張剛 羅東林
[摘要] 多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腫瘤2型(MEN2)是一種家族遺傳性多種內(nèi)分泌腫瘤綜合征,以甲狀腺髓樣癌為主要發(fā)病特征,RET原癌基因突變是MEN2的發(fā)病基礎(chǔ)。對所有的MEN2患者及其家族成員可行RET原癌基因突變檢測,可以在分子水平得到早期診斷,早期預(yù)防性手術(shù)可以達到臨床治愈。本文主要綜述MEN2與RET原癌基因突變的相關(guān)性,進一步總結(jié)在無癥狀RET原癌基因攜帶者中開展預(yù)防性甲狀腺全切除術(shù)的臨床干預(yù)策略和針對RET原癌基因病態(tài)活化后的治療干預(yù)策略。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腫瘤2型;RET原癌基因;突變;預(yù)防性甲狀腺切除術(shù)
[中圖分類號] R736 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2016)03(b)-0047-04
[Abstract] Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is a hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, mainly characterized by the medullary thyroid carcinoma. The basic etiology of MEN2 is caused by pathogenic mutations of RET proto-oncogene (rearranged during transfection). All the MEN2 patients and their family members can take RET proto-oncogene mutation detection, the disease can be diagnosed early at the molecular level, then early surgical intervention can achieve good clinical remission. This paper reviews the correlation of MEN2 and RET oncogenic mutations, summarizes the therapies designed to strategically interfere with prophylactic thyroidectomy in asymptomatic RET proto-oncogene carriers and pathologic activation of the RET oncogene.
[Key words] Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2; RET proto-oncogene; Mutation; Prophylactic thyroidectomy
德國Jaquet[1]最早提出甲狀腺髓樣癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC)的概念,描述為含有淀粉蛋白沉積的惡性甲狀腺腫瘤。MTC起源于可分泌降鈣素甲狀腺濾泡旁細胞,在甲狀腺惡性腫瘤中發(fā)病率占5%~10%[2],分為散發(fā)性MTC和遺傳性MTC,其中遺傳性MTC僅占MTC中的20%~30%[2]。Sipple[3]首次提出多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腫瘤綜合征(multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome,MENS)的概念。MENS是指在同一患者身上同時出現(xiàn)兩種及兩種以上的內(nèi)分泌腺體發(fā)病的一組臨床綜合征,可分為MEN1(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1)、MEN2(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2)和未分類的MEN(unclassified multiple endocrine neoplasia);其中MEN2進一步可為分為MEN2A(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A)、MEN2B(multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B)和家族遺傳性MTC(family multiple endocrine neoplasia,F(xiàn)MTC)。MEN2是一種以MTC為主要發(fā)病特征,伴發(fā)腎上腺嗜鉻細胞瘤或甲狀旁腺功能亢進的一類遺傳性MENS[4];RET原癌基因的錯義突變是MEN2發(fā)病的分子基礎(chǔ)[4]。
1 MEN2的臨床表現(xiàn)
