[摘要] 目的 探討結(jié)直腸鋸齒狀病變(serrated lesions,SL)合并進(jìn)展期腫瘤(advanced neoplasia,AN)的發(fā)生率并分析SL合并AN的危險因素。方法 選取2021年10月1日至2023年9月30日于湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院行結(jié)腸鏡檢查且術(shù)后病理提示為SL的297例患者為研究對象。根據(jù)是否合并AN分為合并組(n=33)和非合并組(n=264),比較兩組患者的臨床病理差異,并分析SL合并AN的危險因素。結(jié)果 年齡≥50歲、男性、有息肉病史、息肉直徑及不同的SL分型是SL合并AN的危險因素,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。Logistic回歸分析,年齡、男性、有息肉病史、SL直徑是SL合并AN的獨立危險因素。結(jié)論 男性、年齡較大、既往息肉病史、SL病變較大的患者更易合并AN。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 鋸齒狀病變;腺瘤;進(jìn)展期腫瘤;危險因素
[中圖分類號] R735"" [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A"" [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.20.006
Analysis of factors affecting colorectal serrated lesions combined with advanced neoplasia
ZHANG Wentian, YAO Linhua, LU Huifei, YU Jing
Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the incidence of colorectal serrated lesions (SL) combined with advanced neoplasia (AN) and to analyze the risk factors for SL combined AN. Methods A total of 297 patients with colorectal polyps detected by endoscopy and pathologically suggestive of SL from 1st October 2021 to 30th September 2023 in the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou. They were divided into combined group(n=33) and uncomplicated group (n=264) according to whether they were combined with AN or not, and the clinicopathologic differences between two groups were compared and the coexisting risk factors were analyzed. Results Age≥50 years, male, history of polyps, polyp size and different SL subtypes were all risk factors for SL combined with AN, and the difference was statistically significant (Plt;0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, male, history of polypos, and SL size were independent risk factors for SL combined with AN. Conclusion Males, older age, previous history of polyps, and larger SL lesions were more likely to have combined AN.
[Key words] Serrated lesions; Adenoma; Advanced neoplasia; Risk factor
結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常見的癌癥,其發(fā)生主要有3種路徑:腺瘤–癌、鋸齒狀病變–癌、de-novo癌;從發(fā)生的頻率上來說,腺瘤路徑最常見,其次是鋸齒狀途徑,但從進(jìn)展速度上來說,鋸齒狀途徑癌變速度較快[1-3]。近年來隨著電子染色和放大內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的成熟及對結(jié)直腸鋸齒狀病變(serrated lesions,SL)認(rèn)識的提升,SL檢出率提高[4]。在臨床中發(fā)現(xiàn),SL合并腺瘤的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮,但關(guān)于SL合并進(jìn)展期腫瘤(advanced neoplasia,AN)發(fā)生的研究卻相對匱乏。本研究分析SL患者的內(nèi)鏡下特征,并探討SL合并AN的發(fā)病率情況及其危險因素。
1 "對象與方法
1.1 "研究對象
選取2021年10月1日至2023年9月30日于湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院行結(jié)腸鏡檢查且術(shù)后病理提示為SL的297例患者為研究對象。根據(jù)是否合并AN分為合并組(n=33)與非合并組(n=264)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡gt;18歲;②內(nèi)鏡檢查提示為結(jié)腸息肉、大腸側(cè)向發(fā)育性腫瘤、結(jié)腸腫物,并行內(nèi)鏡下完整切除;③病理檢查結(jié)果提示為SL;④臨床和病理資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①根據(jù)波士頓評分量表腸道準(zhǔn)備不合格;②腸鏡檢查退鏡時間lt;6min;③腸鏡檢查不完整者;④有遺傳性癌癥綜合征者;⑤有炎癥性腸病者;⑥有腸切除手術(shù)病史者;⑦有結(jié)腸癌病史者[6]。
1.2 "研究方法
搜集患者的年齡、性別、腸息肉病史、操作醫(yī)生的級別、內(nèi)鏡信息(病變位置、直徑、形態(tài)、腸道準(zhǔn)備及盲腸插管情況)、術(shù)后病理(組織學(xué)和病理形態(tài)學(xué)類型)。病理類型根據(jù)2019年世界衛(wèi)生組織消化系腫瘤的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]分為增生性息肉(hyperplastic,HP)、無蒂鋸齒狀病變(sessile serrated lesion,SSL)、無蒂鋸齒狀病變伴異形增生(sessile serrated lesion with dysplasia,SSL-D)、傳統(tǒng)鋸齒狀腺瘤(traditional serrated adenoma,TSA)和未分類的鋸齒狀腺瘤(unclassified serrated adenoma,USA)5組。息肉形態(tài)分型根據(jù)巴黎分型腸息肉的內(nèi)鏡下表現(xiàn):0-Ⅰp:帶蒂;0-Ⅰs;扁平;0-Ⅱa;淺表隆起。
