英文摘要

（1）The Origin，F(xiàn)ormation，Development，Differentiation，and Integration of Administrative Social Work：Based on the History and System of Social Work with Chinese Characteristics

LIN Shunli" ZHAO Zhuoyun·1·

The third clue to the history of Chinese social work is the tip from the leadership of the Communist Party of China’s “border region” in the construction of a grassroots regime and the wartime logistics civil work tradition，guided by Marxism，the fundamental attribute of the socialist system of China under the leadership of the Communist Party，is also the administrative，social work to the history of the development of the channel. Therefore，the historical sorting out of administrative social work is the only way to summarize the essential characteristics and practical forms of social work with Chinese characteristics. The study of social work with Chinese characteristics needs to clarify the three core issues：The first question is，what are “Chinese characteristics”？ The second question is，what is “social work”？ The third question is，what is “administrative social work”？ In comprehensive response to the three problems，this paper believes that administrative social work corresponds to “professional social work”，led by the government，to the administrative system of social work；its essential feature is the leadership of the Communist Party of China，the civil affairs department of the main responsibility，in different historical stages multiple subject to participate in collaborative social administration.

The sorting of administrative social work can be divided into three stages：the first stage is the beginning period，and the prototype of administrative social work is produced in the tradition of grassroots political power construction and the tradition of wartime logistics service in the border area. At that time，there were two main social undertakings that could be classified as administrative，and social work：One was the disaster relief for the border area government and the war；the other was the social transformation for the grassroots political power and social problems and specific groups（such as feudal superstition，reactionary organizations，prostitutes，gambling，drug use，lazy rogue，etc.）.The second stage is the initial stage. In order to consolidate the new state power，the government set up the Ministry of Internal Affairs to actively cooperate with the promotion of socialist transformation and construction activities，and administrative social work officially entered the initial stage. During this period，the main task was to transform prostitutes and vagrants into drug-taking and social relief for disaster. The third stage is the formative period，the main feature of which is that under the planned economy system，the social welfare resources planned by the state are transported vertically by the civil affairs departments and the production units in an administrative way. During this period，administrative social work formed a system and mechanism in which civil affairs led and relevant departments and mass organizations and units cooperated to promote production and disaster relief，social relief，and social welfare. An urban and rural social relief system and social welfare system have taken initial shape. The fourth stage is the development period. In the transformation of civil affairs since the reform and opening up of administrative，social work，the pattern of multiple subjects participating in the main business of “elderly welfare services”，“mental health welfare institution service”，“child welfare and relief protection service”，“vagrants and beggars”，“service for the disabled”，“social relief”，“disaster prevention”and“charity”. Social assistance is also further subdivided into “urban subsistence allowance”，“urban three-without personnel relief”，“rural subsistence allowance”，“rural five guarantees”，“rural traditional relief”，“medical assistance”，“temporary assistance” and other specific businesses. In this stage，the restoration and reconstruction of professional social work is constantly accepted within the framework of the administrative social work system，and the two show a new trend of integrated development.

Based on the above historical review，the following conclusions can be drawn：first，the local administrative social work in China has the attribute of the leadership of the Party and participation in the Socialist systemsocialist construction；Second，to promote social work with the administrative system and administrative force of the Party and the government is not phased，but runs through the working system，mechanism and practical form of social work with Chinese characteristics；Third，social work with Chinese characteristics belongs to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in terms of value goal and is an integral part of Chinese modernization，which is fundamentally different from social work under the western capitalist system.

At present，the establishment of the Society Work Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee is a strategic measure for the Party and the state to adjust and even discipline the social work cause based on the needs of the Chinese-style modernization construction，which has gone beyond the dual division of theory and practice of administrative，social work and professional social work.On the basis of the integrated development of administrative social work and professional social work，“Big social work” needs to establish a new pattern of functional differentiation and integration based on different functional departments of the Party and government.

