[摘要]"胡桃夾綜合征(nutcracker"syndrome,NCS)主要是指左腎靜脈在腹主動(dòng)脈和腸系膜上動(dòng)脈之間受壓,出現(xiàn)受壓部位狹窄和遠(yuǎn)端血管擴(kuò)張。NCS臨床常表現(xiàn)為腰痛、血尿、體位性蛋白尿、性腺靜脈曲張和盆腔疼痛,嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)失血性貧血、直立調(diào)節(jié)障礙、胃腸道癥狀和腎靜脈血栓。NCS的診斷多變且具有挑戰(zhàn)性,主要依賴于影像學(xué)檢查。侵入性測(cè)量血管內(nèi)壓力梯度是目前NCS診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。大部分NCS患者可給予保守治療,保守治療無效者可考慮手術(shù)治療。本文就NCS診治的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]"胡桃夾綜合征;左腎靜脈壓迫綜合征;臨床表現(xiàn);診斷;治療
[中圖分類號(hào)]"R692.1""""""[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]"A""""""[DOI]"10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.10.023
胡桃夾綜合征(nutcracker"syndrome,NCS)也被稱為左腎靜脈壓迫綜合征,其因左腎靜脈受壓于腹主動(dòng)脈和腸系膜上動(dòng)脈之間,像一粒堅(jiān)果在胡桃夾的鉗口間。1972年,該疾病被命名為NCS。NCS患者多以腰痛首發(fā),可伴有血尿、蛋白尿等表現(xiàn),影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為左腎靜脈受壓。NCS缺乏統(tǒng)一的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),需排除其他疾病,并結(jié)合臨床癥狀診斷。NCS的治療頗具爭(zhēng)議,因患者的嚴(yán)重程度和癥狀表現(xiàn)不一,治療方法從保守治療至腎切除不等。部分患者治療后出現(xiàn)癥狀反復(fù)、血栓形成,甚至腎衰竭。
1""NCS的流行病學(xué)特征
人們對(duì)NCS的流行病學(xué)尚無確切統(tǒng)計(jì),但可以肯定的是,NCS并不罕見。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),左腎靜脈變異率為0.8%~10.2%[1];約15%的腎內(nèi)科就診患者存在NCS[2]。NCS好發(fā)于兒童和青少年,平均發(fā)病年齡12歲[3]。兒童和青少年的脊椎高度在發(fā)育期迅速增加,導(dǎo)致主動(dòng)脈和腸系膜上動(dòng)脈之間的角度變窄。體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body"mass"index,BMI)影響主動(dòng)脈與腸系膜上動(dòng)脈的夾角和距離,與NCS的發(fā)生呈正相關(guān),因此瘦長體型者較為多見[4]。在男女發(fā)生率上,最近的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示并無明顯差異[5]。
2""NCS的分型和病因
生理?xiàng)l件下左腎靜脈長6~10cm,其長度是右腎靜脈的3倍,由2~4支分支匯聚而成,接受來自左腎、左腎上腺、左側(cè)性腺及腰靜脈的靜脈血液回流,多走行在腸系膜上動(dòng)脈和腹主動(dòng)脈之間,注入下腔靜脈[6]。左腎靜脈的發(fā)育在妊娠第6~8周。在此期間,左腎靜脈發(fā)育異??砂l(fā)生復(fù)雜的解剖變異,表現(xiàn)為腎靜脈系統(tǒng)走行改變,或腹主動(dòng)脈和腸系膜上動(dòng)脈間異常成角[7]。
在各類分型中,最常見的是前NCS,即左腎靜脈在腹主動(dòng)脈和腸系膜上動(dòng)脈處受壓;其他類型占0.1%~3.2%[7]。后NCS指左腎靜脈在腹主動(dòng)脈和后方椎體間受壓[8];或腎靜脈變異后分成兩支并同時(shí)在前方和后方發(fā)生壓迫[9]。左腎靜脈受壓后,血液向下腔靜脈回流受阻,部分經(jīng)左卵巢/精索靜脈、硬膜外神經(jīng)叢和腰靜脈等側(cè)支向盆腔分流[6]。然而,盆腔靜脈系統(tǒng)難以承受高流量和阻力的血液,最終引發(fā)血管擴(kuò)張、血液淤滯等病理生理學(xué)改變[10]。
