中圖分類號(hào) R615文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A文章編號(hào) 2096-7721(2025)04-0667-07
Efficacy of VR in robotic surgical skill training: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
(1.DepartmentofdultCadiacurgery,teSithdicalCnterofnseAGenralHospitalgo48Cina;2.cltyf Nursing,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine,Shijiazhuang O5O2Oo, China)
AbstractObjective:Tocomprehensivelyevaluatethebenefitsofvirtualreality(VR)technologyinroboticsurgicaltrainingthrough systematicreviewand Meta-analysis.Methods:Literatureontheapplicationof VRtechnologyinrboticsurgicalsimulationtraining wasretrievedfroubed,ThCochaneLibray,Elsevier,andteinaNatioalKnowledgeInfrasructure (K)databass,ih searchspanningfromJanuary1,2toOctober1,2O24.Eligiblestudies weresrenedbasedoninclusioncriteria.TheCochanRisk of BiasAssentToolwasusedtoevaluatethequalityofincludedliterature,ndRevan5.4softwarewasusedforMeta-analysis. Results:Atotalof1Ostudiesinvolving273participantswereincludedMeta-analysisresultsindicatedthatVR-basedroboticsurgical simulatiotraingsowdstatisticallsigiiantiproemetsiGsors,taskomptitdtisdosd to traditional training methods ( Plt;0 . 0 5 ) . Conclusion:VR technologycan facilitate the acquisitionof robotic surgical skills.While there is currentlylimitedevidencetoofitsuperiorityofVRtrainngoverothrtods,itsdvaagessuchaslowostepatabilityd scoring feedback have shown significant development potential.
Key WordsRobotic Surgery Simulation Training; Virtual Reality;Systematic Review; Meta-analysis
機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)于1995年引人臨床實(shí)踐發(fā)展至今已趨于完善,面對(duì)此新技術(shù),外科醫(yī)生則需學(xué)習(xí)相應(yīng)的新技能。雖然機(jī)器人手術(shù)技能可能比腔鏡手術(shù)技能更易習(xí)得[1],且已有部分行業(yè)贊助的培訓(xùn)課程可為外科醫(yī)生提供機(jī)器人手術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)練及評(píng)價(jià)但目前尚無(wú)可用的、全面的且能被行業(yè)統(tǒng)一接受的培訓(xùn)平臺(tái)來(lái)培訓(xùn)和評(píng)估外科醫(yī)生的機(jī)器人手術(shù)基本技能[3]。
虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(VirtualReality,VR)設(shè)備出色的3D可視化功能在醫(yī)學(xué)成像、醫(yī)學(xué)教育和術(shù)前規(guī)劃等方面非常適用[4-5]。VR模擬這一技能訓(xùn)練方法于2002年首次在外科手術(shù)培訓(xùn)中得到驗(yàn)證,2006年VR模擬培訓(xùn)正式通過(guò)了美國(guó)外科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)的教育認(rèn)證,此后基于VR模擬的外科培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目被相繼研發(fā)并應(yīng)用。VR模擬器提供操作臺(tái),充許培訓(xùn)者進(jìn)行機(jī)器人手術(shù)操作培訓(xùn),并提供了包括操作者的表現(xiàn)時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)效益性、器械碰撞等多維度指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[8]。
當(dāng)前外科手術(shù)趨于微創(chuàng)化,機(jī)器人手術(shù)日漸普及,手術(shù)量逐年增加,但低年資醫(yī)生接觸機(jī)器人手術(shù)的機(jī)會(huì)非常有限,因此,盡快提高外科醫(yī)生的機(jī)器人手術(shù)能力至關(guān)重要。手術(shù)模擬允許在受控和安全的環(huán)境中重復(fù)練習(xí)特定技能,許多研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)了動(dòng)物手術(shù)模擬器(濕實(shí)驗(yàn)室)[9]機(jī)器人手術(shù)訓(xùn)練盒(干實(shí)驗(yàn)室)[10]和VR培訓(xùn)課程 種目前最常用的培訓(xùn)模型,但均未得到普遍接受和廣泛應(yīng)用。因此,本系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)將通過(guò)Meta分析結(jié)合培訓(xùn)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,探討外科醫(yī)生使用VR模擬進(jìn)行機(jī)器人手術(shù)技能培訓(xùn)的可行性和有效性。為機(jī)器人手術(shù)技能培訓(xùn)領(lǐng)域提供理論依據(jù)及循證支持。
1 資料與方法
1.1納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ① 研究類型:隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(Rando-mizedControlled Trial,RCT); ② 研究對(duì)象:醫(yī)學(xué)生及外科醫(yī)生; ③ 干預(yù)措施:試驗(yàn)組接受VR模擬機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn),對(duì)照組接受干實(shí)驗(yàn)或濕實(shí)驗(yàn)等傳統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)方式; ④ 結(jié)局指標(biāo)中至少含有以下一項(xiàng):機(jī)器人手術(shù)全面評(píng)價(jià)(GlobalEvaluationAssessmentRoboticSurgery,GEARS)評(píng)分、時(shí)間評(píng)分、完成任務(wù)總時(shí)間。