（2）The Evolution of Academic Context in Social Work Since the Reform and Opening-up：An Investigation and Analysis Centered on Fei Xiaotong，Lei Jieqiong，and Lu Mouhua

ZHONG Jingjing" PENG Xiuliang·20·

In the academic context of social work，the development pattern，practical scope，research field and social function of social work are the core discourse systems for clarifying the essence of social work，and are important resources for constructing academic interaction. Fei Xiaotong，Lei Jieqiong，and Lu Mouhua，the older generation of sociologists，have vigorously promoted the restoration and reconstruction of social work，making many insightful statements and profound judgments. They explored the relationship between social work and civil affairs work and tried to find a professional interpretation of social work.

Looking back at the history of social work in China since the reform and opening up，from the restoration and reconstruction of social work in 1987，to the clear proposal of building a grand social work talent team by the state in 2006，and to the establishment of the Society Work Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee in 2023，social work has always been closely linked to the main theme of state governance，deeply embedded and promoted the process of social governance in the country.The article is based on a dual perspective of history and contemporary times，using methods such as literature review and logical analysis. It focuses on the writings and judgments of Fei Xiaotong，Lei Jieqiong，and Lu Mouhua to analyze the functions of social work in different historical processes and the structural motivations behind them. It attempts to explore the changes and logical shifts in the academic context of social work in China over the past 40 years of reform and opening up，in order to explore the logical starting point and knowledge reproduction issues of the development of social work in China in the context of reality.

Relevant departments of the country and many sociologists have made important contributions to the restoration and reconstruction of sociology and social work. As an integral part of applied sociology，social work has been brought up again with the need for “remedial courses” in sociology. In the early stages of reform and opening up，with changes in the economic system and social structure，new social problems gradually emerged，and the existing social service system faced challenges. At this time，the civil affairs department had to undertake traditional responsibilities while exploring new service methods. The development of social work is accompanied by the professionalization process of civil affairs departments，and there is an inseparable relationship between social work and civil affairs work.

The older generation of sociologists and social workers，led by Fei Xiaotong，Lei Jieqiong，and Lu Mouhua，have been deeply contemplating how social work can be restored，developed，participate in social management，and interact with existing social service systems. Based on specific development stages，they adhere to the logical approach of “civil affairs work is social work” and strive to find a framework and guiding principles that are in line with the development of social work in China. The article research has found that，the social administrative structure summarized by Fei Xiaotong，which combines specialized agency management with departmental decentralization，has been the basic pattern of social work in China since the reform and opening up，and has had a profound impact on the development of macro social work in contemporary China. Lei Jieqiong’s famous proposition that “civil affairs work is social work with Chinese characteristics” has defined the practical field of professional social work and constituted the professional foundation of contemporary Chinese social work. Lu Mouhua’s division of the development stages of contemporary Chinese social work not only has demonstrated the understanding of the development of contemporary Chinese social work in the field of social work research，but also summarized the social functions of contemporary Chinese social work.The three gentlemen are all based on the political structure，cultural traditions and social psychology of contemporary China，revealing the essential characteristics and development trajectory of contemporary Chinese social work from different perspectives，and exerting a concentrated influence on the practical forms of contemporary Chinese social work.

（3）The Institutional Evolution and Professionalization Logic of Rural Extremely Poor Support System since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China：Based on an Examination of Administrative Social Work

XU Qilong" ZHANG Junhao·35·

Abstract：Due to the differences in social structure，cultural traditions，and economic and political environments among various countries，there are also differences in the origin，mode，logic，and path of the professionalization of social work. Regarding social work in China，its extension encompasses both imported Western social work and local social work，and its professionalization includes the process of localizing Western social work and professionalizing local social work. Local social work refers to effective and institutionalized modes of assistance that are adapted to the economic，political，and social systems，as well as cultural traditions，of the local community. In practical terms，it primarily refers to administrative social work，which is carried out by government organizations to provide services to the public and community members in accordance with national policies or organization regulations. These individuals essentially assume certain social work functions by providing specific，particularly material，assistance to eligible workers and families according to the state’s policies or organization’s regulations.There has been extensive academic research on the localization of Western social work imported into China，with the “embedding theory” serving as a representative example summarizing a wealth of theoretical and practical experience. However，all of these studies have been conducted from the perspective of “professional social work”，which has prevented a comprehensive depiction of the full picture of Chinese social work.This study，from the perspective of administrative social work，takes the practice of rural extremely poor support，which was established earliest，has the best continuity of development，and has the longest duration since the founding of the People’s Republic of China as a case，to sort out and reflect on the professionalization process of administrative social work，with the aim of exploring local resources for constructing an independent knowledge system of social work in China.