3""NCS的臨床表現(xiàn)
NCS臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,缺乏特異性,故易被漏診和誤診。較常見的癥狀是盆腔痛、腰痛、血尿、體位性蛋白尿、性腺靜脈曲張。嚴(yán)重情況下,患者可伴有失血性貧血、直立調(diào)節(jié)障礙、慢性疲勞綜合征甚至腎靜脈血栓。受限于病程較長且治療方法有限,患者往往伴有焦慮、抑郁等心理問題[11]。
3.1""不典型腰痛
腰痛通常是NCS的首發(fā)癥狀,約半數(shù)患者存在腰痛。疼痛多位于腰腹部,可放射至大腿內(nèi)側(cè)及腹股溝,久站、運(yùn)動(dòng)等因素導(dǎo)致腰椎前凸,可加重疼痛[6]。晚期,左腎靜脈高壓引起盆腔靜脈血液回流減慢、淤積甚至反流,出現(xiàn)盆腔靜脈系統(tǒng)功能不全,即盆腔淤血綜合征[10,12]。慢性鈍痛發(fā)展為經(jīng)期疼痛、生殖功能受損[12]。少數(shù)病例可診斷為腰痛血尿綜合征,患病率僅為萬分之一[13]。
3.2""血尿
血尿是NCS患者最常見的臨床表現(xiàn),發(fā)生率為55%~78%[3,5]。血尿發(fā)生的機(jī)制是腎靜脈高壓造成腎盂和輸尿管間的靜脈竇壁破裂,紅細(xì)胞漏入集合系統(tǒng),形成非腎小球源性血尿[14];以鏡下血尿?yàn)橹?,多呈間歇性[6]?;颊呖梢虼顺霈F(xiàn)失血性貧血[5,15]。
3.3""蛋白尿
1/3~1/2的不同年齡段患者可發(fā)生蛋白尿,發(fā)生率僅次于血尿[3,16]。研究認(rèn)為左腎靜脈受壓是直立性蛋白尿最重要的原因[17]。蛋白尿的發(fā)生機(jī)制是血管內(nèi)高壓引起的血管壁免疫級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)及站立時(shí)局部釋放較多的去甲腎上腺素和血管緊張素[18]。蛋白尿主要由白蛋白和球蛋白組成,尿中白蛋白/肌酐比值和免疫球蛋白G/肌酐比值偏高。
3.4""自主神經(jīng)功能障礙
自主神經(jīng)功能障礙主要表現(xiàn)為直立調(diào)節(jié)障礙和慢性疲勞綜合征。引起該現(xiàn)象的病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制是左腎靜脈回流血液減少、左腎靜脈和下腔靜脈間壓力梯度增大及一過性腎上腺功能障礙引起的原發(fā)性慢性腎上腺皮質(zhì)功能減退癥。病情嚴(yán)重程度與左腎靜脈受壓處血流的平均峰值速度呈正相關(guān)[19]。直立調(diào)節(jié)障礙的主要表現(xiàn)是頭暈,其次是面色蒼白、惡心、心悸、直立性低血壓、站立時(shí)暈厥[20]。慢性疲勞綜合征以較難緩解的疲勞為特征,可伴有精神緊張、焦慮、失眠[21-22]。
3.5""腎靜脈血栓形成
孤立性腎靜脈血栓形成合并NCS的報(bào)道少見,目前僅有數(shù)例報(bào)道[23-28]。血栓形成與腎靜脈受壓后局部血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變有關(guān)。病情嚴(yán)重時(shí),患者可伴有肺栓塞或廣泛血栓形成,即血栓也同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在肺動(dòng)脈、髂靜脈、腘靜脈、股靜脈等位置[27-28]。性腺靜脈處血栓多表現(xiàn)為下腹痛急性加重,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可并發(fā)盆腔淤血綜合征[29]。
4""NCS的診斷
NCS診斷主要依賴影像學(xué)檢查,常用多普勒超聲(Doppler"ultrasound,DUS)、電子計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed"tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic"resonance"imaging,MRI)、靜脈造影等檢查。