MEN2A是MEN2的主要表現(xiàn)類型,約占80%[5];其發(fā)病率大約為1/25000[5]。MEN2A患者中有90%[6]出現(xiàn)MTC,40%~50%[6]的患者出現(xiàn)嗜鉻細胞瘤,20%~30%[6]的患者出現(xiàn)甲狀旁腺功能亢進,可同時合并先天性巨結(jié)腸或皮膚淀粉樣改變,少數(shù)患者同時合并嗜鉻細胞瘤和垂體腺瘤[6]。家族性MTC以多個成員僅表現(xiàn)MTC而無其他腺體累及為特征,MEN2B患者以早期出現(xiàn)MTC為主要發(fā)病特征,約50%[7]的患者中合并嗜鉻細胞瘤發(fā)病,極少累及甲狀旁腺,此外還可并發(fā)多發(fā)性黏膜神經(jīng)瘤病和骨骼肌發(fā)育不良[7]。
2 MEN2相關(guān)的RET原癌基因突變致病的分子機制
RET原癌基因突變是MEN2發(fā)病的分子基礎(chǔ),RET原癌基因特異位點的突變可增強RET蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)化能力,激發(fā)酪氨酸酶自動磷酸化,誘導濾泡旁細胞過度增生而發(fā)生髓樣癌[8]。RET原癌基因的單個位點的突變就足以導致腫瘤形成[9]。
2.1 RET原癌基因
1985年,Takahashi等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)RET原癌基因在NTH/3T3小鼠中可轉(zhuǎn)化培養(yǎng)出的高分子量DNA人T細胞淋巴瘤,從而據(jù)此命名RET原癌基因。RET原癌基因突變導致腫瘤形成的分子機制由Santoro等[11]提出,RET原癌基因編碼一組酪氨酸激酶受體超家族蛋白即RET蛋白,RET蛋白主要表達在神經(jīng)管嵴分化細胞譜系,包括甲狀腺濾泡旁細胞(C細胞)、腎上腺髓質(zhì)細胞、甲狀旁腺主細胞和腸道植物神經(jīng)節(jié)等[12],故受累腺體包含甲狀腺、腎上腺和甲狀旁腺等,因而臨床上MEN2患者常出現(xiàn)MTC、嗜鉻細胞瘤、甲狀旁腺功能亢進和腸道黏膜多發(fā)神經(jīng)瘤病等累及多種內(nèi)分泌腺體的綜合征。RET蛋白包括富含半胱氨酸的胞外區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)和含有酪氨酸激酶的胞內(nèi)區(qū)。細胞外區(qū)域包含4個類黏附素重復片段、1個鈣結(jié)合區(qū)和1個富含半胱氨酸的區(qū)域。一個單獨的跨膜區(qū)域橫跨在整個細胞膜上,在細胞內(nèi)區(qū)域包括2個酪氨酸激酶區(qū)域(TK1和TK2),相應(yīng)的外顯子編碼對應(yīng)著酪氨酸激酶和半胱氨酸區(qū)域[13]。
2.2 RET原癌基因的突變及其功能變化
在MEN2A患者RET原癌突變檢測出的編碼子突變常出現(xiàn)在細胞外區(qū)域,該突變常導致半胱氨酸殘基變化,進而導致RET蛋白在沒有配體的情況下發(fā)生二聚化激活,進而激活細胞內(nèi)的信號通路[14]。同一區(qū)域中半胱氨酸突變所致的功能差異大,胞外區(qū)域的半胱氨酸突變越靠近細胞膜區(qū)域,其產(chǎn)生的酪氨酸激酶轉(zhuǎn)化活性越高,其臨床表現(xiàn)的侵襲性風險更高[14]。在MEN2B患者RET原癌基因突變檢測出的編碼子突變常出現(xiàn)在細胞內(nèi)酪氨酸激酶區(qū)域,該區(qū)域的結(jié)構(gòu)變化改變了RET蛋白與底物結(jié)合的特異性,進而導致突變的RET蛋白不需要二聚化就能被激活[15]。超過95%[16]的MEN2B的患者可檢測出RET編碼子918的突變(M918T),這種突變導致RET-ATP的親和力增強,導致酪氨酸激酶與細胞內(nèi)的底物優(yōu)先結(jié)合,相應(yīng)突變后RET原癌基因的催化活性增加[16]。
2.3 RET原癌基因突變位點檢測
1993年,RET原癌基因的點突變首次被發(fā)現(xiàn)在MEN2A的患者中[17]。RET原癌基因突變主要發(fā)生在第11外顯子的634位點突變;第10外顯子的609、611、618、620、630、686等位點突變;第13外顯子768、790和791位點突變;第14外顯子804位點突變;第15外顯子883、891突位點變以及第16外顯子918位點突變[18]。約有96%[18]的MEN2A患者發(fā)現(xiàn)有RET原癌基因的位點突變,主要集中在編碼細胞外的區(qū)域[18];這些突變通過導致兩個受體的非共價鍵靠近甚至配體的缺失導致RET原癌基因達到催化激活狀態(tài)[19]。其中634突變?yōu)镸EN2A中最常見的突變,其致酪氨酸激酶自動磷酸化的程度遠遠大于其他位點突變(609、611、618、620)所致的改變,相應(yīng)MEN2A發(fā)病的臨床表現(xiàn)更嚴重[20-21]。同時也發(fā)現(xiàn)有些RET原癌基因位點突變類型(通常為609、611、618、620位點)既可以促進腫瘤形成,也可以導致某些正常功能缺失,進而出現(xiàn)先天性巨結(jié)腸病這一先天性畸形的出現(xiàn)[22]。MEN2B中最常見的突變類型為918位點的突變,導致細胞內(nèi)RET蛋白酪氨酸激酶區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)的改變[16];也有2%~3%[23]的MEN2B中發(fā)生RET原癌基因883位點的突變(GCT-TTT第15外顯子)。還有少量的雙位點突變,如V804M+Y806C/V804M+S904C[24-25]。頻發(fā)的細胞內(nèi)區(qū)域的編碼位點(768、790、791、804、891)突變常常發(fā)生在家族性MTC(FMTC)中,也有少量發(fā)生在MEN2A中[26]。理論上,原癌基因突變攜帶者基本上都要進展到患病狀態(tài),對無病原癌基因突變攜帶者早期進行預(yù)防性手術(shù),可以達到臨床治愈[27]。RET突變等級及其對應(yīng)預(yù)防性手術(shù)相關(guān)情況分類匯總[27-28]見表1。