This article details the origin of the rural extremely poor support system in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China（1949-1952），the formation stage during the Cooperative Movement period（1952-1958），the development stage during the People’s Commune period（1958-1978），the recovery and legalization stage after the Reform and Opening Up（1978-2000），the transformation and financial support stage after the rural tax and fee reform（2000-2014），and the stage of integrating and providing assistance to extremely poor people in both rural and urban areas（2014 to the present），revealing the “bottom-up”institutionalization and nationalization process of the rural extremely poor support system from joint resettlement，cooperative mutual assistance，collective welfare，overall support，state support to assistance and support. Based on the institutional evolution，the professional development logic of extremely poor support is discussed from the perspectives of professional concepts，theories，and methods of social work，including the “shift from relief to assistance” in concepts，which has brought about the realization and promotion of formal institutionalized helping for rural extremely poor support；in the theoretical perspective of the “transformation of the relationship between the state，society，and community”，it is necessary to handle the relationship among the “provider at the bottom line，executor，and service provider” well，and form a new model of community-based social assistance under the cooperation of the state，community，and society；in terms of methods，“from political mobilization to the standardization of social administrative methods”，the assistance work for extremely poor support has formed a professional division of labor management among different departments，improving the refinement level of extremely poor support.

The extremely poor support system originating from rural areas and having the longest history of continuation serves as a representative and typical case for studying the development of administrative social work. Currently，reform and improvement of the social assistance system calls for the establishment of a multi-layered and classified social assistance system，the active development of service-based social assistance，and the formation of a “material + service” assistance mode. This points the way for the integration of administrative social work and “professional” social work，and explores the possibility of providing necessary home visits and care services to the target population of special poverty relief through government procurement of services. Strengthening professional social work services and drawing on the excellent experiences of collective mutual aid support，social service support，and national bottom-up support can also contribute to the development of a collaborative support model，in which multiple stakeholders，including the government，society，and community，can leverage their respective advantages.

（4）From Subsistence by Borrowing to Deep Integration：The Migration and Tendency of the Position of Social Work System

CHENG Jiqing" ZHENG Guanghuai·55·

Since the restoration and reconstruction of China’s social work，it has stepped out of an embedded development path and formed an inseparable link with the system. At the beginning of the restoration and reconstruction of social work in China，social work was integrated into the practice of civil affairs and other related livelihood services，and the original administrative social work was professionalized. However，with the deepening of the reform of the political and economic system，the path of entering the internal development of the system in a professional way has not been implemented，but the development of the way outside the government system to undertake government purchases or social services. This development path is called the “embedded” development model.

By analyzing the development of China’s social work from the perspective of an institutional position，it can be found that the embedded development of China’s social work is a way to survive by borrowing from the system，and social work obtains the dependent institutional position to carry out professional practice. Social work has developed professional services through the government’s purchase of services and positions，and has gradually been subjugated into “institutionalized” management. This process obtains the legitimacy of social work practice by virtue of the strength of institutional position，obtains the practice space at the grassroots level of society and related industries，and obtains the development opportunity in the field of social service. To some extent，this embedded way of borrowing from the system meets the basic needs of the social work profession，and also fulfills the mission of the social work profession.