DUS具有方便、無創(chuàng)等特點(diǎn),是篩查和診斷NCS的首選檢查方法,敏感度為69%~90%,特異性為89%~100%[19]。NCS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要圍繞腹主動(dòng)脈與腸系膜上動(dòng)脈間隙、左腎靜脈受壓程度、腸系膜上動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)心端擴(kuò)張、擴(kuò)張段內(nèi)徑與狹窄處內(nèi)徑比值幾方面[30]。左腎靜脈在肺門與腸系膜上動(dòng)脈受壓處的速度比值和血管橫截面的前后徑比值最直觀,根據(jù)不同文獻(xiàn)顯示,該值為2~4。Nastasi等[31]將左腎靜脈狹窄gt;80%且受壓處血流峰值速度增加作為診斷NCS的常用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Kim等[32]建議將峰值速度比值增加到5以提高診斷的特異性。腸系膜上動(dòng)脈角受體位影響小,比肺門和主動(dòng)脈腸系膜段的最大速度比值和截面前后徑比值更具診斷價(jià)值。Qin等[33]對(duì)526例患者進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)腸系膜上動(dòng)脈夾角lt;41°診斷NCS的準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)96%。Gulleroglu等[16]用直立位和仰臥位之間的腸系膜上動(dòng)脈角比值對(duì)患者進(jìn)行評(píng)估,發(fā)現(xiàn)gt;0.6的腸系膜上動(dòng)脈角比值具有更高的敏感度。此外,蛋白尿測(cè)定與影像學(xué)結(jié)合可顯著提高NCS診斷的特異性[34]。
CT或MRI能更好地觀察受壓的腎靜脈直徑和走行、測(cè)量腸系膜上動(dòng)脈角度,并觀察盆腔靜脈曲張和側(cè)支血管形成[31,35]。多種征象提示NCS:①軸向圖顯示鳥嘴征(喙征);②左腎靜脈內(nèi)徑比值≥4.9;③左腎門附近側(cè)支循環(huán)建立[36];④矢狀面腸系膜上動(dòng)脈和腹主動(dòng)脈夾角變小[37]。
對(duì)難以診斷的患者,可考慮侵入性檢查。生理?xiàng)l件下,左腎靜脈和下腔靜脈間壓力梯度lt;1mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),侵入性導(dǎo)管測(cè)得壓力梯度gt;"3mmHg被認(rèn)為是其診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[38]。但此為有創(chuàng)操作,臨床較少應(yīng)用。
另外,NCS的診斷需要排除其他原因?qū)е碌难?,有些?dǎo)致血尿的疾病可能與NCS共存。
5""NCS的治療
5.1""保守治療
NCS的治療存在爭(zhēng)議。隨著患者的年齡增長、體質(zhì)量增加及BMI上升,癥狀可能會(huì)自然緩解[18]。這是因?yàn)殡S著體質(zhì)量的增加,腸系膜上動(dòng)脈的脂肪組織和纖維結(jié)締組織豐盈,使左腎靜脈受壓得到緩解。大量回顧性研究證實(shí),對(duì)輕癥患者,特別是那些癥狀輕微或無癥狀的兒童患者,為期6個(gè)月至2年的保守治療仍是其首選方案[39]。保守治療的有效性取決于個(gè)體的具體情況。建議以下人群可將保守治療作為首選治療方法:年齡lt;18歲、輕度血尿或癥狀輕微且可耐受的患者、初次發(fā)現(xiàn)NCS的首診病例。對(duì)此類患者,增加體質(zhì)量以增加腹膜后脂肪組織是有效策略之一[40]。
對(duì)癥治療方面,血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑可幫助患者減少直立性蛋白尿,緩解直立調(diào)節(jié)障礙和慢性疲勞綜合征[35]。腎靜脈血栓形成時(shí),需采取溶栓和抗凝治療[24-27];也可聯(lián)合應(yīng)用腎動(dòng)脈支架置入術(shù)[28]。保守治療無效、癥狀持續(xù)加重并出現(xiàn)肉眼可見血尿、腰腹部疼痛、貧血、自主神經(jīng)功能障礙、腎功能損害、持續(xù)性直立性蛋白尿、精索靜脈曲張形成等情況時(shí)可考慮采取手術(shù)治療措施。
5.2""左腎靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)
