馬王堆漢墓穿越兩千年的生活圖景

馬王堆漢墓是20世紀(jì)70年代的重大考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，三座墓葬出土了數(shù)以萬計(jì)的精美文物，每一件都承載著珍貴的歷史信息，從衣食住行到禮儀文化，為我們描繪出一幅生動的漢代生活場景。

TheMawangdui Han Tombs，oneof the most significantarchaeologicaldiscoveriesofthe1970s， revealed atreasuretroveof overtenthousand exquisite artifacts from three burial sites.From clothing and food to housing， transportation， and ritualpractices，eachitemoffersvaluablehistorical insight and provides vivid glimpses into every aspect of life during the Han Dynasty.

錦繡華服 Splendid Silk Garments

漢代是中國織造技術(shù)發(fā)展的黃金時(shí)期，馬王堆漢墓堪稱一座“地下絲綢寶庫”，出土的紡織品工藝精湛、品類豐富，令人嘆為觀止。

The Han Dynasty marked a golden age in the development of Chinese textile craftsmanship. Often hailed as an “underground silk treasury， the Mawangdui Han Tombs yielded an astonishing array of finely crafted textiles that continue to amaze.

馬王堆漢墓出土的成件袍服多為“深衣”形制，即上衣和下裳連在一起，形成一個(gè)整體，穿著時(shí)可使身體深藏不露，故而得名。這種設(shè)計(jì)既符合“禮制”對端莊的要求，又兼顧了穿著者行動的便利。

Many of the full-length garments unearthed at Mawangdui are in the style of the shenyi， in which the upper and lower parts are sewn together as a single piece. Thisdesign，true to itsname，fully conceals thebody.Itnotonlyreflectedtheidealsofdecorum in the ritual system but also allowed for freedom of movement.

一號墓辛追夫人的隨葬衣物中，僅絲綢深衣就有20余件，涵蓋了四季的款式，厚薄、色彩、紋飾各不相同。其中最輕最薄的是兩件素紗單衣，單件重量分別為48克和49克，故有“薄如蟬翼，輕若煙霧”的美譽(yù)，體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲與紡織技術(shù)的精湛。秋冬季服飾則有夾袍和綿袍等，夾袍的衣料由表里兩層構(gòu)成，綿袍則是在兩層衣料中絮入絲綿，用于保暖。

Among the burial clothing of Lady Xin Zhui， the occupant of Tomb No.1，were more than 20 silk shenyi garments， worn throughout the year and varying in thickness， color， and decorative pattern. Most remarkable were two ultra-light plain gauze gowns，weighing just 48 and 49 grams respectively. Described as“as thin as a cicada's wing and light as mist，”they are masterpieces showcasing the advanced sericulture，reeling，and weaving techniques of the Han Dynasty. For colder seasons，quilted and padded robes werealso found - the former made with doublelayersoffabric，andthelatterinsulatedwith silkflossbetween thelayersforwarmth.

馬王堆漢墓出土紡織品的刺繡紋飾圖案和工藝種類相當(dāng)豐富，主要有長壽繡、乘云繡等精美圖案，以及印花敷彩等高超的絲織技藝。研究人員還在一件絲織品上發(fā)現(xiàn)了斜織的“安樂如意長壽無極”八個(gè)字，這是目前已知最早的成句織入紡織品的漢字吉語，體現(xiàn)了漢代人的精神追求與對美好生活的向往。

The embroidered patterns and weaving techniquesfound in the Mawangdui textiles are exceptionally rich.Notable designs include auspicious motifs such as “Longevity” and“Riding the Clouds”embroidery，as well as silk fabrics that combine both printing and painting. On one piece of silk，researchers discovered eight diagonally woven characters meaning“Peaceful joy， good fortune，long life，and boundless longevity.’ This is the earliest known example of a complete Chinese phrase woven into fabric， reflecting the Hanpeople's spiritual aspirations and their longing for a prosperous life.

對鳥菱紋綺“乘云繡\" Silkfabricembroidered withpaired-bird lozenge cloud-riding patterns

舌尖盛筵 A Feast for the Senses

馬王堆漢墓出土的飲食遺存，從食材、器具到烹飪方式，無不體現(xiàn)了漢代貴族“食不厭精，膾不厭細(xì)”的奢靡生活追求。出土的竹簡上詳細(xì)記錄了眾多食物的名稱，就像一部漢代的美食指南，展現(xiàn)出當(dāng)時(shí)人們豐富多樣的飲食文化。

The food-related discoveries from the Mawangdui Han Tombs- ranging from ingredients and utensils to cooking methods - reflect the luxurious culinary lifestyle of the Han aristocracy，who believed that \"no grain should be too refined， and no mince too fine.\"Bamboo slipsunearthed from the tombs meticulously record the names of various dishes， serving almost as a Han Dynasty gourmet guide and revealing therich and diverse food cultureof the time.