However，the embedded way of borrowing from the system does not solve the problem of the marginalization of the social work system；instead，it alienates social work in the marginalization situation. In practice，it is often practiced administratively by the bureaucratic system of the formal system and engaged in administrative affairs other than professional services. In the purchase of services，the practice content and action space of social work are also limited，and the content and scope of professional services are limited. Furthermore，the professional autonomy of social work is restricted and damaged. In addition，social work itself fails to pay attention to the social environment and structure of practice and fails to actively explore how to enter the institutional position，which ultimately puts social work at the edge of the institutional position. The establishment of the Society Work Department brought about a new change in the environment for the development of professional social work when social workers failed to obtain a suitable institutional position. In order to cope with this change，the key to the deep integration of social work into the system is to effectively integrate its professionalism into the current practice process of relevant Party and government departments. In particular，I want to realize organic integration with the relevant work of the Society Work Department，find its own position within the system，and realize the professional mission and development.

（5）Social Work’s Role Orientation and Service Strategy in the New Modernization Transformation of Rural

TIAN Jinna" QIAN Ning·71·

The new modernization of rural areas represents a significant transformation in the socioeconomic landscape， characterized by the new quality of productive forces and a new type of production methods alongside evolving lifestyle. It is not merely limited to the transformation and development of agricultural modernization with the innovation and progress of agricultural science and technology as the core，but encompasses a holistic revolution that concerns farmers’ life concept， rural spiritual style and living state.It is driving the transformation of rural society. From the sense of social work participating in rural social practice， the transformation is an opportunity because it creates more needs. However， we should also clearly recognize that this new transformation also poses new challenges to the development of social work.

Historically speaking， in the practical exploration of participating in the poverty alleviation campaign， social work has formed a series of experiences（such as various community engagement programs） to solve basic livelihood problems in the face of the practical needs of poverty alleviation and the policy issues of precise poverty alleviation. It has laid the foundation for social work to play a professional role in policy innovation and policy practice of rural revitalization. However， despite these advancements， there are also notable limitations within the field，such as a lack of professional ability to solve specific problems and macro policy capabilities， as well as constraints from the system and institutional framework. In this regard， social work should combine with the strategic goals of rural revitalization and re-consider its professional functions and role positioning. Then， it needs to reflect on its previous professional practices and change its service strategy，which is excessive reliance on administration and “task-centered orientation” during the poverty alleviation period. A reflective analysis reveals that many service delivery strategies employed during previous poverty alleviation campaigns relied too heavily on administrative mandates rather than being rooted in community-driven approaches. Therefore， it is necessary to modify them to adapt to contemporary practices.

Focusing on the adaptation and transformation of individuals in the context of social system structural changes， social work needs to extend its services to the fields of individuals and groups， behaviors and environments， organizations and systems in the structural change of society， and develop policy social work， to respond to the conceptual， knowledge， skills， and cultural dilemmas and needs faced by people in rural transformation.

Firstly， Social work should direct people’s attention towards human development in the process of rural transformation and development. The modernization of farmers should be given the highest priority in the modernization of agriculture， rural areas，and farmers." The principal position of farmers in rural revitalization and the development of new-quality productive forces should be established to empower and cultivate the “innovative force” of society.

Secondly， for social work，it is crucial to assist individuals in grappling with impacts stemming from both socioeconomic deprivation and cultural poverty in the process of transitioning from eradicating absolute poverty to mitigating relative poverty， to create a positive societal and cultural environment conducive to addressing relative poverty， and to cultivate active actors for the new modernization of rural areas.

Thirdly， in terms of social work， it is necessary to carry out rural revitalization by addressing social culture and people’s ideological consciousness. This involves conducting social education for the destigmatization of rural life values and rural social values， promoting “three rural” values that align with farmers’ daily lives and embody the unique characteristics of Chinese rural culture and lifestyle. Through these efforts， we aim to restore and reestablish the value and significance of rural life.

Fourthly，social work should be actively engaged in the modernization and reconstruction of rural life to make rural life more meaningful and attractive. So， it is very important for social work to expand the essence and scope of Chinese modern rural life， enrich its content and forms， and endow rural life with new value connotations in the new era by assisting various stakeholders of rural primary-level governance and rural community.

