女免费视频网站| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 国产熟女xx| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产三级黄色录像| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 国产单亲对白刺激| 亚洲电影在线观看av| videosex国产| 国内精品久久久久久久电影| 美国免费a级毛片| 亚洲av成人不卡在线观看播放网| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 老司机福利观看| 在线观看一区二区三区| 伦理电影免费视频| 精品人妻1区二区| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 又紧又爽又黄一区二区| www.www免费av| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| av在线天堂中文字幕| 一本综合久久免费| 国产一区二区在线av高清观看| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 99re在线观看精品视频| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 久热这里只有精品99| 国产视频内射| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 操出白浆在线播放| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 久久久国产成人免费| 欧美日本视频| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 91在线观看av| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 久久草成人影院| 身体一侧抽搐| 男女视频在线观看网站免费 | 一a级毛片在线观看| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| 欧美日韩黄片免| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 国产熟女xx| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 色综合婷婷激情| 长腿黑丝高跟| 精品高清国产在线一区| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| or卡值多少钱| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 天堂动漫精品| 亚洲av片天天在线观看|