主食方面，谷物是餐桌上的主角，稻、麥、粟、黍在墓中都有出土，竹簡還記載了稻米飯、麥米飯、黃粟飯和蜜米餅等美食。副食更是豐富多樣，肉食有家禽、家畜以及水生動物，蔬菜遺存有菜籽（如冬葵籽）和芋、藕、筍等，水果有棗、梨、梅、枇杷等。此外，還有不少調(diào)味品，如醬、鹽、糖、豆豉姜等。烹調(diào)加工方式也是多種多樣，有熬煮、燒烤、腌臘和涮火鍋等。

GrainswerethestapleoftheHantable，with rice，wheat，millet，and glutinousmilletall found in the tombs.Bamboo slip texts also mention dishes suchassteamed rice，wheat-and-ricemixtures，millet preparations，and honey rice cakes. Side disheswere evenmore abundant， including meats from poultry， livestock，and aquatic animals.Plant-based remains revealedawidevarietyofvegetables，suchasseeds （including those from winter mallow）， taro， lotus root，and bamboo shoots.Fruits included jujubes， pears，plums，and loquats.A range of condiments wasalso present，including soy paste， salt， sugar，and fermented black soybeans with ginger. Cooking techniques were remarkably varied， including boiling， roasting， curing，and even early forms of hotpot.

酒在漢代也頗受歡迎，不僅是一種飲品，還在祭祀、社交等場合發(fā)揮著重要作用。竹簡中有冬葵籽Wintermallowseedremains豆豉姜Fermented blacksoybeanswithginger remains

白酒和米酒的記載，說明當(dāng)時(shí)的釀造技術(shù)已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟。

Wine played a significant role in Han society， notonlyasabeveragebutalso inritualsand social gatherings.Bamboo slip records ofboth grain-based spirits and rice wine indicate that brewing techniques were already highly developed.

漢代宴飲遵循“席地分餐”的禮制，室內(nèi)鋪設(shè)筵席，賓主席地而坐，每人面前擺放一張食案，案上放置成套餐具，餐具內(nèi)盛放美食和美酒。馬王堆漢墓出土的漆食具上常見“君幸食”“君幸酒”的銘文，是勸人進(jìn)食、進(jìn)酒的敬語。漢代飲宴文化全方位體現(xiàn)了人們對生活的熱愛和對美好事物的追求。

Dining in the Han Dynasty followed the etiquette of floor seating with individual servings. The host and guests sat on mats arranged around low tables，each laid with a set of dinnerware containing carefully prepared food and wine. Many lacquered utensils excavated from the tomb bear inscriptions such as jun xing shi and jun xing jiu （\"May the lord enjoy the food” and “May the lord enjoy the wine\"）— gracious invitations to eat and drink. Altogether， the banquet culture of the Han Dynasty reflected a deep appreciation for hospitality and the pleasures of refined living.

漆案上的成套餐具Lacquereddinnerware setarranged onalacqueredtable

宅第空間 Living Spaces in the Afterlife

漢代人視墓葬為“地下宅第”。馬王堆一號墓和三號墓的空間布局與隨葬品擺放，就像是一面鏡子，反映了軟侯家族現(xiàn)實(shí)居所的真實(shí)情況。

In the Han Dynasty， tombs were considered \"underground residences.\" The layout and arrangement ofburial objects in tombsNo.1and No.3 reflect this idea，mirroring the actual living environment of the MarquisofDai'shousehold.

一號墓“井”字形木槨Square-gridwoodenchamberofTombNo.1

一號墓和三號墓均為“井”字形木槨，中間為棺室，周圍分布四個(gè)邊廂。其中，一號墓北邊廂位于墓主頭端，鋪著莞席，掛著帷幔，并放置了歌舞樂俑等，是會客與宴飲的空間，對應(yīng)墓主現(xiàn)實(shí)居所的前堂；東邊廂和南邊廂各出土了冠人俑、雜役俑和各類盛食器，對應(yīng)墓主府上家吏與奴仆分工勞作、制備美食的空間；西邊廂層層堆疊著封裝各類物品和錢財(cái)?shù)闹耋印⒅窈t等，對應(yīng)儲藏空間；中央棺室為墓主的長眠之所，對應(yīng)墓主生前的臥室。

Both tombs follow a wooden grid structure shaped like the Chinesecharacter井，witha central chamber forthecoffin and four sidechambers. In Tomb No.1， the northern chamberpositioned at the head of the tomb occupant， was furnished with woven mats， draped curtains，and figurines of musicians and dancers. This space likely served as a venue for hosting guests and banquets， corresponding tothefronthallin theoccupant'sreal-liferesidence.

Theeastern and southern chamberscontained figurines of hat-wearing attendants and servants， along with various food vessels， representing spaces wherehouseholdchiefsand servantscollaborated topreparemeals. Thewesternchamberwasstacked with bamboo boxes and baskets filled with goods and money，servingasastoragearea.At the centerlay the coffin chamber， the final resting place of the tomb occupant，mirroringherformerbedroom.