Finally， in the field of human service， social work exists as a bridge between social policy and service. So， social work must also give full scope to its professional function in policy advocacy，which also requires social work to act as a propagandist and advocate for the Party’s guidelines， principles， and policies. That is to say， through its services， social work should translate the nation’s strategic decisions and policy initiatives aimed at promoting new rural modernization into actions that people are capable of and willing to undertake. Thereby establishing a new paradigm of rural revitalization that integrates both top-down and bottom-up approaches.

（6）Empowerment through Construction：A Practice Research on Social Work Third-Party Empowerment Evaluation

JIAO Ruoshui" CHEN Yuzhou·88·

In China，social work has been tasked with contributing to social governance，particularly following the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. As social work professionalization grows，third-party evaluations have become essential for evaluating social service effectiveness and professionalism. These evaluations are also key to adjusting government-society relations，enhancing social governance capabilities. Traditionally，third-party evaluations have been critiqued for their limitations，particularly in focusing more on management efficiency and government oversight than on fostering the professional growth of social workers.

Empowerment evaluation，as developed by Fetterman，centers on enabling participants to take control of their projects while enhancing both project effectiveness and participant self-determination. This method encourages collaboration among stakeholders，promoting a dynamic adjustment of service goals and tasks during the evaluation process. In this way，it fosters reflective practice among social workers，allowing them to critically assess and adapt their services based on real-world challenges. This research addresses the gap between governance and professional effectiveness by focusing on an empowerment evaluation framework.

Our study adopts an practice research methodology，using the social governance evaluation project of agency A in L City as a case study. The study unfolds in four phases：initial investigation and needs assessment，evaluation plan design，practical implementation of the evaluation，and final evaluation with stakeholder interviews. Researchers acted as both evaluators and participants，shifting between various roles to ensure a holistic understanding of the empowerment evaluation process. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews with 32 stakeholders，including government officials，social organization leaders，and frontline social workers. Ethical considerations were maintained，with anonymization of all participant identities and informed consent being obtained.

Via practice research and in-depth interviews our study found that the empowerment evaluation process was implemented by creating a dialogue space between evaluators and the evaluated social workers. It involved stakeholder meetings，observation of service environments，and systematic feedback loops. The evaluators focused on improving social worker autonomy，helping them critically reflect on their practices and adjust services based on community needs. Also，empowerment evaluation helps bridge the gap between social work theory and practice. By shifting the focus of evaluation from government oversight to professional development，social workers became more engaged in reflective practices，improving their service delivery. The empowerment approach also allowed for a more nuanced understanding of the social environments in which the social workers operated. For example，in one community where residents were resistant to paying property management fees，the empowerment evaluation process helped social workers mediate conflicts by fostering dialogue between residents and property management.

Several key mechanisms were identified as instrumental in professionalizing social work through practical process of empowerment evaluation：（1） Breaking the evaluator - evaluatee Divide：The evaluation process actively disrupted traditional hierarchies，where evaluators are seen as experts and social workers as mere subjects. Instead，social workers were treated as equal partners in the evaluation，enabling them to take ownership of the assessment and outcomes.（2） Fostering Environmental Integration：By emphasizing on-the-ground engagement，social workers deepened their understanding of the communities they served，allowing them to respond more effectively to local needs.（3） Process and effectiveness Oriented：The evaluators guide social workers to reflect on contentious issues，align service goals with community needs，and collaboratively design more integrated，reflective service frameworks for effective community governance.（4） Task-Driven Learning：The action-oriented nature of the evaluation provided social workers with concrete learning opportunities，directly connecting theoretical knowledge with practical applications.

Despite its strengths，the research faces limitations. The practice research methodology，while immersive，may limit the generalizability of the findings beyond the specific case of L City’s social governance projects. Additionally，the empowerment evaluation process requires significant time and resource investments，which may be challenging to replicate in less resource-rich settings. Another limitation is the heavy reliance on qualitative data，which，while offering deep insights，may lack the objectivity and generalizability of quantitative metrics.