3 預(yù)防性手術(shù)治療在臨床實踐中的研究進展
預(yù)防性甲狀腺全切除術(shù)是無病RET原癌基因攜帶者的關(guān)鍵性治療,按照美國ATA指南[27]推薦的年齡進行預(yù)防性手術(shù)可以取得滿意的效果,過了推薦年齡越早行預(yù)防性甲狀腺全切除術(shù)越能獲得較理想的臨床療效,在合適的年齡進行預(yù)防性甲狀腺全切除術(shù)可以提高患者無病生存時間[29]。在施行預(yù)防性手術(shù)前,術(shù)前降鈣素水平測定也能評估病情,研究提示降鈣素的水平與可能的MTC的大小、轉(zhuǎn)移狀況密切相關(guān),且能很好地反映MTC的病情變化[29]。對降鈣素水平正常的無病RET攜帶者患兒行預(yù)防性甲狀腺全切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理檢查中最壞的情況僅為發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺濾泡旁細胞增生[30]。故歐洲的專家共識提出在RET原癌基因突變的檢測基礎(chǔ)上需要同時綜合血清降鈣素水平來共同確定預(yù)防性甲狀腺切除術(shù)的手術(shù)時機;構(gòu)建年齡-降鈣素水平-RET原癌基因突變類型的綜合評估體系或許是最佳決策體系[30]。在臨床實踐中,無病的RET基因突變攜帶者僅做預(yù)防性的甲狀腺全切除術(shù),隨訪術(shù)后患者沒有出現(xiàn)喉返神經(jīng)損失及甲狀旁腺功能減退[31]。僅在血清降鈣素大于40 ng/L的患者中選擇加做頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),隨訪評估證實這一策略是安全有效的;同時在術(shù)中原位保留甲狀旁腺或僅在發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀旁腺原位保留無法存活時行自體甲狀旁腺移植,術(shù)后隨訪發(fā)生甲狀旁腺功能亢進的概率極低[31]。在預(yù)防性的甲狀腺切除術(shù)前超聲檢查不足以檢查出任何尺寸大小的MTC病灶,但超聲對頸部淋巴結(jié)的檢查,可以指導手術(shù)切除范圍,超聲檢查不能作為預(yù)防性甲狀腺切除術(shù)的術(shù)前評估決策手段[32]。實驗室檢查中,甲狀腺球蛋白水平可以評估預(yù)防性甲狀腺切除術(shù)后患者的甲狀腺殘留情況[33]。
4 術(shù)后治療進展
RET酪氨酸激酶在調(diào)控MTC生長、發(fā)育過程中起到至關(guān)重要的作用。靶向抑制RET作為分子治療MTC治療策略,較傳統(tǒng)化療藥物副作用小,RET酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)靶向藥物凡德他尼可靶向作用于RET依賴的腫瘤生長和增殖,臨床上應(yīng)用凡德他尼來治療MTC效果顯著[34-37]。目前還沒有找到一種專一屬性的RET酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,同時還在臨床實踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)對酪氨酸激酶抑制劑的抵抗,特別當RET原癌基因突變發(fā)生在關(guān)鍵位點殘基時,其活化可以阻止受體與藥物結(jié)合從而發(fā)生藥物耐藥[38]。最新的治療策略發(fā)現(xiàn):不專門抑制RET酪氨酸激酶,而是降低RET原癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,也能獲得不錯的療效[39]。天然提取的小檗堿(黃連素)可以穩(wěn)定RET原癌基因啟動區(qū)域的G-四聚體結(jié)構(gòu),從而可以選擇性地抑制RET原癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達,進而抑制細胞增殖、活化細胞的凋亡。未來的研究可能提示,小檗堿聯(lián)合分子靶向藥物可能會獲得更加滿意的臨床療效。
5 結(jié)論和展望
MEN2患者進行RET原癌基因突變篩查,可以為患者制訂精準的個體化治療,對無病患者綜合評估病情后早期進行合理的預(yù)防性切除手術(shù),可以極大提高臨床療效。隨著靶向藥物等相關(guān)藥物的研究進展,MEN2患者將獲得更好的臨床綜合診治方案。
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(收稿日期:2015-12-11 本文編輯:張瑜杰)