墓中的家居陳設(shè)也很有意思。漆屏風(fēng)的一面彩繪菱形穿璧紋，一面彩繪云龍紋，既可作空間隔斷和擋風(fēng)之用，又營造出飄逸仙境的氛圍；漆憑幾是供人跪坐疲勞時(shí)倚靠所用，其低矮器形與弧形背板均貼合憑靠需求，堪稱最早的“人體工學(xué)”家具。此外，墓中還出土了多件妝奩和成套梳妝用品，也反映出當(dāng)時(shí)的貴族非常注重儀容儀表，無論男女都有梳妝打扮的需求；墓中發(fā)現(xiàn)的琴、瑟等也生動再現(xiàn)了漢代貴族的雅集生活；成套漆博具則反映了當(dāng)時(shí)頗為流行的一種益智棋類游戲這一切都充分呈現(xiàn)出漢人的休閑娛樂生活面貌。

The tombs interior furnishings are equally fascinating. A lacquered screen，with one side decorated with colored interlaced rhombus and central disc patterns，and theotherwithcloud-and-dragonmotifs，servedboth as a decorative partition and a windbreak， creating an ethereal ambiance. A lacquered leaning stool， designed for use while sitting on the knees， featured a low， curved ergonomic form- perhaps one of the earliest examples of“human-centered” furniture. Numerous cosmetic boxes and complete sets of grooming tools were also unearthed， highlighting how much Han aristocrats valued personal appearance - both men and women took pride in their grooming and dress. Musical instruments such as the qin and

se （both stringed instrumentssimilar to zithers）offera glimpse into refined leisureactivities， while lacquered board games point to the popularity of strategic games thatwere mentally 彩繪漆屏風(fēng) Lacquered screen

stimulating. These findings paint a vivid picture of the Han people's leisurely lifestyle.

交通出行 Transportation in the Han Dynasty

在漢代，車馬舟楫是人們主要的出行工具，不僅體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)的交通水平，也反映了社會的等級制度。馬車是漢代貴族和官僚最常用的出行交通工具；將士行軍征戰(zhàn)、儀仗檢閱等重要場合，車馬隊(duì)列更是不可或缺，是身份與權(quán)力的象征。

During the Han Dynasty， carriages， horses， and boats were the primary modes of transportation. Theynot only reflected the technological capabilities of the time but also symbolized the era’s rigid social hierarchy. Horse-drawn carriages were the most common means of travel for nobles and officials， while in military campaigns and ceremonial inspections，processions of carriages and cavalry served as essential symbols of rank and authority.

馬王堆三號墓出土的帛畫《車馬儀仗圖》生動再現(xiàn)了軍隊(duì)檢閱與祭祀儀禮中的軍陣隊(duì)列情況。這幅圖從左至右分為四個(gè)陣列：左上方繪兩排侍衛(wèi)，簇?fù)碇^戴長冠、腰佩長劍、身材高大的墓主緩緩前行；左下方繪有方陣和擊鼓鳴鐘的場面；右上方是整齊的馬車陣列；右下方繪有14列騎兵。所有人物、車騎都面向左上方的墓主，似在等候這名武將發(fā)號施令。

The silk painting unearthed from Tomb No. 3 titled Procession of Chariots and Cavalry vividly depicts a military parade in ceremonial formation. The composition is divided into four sections， arranged from left to right. In the upper left， two rows of guards flank a tall， commanding figure - the tomb occupant - who wears a long crown and carries a sword at his waist， walking solemnly. Below him， a square formation appears alongside scenes of drumming and bellringing. The upper right features well-ordered lines of horse-drawn carriages，while the lower right displays fourteen rows of cavalry in formation. All the figures and carriages face toward the tomb occupant in the upper left，as if awaiting orders from theirmilitary leader.

《長沙國南部地形圖》是中國迄今為止時(shí)間最早、編制最準(zhǔn)確的地圖之一。地圖主區(qū)包括長沙國南部八縣，其中水系與現(xiàn)代地圖大體相同；鄰區(qū)為當(dāng)時(shí)南越王趙佗的轄地，約相當(dāng)于今天的廣東大部分和廣西小部分地區(qū)。這幅地圖不僅反映了當(dāng)時(shí)長沙國南部的地理交通和水文狀況，更展現(xiàn)了漢代地圖繪制的高超技藝。

Another remarkable find is the Topographic Map ofSouthernChangshaKingdom，theoldestand most accurate ancient map discovered in China to date. The main portion of the map covers eight counties in southern Changsha，and the waterways correspond closely to those on modern maps. The bordering area represents the territory of Zhao Tuo， King of Nanyue， which roughly corresponds to most of present-day Guangdong and parts of Guangxi. This map not only provides valuable insight into the region's geography， transportation networks，and hydrology at the time， but also highlights the advanced cartographic skills of the Han Dynasty.

《車馬儀仗圖》ProcessionofChariotsandCavalry

馬王堆漢墓是一座承載兩千多年前歷史記憶的寶庫，從精美的服飾到精致的美食，從舒適的家居到氣派的出行方式，每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都讓我們感受到了漢代人民的智慧和創(chuàng)造力。

The Mawangdui Han Tombs are a treasure trove of history， preserving the memory of life over 2，000 years ago. From exquisite clothing and refined cuisine to elegant furnishings and majestic modes oftransport，everydetail reflects the remarkable wisdom and creativity of the Han people.