In conclusion，this study demonstrates that empowerment evaluation can significantly contribute to the professionalization of social work by fostering a reflective，participatory process that enhances both service quality and social worker development. The evaluation shifts the focus from a top-down，government-driven model to a collaborative，bottom-up approach，creating space for social workers to engage critically with their work. However，the approach’s scalability and broader applicability remain areas for future research. In summary，this study presents empowerment evaluation as a promising method for enhancing the professional capacity of social workers while improving the overall effectiveness of social services.

（7）Institution-driven，Profession-constructed and Life-oriented：The Mechanisms of Promoting the Effectiveness of Professional Services by the Social Work Station

XU Xuanguo" LOU Yiping" WANG Xinxin·108·

Professionalism has been a core issue in the evolution of the social work profession for the past century. As social conditions evolve，the professionalism of social work in China has increasingly garnered attention from government entities，academic institutions，and practitioners. This focus has become crucial for addressing various social issues and promoting innovation in grassroots governance. The achievement of social work professionalism is closely linked to the provision of effective services. Social work stations，as a novel development platform distinct from traditional organizational structures，are better equipped to demonstrate the unique intrinsic mechanisms that enhance the effectiveness of social work services.

This paper establishes an analytical framework that integrates institutions，professions，and life by drawing on new institutionalism theory and a life-oriented social work perspective. It uses the Ma Qiao Street Social Work Station in Haining City as a research example，which is a professional social work organization that operates through government-purchased services. The paper employs a participatory observational research method over nearly two years to conduct an in-depth examination of the operational practices of the Ma Qiao Street Social Work Station and the mechanisms that contribute to its service effectiveness.

The research indicates that the Ma Qiao Street Social Work Station achieves professional effectiveness through three key strategies. Firstly，it empowers grassroots party organizations to enhance the development of a grassroots social governance ecology and resource network. Specifically，it focuses on creating an organizational ecology that fosters the development of social organizations and a service ecology that addresses grassroots social governance through diversified social services. This dual approach aims to establish a robust grassroots social governance ecology while actively building a network of social service resources and carrying out situational professional actions to promote the effective implementation of social work services in the villages and communities. In the implementation of specific services，social work stations use practical experience and local resources and advantages to combine professional characteristics with local characteristics so that professional actions are integrated into the local context and services are implemented at the grassroots better to meet the needs of the communities and residents. Thirdly，we should focus on life practices to strengthen the mutual construction between the service clients and the environment in which they live. In responding to and solving the daily problems and needs of the service clients，the social work station promotes positive changes in their life situations，thus helping them to realize a positive transformation from service recipients to helping others and then to active actors. From a deeper perspective，the first mechanism of institutional empowerment is driven by legitimacy，the second mechanism of professional services driven by situational construction，and the third mechanism of life practice driven by social work’s social intrinsic connotation，which are the generating mechanisms of the effectiveness of the services brought about by the operation of the social work station，and these three aspects are mutually reinforcing and influencing each other.

In the future，discussions regarding the effectiveness of Chinese social work must be more closely aligned with national and grassroots governance objectives，emphasizing the connection between professional actions and governance effectiveness. As a novel organizational form distinct from traditional social work agencies，social work stations embody institutional and social characteristics. These stations effectively bridge the gap between formal institutions and everyday life，promote the seamless integration of social work into local contexts，and enhance the effective delivery of services by functioning as a comprehensive platform.

Finally，this paper broadens the theoretical interpretation and empirical understanding of the intrinsic relationship between social work professionalism and effectiveness from the perspective of social work stations. It is important to note that this paper examines effective practice strategies in social work and their promotion mechanisms. It uses a street social work station in a county in northern Zhejiang Province as a case study. Future explorations and research are essential for refining theories and expanding case studies.