1.2排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ① 重復(fù)文獻(xiàn); ② 干預(yù)措施或分組設(shè)計(jì)不符; ③ 結(jié)局指標(biāo)不符; ④ 文獻(xiàn)類型不符; ⑤ 非中英文文獻(xiàn); ⑥ 無(wú)法獲取全文、數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法提取或存在明顯錯(cuò)誤。
1.3文獻(xiàn)檢索計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Springer、TheCochraneLibrary、Elsevier和中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù);檢索時(shí)限為2000年1月1日—2024年10月1日;語(yǔ)種為中文和英文;檢索字段為篇名和摘要。以PubMed為例,檢索式為:(“virtual reality”[AllFields]OR“virtual”[All Fields] OR“augmentedreality”[AllFields] OR“extended reality”[AllFields] OR“surgery computer assisted”[All Fields] OR“surgical simulator”[All Fields] OR“da Vinci Skill Simulator”[All Fields])AND(“robotic surgical procedures”[AllFields]OR“robotic assisted surgery”[AllFields])。
1.4文獻(xiàn)篩選和研究質(zhì)量控制由兩位研究者獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn),通過(guò)閱讀文獻(xiàn)題目和摘要排除不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)。對(duì)篩選有異議的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行討論,如不能達(dá)成一致則與本研究通訊作者討論后決定是否納人。兩位研究者分別對(duì)符合納人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行全文閱讀,并采用Cochrane偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具評(píng)估納人文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量。提取的主要一般數(shù)據(jù)包括第一作者、發(fā)表年份、樣本量、干預(yù)措施、干預(yù)時(shí)間、結(jié)局指標(biāo)和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析方法。結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括GEARS評(píng)分、完成時(shí)間、時(shí)間得分、專家評(píng)分、學(xué)習(xí)曲線、主觀量表評(píng)估等。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用 R e v M a n 5 . 4 軟件對(duì)提取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,二分類變量采用 R R 和 9 5 % CI表示。連續(xù)型變量采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均方差進(jìn)行分析, Plt;0 . 0 5 表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)采用 檢驗(yàn),若 P ? 0 . 1 且
,認(rèn)為納入研究的異質(zhì)性可接受,選擇固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析;若 Plt;0 . 1 且
,認(rèn)為納入研究的異質(zhì)性較大,選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析,并對(duì)異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源進(jìn)行敏感性分析或亞組分析。對(duì)無(wú)法合并的研究采用描述性分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果初步篩選出1100篇文獻(xiàn),最終納人10篇文獻(xiàn)[13-22],共10項(xiàng)關(guān)于VR手術(shù)模擬器的RCT研究及273例研究對(duì)象(如圖1)。使用Cochrane偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具對(duì)RCT研究的諸多參數(shù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,例如隨機(jī)化方法、分配隱藏和盲法方式等[23]。納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量評(píng)定如圖2\~3,納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征見(jiàn)表1。
2.1.1參與者及評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)式在納入的10項(xiàng)RCT研究中,研究對(duì)象有醫(yī)學(xué)生( n = 8 9 )、住院醫(yī)師( n=1 5 6 )、主治醫(yī)師( n=2 8 )和主任醫(yī)師( n = 0 );機(jī)器人手術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)任務(wù)的考核術(shù)式有機(jī)器人手術(shù)基本操作( n = 3 )、泌尿外科機(jī)器人手術(shù)( n = 4 )、心臟外科機(jī)器人手術(shù)( n = 2 )和婦產(chǎn)科機(jī)器人手術(shù)( n = 1 ),見(jiàn)表2。
2.1.2研究中使用的VR技術(shù)目前主要有5個(gè)VR模擬器用于機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn): ① Surgical EducationSimbionixProducts,Cleveland,OH,USA)。納入的RCT研究選取了不同的模擬器和模擬任務(wù)來(lái)對(duì)外科醫(yī)生進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)及考核,其中達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)模擬器的使用最多[SEP( n = 0 ),RoSS( n = 1 ),dV-Trainer( n = 0 ),dVSS ( n=7 ),RobotiX( n = 1 )]。
2.2Meta分析結(jié)果