1.3" 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(")表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,不符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)[M(Q1,Q3)]表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗,計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗及Fisher精準(zhǔn)檢驗。采用Logistic回歸分析SL合并AN的危險因素,采用受試者操作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲線)預(yù)測模型效能。Plt;0.05差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 "結(jié)果
2.1 "患者的一般資料與病理類型
297例SL患者共發(fā)現(xiàn)302枚SL,其中56.6%為男性,63例患者既往有結(jié)腸息肉病史,約占總患者數(shù)的21.2%。SL幾乎平均分布于全結(jié)腸,其中分布于近端結(jié)腸占比50.8%,遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸占比47.5%,近端和遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸都有分布占比1.7%。SL中位直徑為6mm,78.8%的病變≤10mm。息肉形態(tài)分型46.0%為0-Ⅰs型病變,41.7%為0-Ⅱa型,0-Ⅰp型最少,占12.3%。40.7%的患者SL合并結(jié)直腸腺瘤,11.1%的患者SL合并AN。
297例SL中,144例為HP,117例為SSL,29例為TSA,3例為USA,4例為SSL-D。其中4例SSL患者和1例TSA患者同時發(fā)現(xiàn)2枚SL,但尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)同時有2種不同病理分型的SL患者。HP、SSL、SSL-D大多位于近端結(jié)腸,分別占52.1%、59.8%、75.0%;TSA大多位于遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸,本次納入的USA全部位于遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸,HP、SSL、TSA、USA及SSL-D的中位直徑比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001)。HP、SSL及SSL-D在內(nèi)鏡形態(tài)上大多為0-Ⅱa和0-Ⅰs,而TSA和USA大多為0-Ⅰp或0-Ⅰs,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001),見表1。
2.2 "SL合并AN的危險因素分析
297例SL中有4例SSL患者及1例TSA患者同時發(fā)現(xiàn)2枚病變。本研究在進(jìn)行危險因素分析時,選取其中體積較大SL的內(nèi)鏡特征作為分析對象。兩組患者的年齡、性別、息肉病史、息肉直徑、SL分型方面差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05),見表2。多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果表明,年齡、男性、既往有息肉病史、SL直徑是SL合并進(jìn)展期腫瘤的危險因素,見表3。該預(yù)測模型的ROC曲線下面積為0.781(95%CI:0.703~0.858,Plt;0.001),見圖1。
3" 討論
癌變的風(fēng)險現(xiàn)已被充分認(rèn)識到,不同亞型的SL發(fā)病率及其CRC風(fēng)險相差較大。研究表明,在所有SL中HP最常見,約占70%~95%,SSL次之,約占20%,SSL-D占SSL的4%~8%,TSA最罕見,僅占1%左右[6-8]。研究表明SSL的檢出率從2006年的1.7%增長至2021年的38%[9]。此外,臨床上TSA常被誤認(rèn)為絨毛狀腺瘤和SSL-D,其真實患病率易被低估[3,10]。本研究中HP、SSL、TSA占比分別為48.5%、39.4%和9.8%。
在臨床中發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸SL合并結(jié)直腸腺瘤發(fā)生的情況屢見不鮮。研究顯示一般腸鏡檢查時腺瘤檢出率為15%~30%,AN檢出率為2.35%~7.5%[11-13]。另有研究在結(jié)腸鏡檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)7.7%的AN檢出率[14]。本研究SL合并腺瘤和AN的發(fā)生率分別為40.7%和11.1%。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示SL合并進(jìn)展期腺瘤的綜合發(fā)生率為15.6%,約為非SL患者的2倍以上[15]。研究表明SL合并AN的發(fā)病率為15.1%[16]。該發(fā)病率高于本研究,這種差異可能與SL的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有關(guān),該研究SL的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為SSL和TSA。當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)SL時,其同步存在結(jié)直腸腺瘤和AN的風(fēng)險明顯升高[17-18]。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示SL合并腺瘤的存在增加異時性晚期CRC的風(fēng)險[19]。
本研究單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、性別、既往有息肉病史、息肉直徑及不同SL分型都是SL合并AN的危險因素。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)僅有年齡、性別、既往有息肉病史,病變直徑是合并組的危險因素(Plt;0.05)。研究表明男性、高齡是發(fā)生結(jié)腸息肉的高危因素[20-22]。本研究中SL不同類型是合并AN的危險因素,兩組中差異最顯著的為TSA,在非合并組中TSA僅占8.0%,而在合并組中該數(shù)據(jù)為24.2%,TSA更易合并AN。在本研究中,病變直徑是合并組的獨立危險因素,SL中位直徑為6mm,而TSA的中位直徑可達(dá)14mm。病變直徑可能也是單因素分析中TSA更易合并AN的因素,而與病變病理類型無關(guān)。Dan等[23]的研究表明近端、無蒂、≥10mm是SL合并AN的危險因素,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)SL合并腺瘤增加CRC的風(fēng)險。
本研究存在一定局限性:①本研究是回顧性研究,一些SL發(fā)生的危險因素如吸煙史和體質(zhì)量指數(shù),由于數(shù)據(jù)缺失,并未被納入分析;②SL診斷分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每隔幾年就更新一次,內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師和病理醫(yī)師的觀察者差異幾乎不可避免,而這也影響到最終的研究結(jié)果;③本研究為單中心研究,樣本量較少,需要納入來自多個中心的數(shù)據(jù)以減少偏倚。綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明男性、年齡較大、既往有息肉病史、SL病變較大的患者更易合并AN。在臨床中,患者的年齡、性別、息肉病史均可在檢查前獲得,同時參考內(nèi)鏡檢查的病變直徑,臨床醫(yī)師可通過這些簡單易得的臨床數(shù)據(jù)識別高危患者。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2025–02–06)
(修回日期:2025–06–05)
基金項目:浙江省湖州市科技計劃項目(2023GYB20)
通信作者:陸會飛,電子信箱:luhuifei901@163.com