（8）The “Hidden Deviation” of Cooperative Production：The “Aid Receive” Action of Social Organizations and Its Formation Mechanism

WU Jiajun" YANG Liyang·132·

Cooperative production is centered around the participation of multiple stakeholders in the entire process of service production，aiming to break down the clear boundaries between traditional producers and consumers，emphasize resource sharing and cooperative interdependence among multiple stakeholders，and ultimately achieve value co creation around cooperative production issues. However，in the practical process of the existing government procurement of social services，it is difficult for multiple cooperative entities to form effective cooperation，resulting in the phenomenon of “invisible deviation” and affecting the effectiveness of cooperation. In order to promote the balanced development of social work and play an important role in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization，the “Hand in Hand Plan” project has become an important strategic way to narrow the regional development gap of social work in China and an important carrier to promote social work participation in rural revitalization and achieve common prosperity.

This project is a service project that，under the advocacy and support of the government，involves the joint design，implementation，and evaluation of multiple cooperative entities such as aid sending social organizations，government departments in the recipient regions，and social organizations to promote the development of social work. The diverse entities have significant characteristics of cooperative production，and the cooperation process is highly consistent with the theory of cooperative production. Therefore，analyzing the cooperative production of social organizations under the background of the Hand in Hand Plan from the perspective of cooperative production theory is reasonable. Specifically，this article takes the practical experience of H institution in implementing the “Hand in Hand Plan” project as an example，focuses on qualitative research methods，takes the theory of cooperative production as the research perspective，and based on the basic characteristics of social organizations’ “aid assistance”，further analyzes and reveals the logic and formation mechanism behind the phenomenon of cooperative production deviation. The study finds that the execution of the project requires multiple subjects to work together towards the given goals of the project to form a consensus on demand，and then take joint actions to help achieve the expected goals of the project. However，in fact，multiple subjects have different project expectations due to the characteristics of the project. At different stages of cooperative production，subtle and imperceptible “invisible deviation” action strategies occur，specifically manifested in the service authorization stage，The higher-level government adopts a performance oriented authorization approach to grant limited autonomy to aid social organizations，and the cooperating entities can only operate within the established framework and goals when executing projects；During the service design phase，the assisting social organizations and the municipal civil affairs departments in the receiving areas reached a formal consensus and conspired to meet the needs，while the receiving social organizations chose to adopt a strategy of silent agreement to cater；During the service delivery phase，the assisting social organizations adopt a rational calculation action strategy，successfully completing the designated project actions in a “twice the result with half the effort” manner according to the established quantitative plan，and flexibly getting rid of service resistance and conflicts under project deadlines. On the other hand，the assisting social organizations show a passive need for professional growth due to considerations of completing work assignments and meeting superior requirements；In the service evaluation stage，the performance oriented evaluation strategy directly leads to the formalization and ritualism of the evaluation process and conclusions，making it difficult to truly and effectively fulfill the evaluation responsibility.

The underlying reasons behind the above action strategies are multiple logical conflicts with the ideal cooperative production standards，namely，the deviation of dialogue between the upper and lower levels under a strong government system is the fundamental reason why the project is difficult to truly exert its effectiveness；Diversified cooperative entities place greater emphasis on maintaining the relationship between both parties，directly neglecting the effective expression of real needs，resulting in a “strong relationship weak ability” situation where the needs deviate from the original intention of the project due to “adaptation deviation”；The cooperative entities adopt a catering action strategy to achieve their respective values and interests，rather than creating common value，forming a “deviation in action” under the “instrumental” value negotiation；Third party evaluation organizations are limited by the maintenance of their relationship with the government and resource dependence，making it difficult for them to truly play a completely independent evaluation role. As a result，they are forced to become government “technical tools” and form “evaluation deviation” under the “invisible collusion”. This discovery provides useful insights for revealing the mechanism of mutual assistance behavior between social organizations，further exploring the underlying mechanisms of government procurement of social services，and studying the localization of cooperative production theory.