2.2.1 GEARS8篇文獻(xiàn)[13-15,18-22]采用GEARS[24]評(píng)估外科醫(yī)生機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)的效果,由于各研究進(jìn)行的VR培訓(xùn)課程差異性較大,異質(zhì)性顯著( Plt;0 . 0 0 0 0 1 , ),選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果顯示VR組的GEARS評(píng)分提高優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( S M D=3 . 0 7 , 9 5 % CI:0.13\~6.02,Z = 2 . 0 4 , P=0 . 0 4 ),如圖4。
2.2.2任務(wù)完成時(shí)間3篇文獻(xiàn)[14,17.19]采用任務(wù)完成時(shí)間來(lái)評(píng)估外科醫(yī)生機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)效果,但是由于各研究設(shè)置的考核任務(wù)不同,任務(wù)完成時(shí)間差異較大,異質(zhì)性顯著( ),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果顯示VR組的任務(wù)完成時(shí)間低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( S M D=1 0 5 . 5 4 , 9 5 % CI:19.76\~191.32, Z = 2 . 4 1 , P = 0 . 0 2 ),如圖5。
2.2.3時(shí)間評(píng)分3篇文獻(xiàn)[16-18]采用時(shí)間評(píng)分來(lái)評(píng)估外科醫(yī)生機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)效果,各研究間異質(zhì)性較?。? ),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果顯示VR組與對(duì)照組的時(shí)間評(píng)分無(wú)顯著差異(
, 9 5 % CI:-84.62\~11.86, z = 1 . 4 8 ,scriptstyle P = 0 . 1 4 ),如圖6。
3 討論
機(jī)器人手術(shù)技能培訓(xùn)是外科醫(yī)生熟練操作手術(shù)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行手術(shù)的必要條件[25],技能習(xí)得是外科醫(yī)生培訓(xùn)的重要內(nèi)容,不管是基礎(chǔ)技能還是對(duì)手術(shù)整體的學(xué)習(xí),均在很大程度上影響外科醫(yī)生的進(jìn)步成長(zhǎng)和臨床手術(shù)效果[26]。在外科手術(shù)日益微創(chuàng)化的時(shí)代,外科醫(yī)生更應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)新技術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)以行真正對(duì)患者有利的微創(chuàng)外科手術(shù)治療[27]。
目前VR模擬培訓(xùn)主要以達(dá)芬奇基礎(chǔ)手術(shù)技能培訓(xùn)為主[28],如鏡頭操控、第四臂掌握、手臂靈活度等。隨著以RoSS為代表的基于特定術(shù)式培訓(xùn)設(shè)計(jì)的模擬器上市,機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)能夠在更加貼近手術(shù)場(chǎng)景的虛擬環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。盡管VR模擬培訓(xùn)在機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)的應(yīng)用中尚未形成統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不同研究的干預(yù)方式不同,但與傳統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)相比VR培訓(xùn)在提高外科醫(yī)生興趣、減少培訓(xùn)成本、增加可重復(fù)訓(xùn)練次數(shù)等方面具有較大優(yōu)勢(shì)[29-30]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與不接受訓(xùn)練的對(duì)照組相比,VR培訓(xùn)組的GEARS評(píng)分提高且任務(wù)完成時(shí)間縮短,機(jī)器人手術(shù)技能獲得了提升,可為機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)提供參考依據(jù),但與傳統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)方法相比VR培訓(xùn)尚缺乏足夠的研究數(shù)據(jù)證明其優(yōu)越性。
本次系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)仍存在一些局限性。本研究共納入10篇文獻(xiàn),研究中評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)器人手術(shù)技能的結(jié)局指標(biāo)不盡相同且納入指標(biāo)較少,因此受樣本量限制可能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果偏差,未來(lái)的研究可針對(duì)更多指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析。各研究中外科醫(yī)生培訓(xùn)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短差異較大,可能是部分結(jié)果異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源,未來(lái)的研究可對(duì)不同年資或?qū)I(yè)的外科醫(yī)生使用VR的應(yīng)用效果進(jìn)行比較,明確對(duì)機(jī)器人手術(shù)技術(shù)習(xí)得獲益最大的具體培訓(xùn)時(shí)長(zhǎng)。使用VR模擬器進(jìn)行機(jī)器人手術(shù)培訓(xùn)的研究仍存在樣本量小、結(jié)局指標(biāo)存在一定主觀性等問(wèn)題,因此未來(lái)還需要更多高質(zhì)量的研究并進(jìn)一步完善干預(yù)方案、培訓(xùn)時(shí)間及評(píng)價(jià)手段等提供更加可靠的依據(jù)。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:梁渝靖負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫(xiě)作思路,撰寫(xiě)文章并最后定稿;李陽(yáng)輝負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),數(shù)據(jù)分析;邢文惠負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)助設(shè)計(jì)論文框架,查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn);王嶸負(fù)責(zé)論文修改。
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收稿日期:2024-11-25編輯:魏新珂