左腎靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)是將受壓左腎靜脈重新定位恢復(fù)正常的血液流動(dòng),術(shù)后總體改善率達(dá)90%,遠(yuǎn)期通暢率高。手術(shù)方法是在左腎靜脈與下腔靜脈匯合處進(jìn)行離斷,然后選擇遠(yuǎn)端無受壓處端側(cè)吻合。Reed等[41]對(duì)患者平均隨訪70個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后血尿或蛋白尿即刻緩解率達(dá)73%,總體有效率達(dá)91%。Sarikaya等[42]評(píng)估左腎靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)在1年和3年內(nèi)的一期通暢率高達(dá)91%和81%。
5.3""支架置入
血管內(nèi)支架置入的短期效果較好,是微創(chuàng)治療NCS的主要方式[42]。目前臨床推薦直徑14~16mm、長度40~60mm的支架[43]。術(shù)后使用3d低分子肝素并聯(lián)合氯吡格雷和阿司匹林1~3個(gè)月,可預(yù)防血栓形成和再狹窄發(fā)生[44]。然而,術(shù)后支架移位是危及生命的并發(fā)癥。有研究者對(duì)75例患者隨訪55個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)6.7%的患者支架經(jīng)血流移位至下腔靜脈、右房、右心室[45]。這可能與不恰當(dāng)?shù)闹Ъ艹叽缬嘘P(guān),建議結(jié)合DUS合理選擇型號(hào)[46]。血管外支架可有效規(guī)避支架隨血液遷移,與血管內(nèi)支架置入在療效上差異并不大,且具有術(shù)后無需抗凝的優(yōu)勢(shì)[47]。
5.4""性腺靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位和腎自體移植
性腺靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位和腎自體移植是治療NCS的特殊手段,其適應(yīng)證和手術(shù)技巧在不斷拓寬和完善。性腺靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位通過建立有效旁路釋放左腎靜脈高壓,減少盆腔靜脈反流和疼痛,尤其適用于血液反流引起盆腔淤血綜合征患者。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)患者在中位隨訪期緩解率達(dá)83.3%[48]。該方法對(duì)性腺靜脈直徑要求較高。性腺靜脈直徑≥7mm或性腺靜脈/左腎靜脈直徑gt;0.75被認(rèn)為與手術(shù)成功相關(guān)[48-49]。
腎自體移植可為疼痛難以緩解、左腎靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位失敗或非手術(shù)治療效果不佳患者提供終極解決方案。但并非所有患者都需要腎自體移植,可以腰痛血尿綜合征作為手術(shù)指征[50]。移植過程中因腎缺血導(dǎo)致急性腎損傷發(fā)生率高達(dá)28%,需注意警惕。
6""小結(jié)與展望
NCS并不罕見,其癥狀無明顯特異性,臨床易漏診和誤診。對(duì)無明確病因出現(xiàn)血尿、蛋白尿、腰腹疼痛的患者需警惕該病。DUS、CT、MRI、血管內(nèi)測(cè)壓等影像學(xué)檢查可幫助診斷。保守治療、支架置入術(shù)、腎靜脈或性腺靜脈轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)、腎自體移植術(shù)等治療方式多樣,臨床醫(yī)生需結(jié)合患者的年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量和病情程度謹(jǐn)慎選擇。近年來,機(jī)器人輔助技術(shù)以三維成像和精準(zhǔn)操作的機(jī)械臂為NCS治療提供新的技術(shù)支持,是值得開拓的領(lǐng)域。期待新技術(shù)在臨床獲得更多的使用,保障手術(shù)順利進(jìn)行。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2024–11–16)
(修回日期:2025–03–19)