摘 要:本研究探討了紅景天多糖(rhodiola sachalinensis polysaccaride,RSP)對缺氧條件下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞增殖和凋亡的影響及其機制。通過CCK-8法測定細胞活力,篩選出RSP的最適宜濃度和預處理時間;設(shè)正常組、低氧組、低氧+RSP組,流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞周期和凋亡率,RT-qPCR檢測細胞增殖和凋亡相關(guān)基因(CCND1、CDK4、IL-6、TNF-a、Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3)mRNA表達水平,Western blot檢測Bax、Bcl-2、p21、JNK、p-JNK、p53表達水平。低氧條件下,豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞活力下降,經(jīng)0.0125mg·mL-1RSP預處理18h后,細胞活力有所提高。流式細胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示,RSP能緩解豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞低氧引起的細胞周期阻滯。RSP顯著上調(diào)Bcl-2、CCND1、CDK4的表達(Plt;0.05),下調(diào)TNF-α、IL-6、Bax、Caspase-3、p21、p53、pJNK/JNK的表達(Plt;0.05)。RSP能保證低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞由S期進入G2期,促進細胞增殖,抑制細胞凋亡,推測RSP通過p53/p21和JNK通路調(diào)控細胞增殖和凋亡。
關(guān)鍵詞:紅景天多糖;睪丸間質(zhì)細胞;低氧環(huán)境;增殖;凋亡
中圖分類號:S828.3
文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:0366-6964(2024)06-2441-10
收稿日期:2023-12-01
基金項目:青海省自然基金應用基礎(chǔ)研究(2022-ZJ-752)
作者簡介:羅金婷(1998-),女,廣東茂名人,碩士生,主要從事畜牧方面的研究,E-mail:1356372949@qq.com
*通信作者:吳國芳,主要從事地方豬種遺傳資源保護及利用研究,E-mail:qhdxwuguofang@126.com
The Effect of RSP on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis of Porcine Leydig Cells with Hypoxia
LUOJinting1,XUFafang2,WANGLei1,LUOXuan1,MAYuhong1,
ZHANGJianbo1,HUANGWeihua1,SHANGYuejun3,WUGuofang1*
(1.Stake Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Plateau Livestock Genetic Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs,Key Laboratory of Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative
Utilization of Qinghai Province,Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary
Medicine,Qinghai University,Xining810016,China; 2.Qinghai Mutual Aid Bamei
Pig Breeding Field,Haidong810599,China; 3.Qinghai Province Agriculture and Rural
Science and Technology Guidance Development Service Center,Xining810008,China)
Abstract:This study investigates the effect and mechanism of rhodiola sachalinensis polysaccaride(RSP)on the proliferation and apoptosis of procine leydig cells under hypoxia conditions.The appropriate hypoxia injury time,optimal RSP concentration and the pre-treattime duration determined by CCK-8assay.The experiment was divided into3groups,normal group,hypoxia group,and hypoxia+RSP group,and cell cycle proliferation and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry method,the cell proliferation and apoptosis-related genes(CCND1,CDK4,IL-6,TNF-a,Bcl-2,Bax and Caspase-3)mRNA expression levels was detect by RT-qPCR,Western blot was used to detect the expression of Bax,Bcl-2,p21,JNK,p-JNK and p53.The cell viability of porcine leydig cells was decreased under hypoxia,which could be alleviated after18hours of pretreatment with0.0125mg·mL-1RSP.The Flow cytometry results showed that RSP could alleviate cell cycle arrest induced by hypoxia in porcine leydig cells.RSP significantly up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2,CCND1,CDK4(Plt;0.05),and down-regulated the expression of TNF-α,IL-6,Bax,Caspase-3,and p21,p53,and pJNK/JNK(Plt;0.05).RSP helps ensure the normal progression of leydig cells from S-phase to G2-phase under hypoxia conditions,promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.It is speculated that RSP regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis through p53/p21and JNK pathways.
Key words:RSP; porcine leydig cells; hypoxia; proliferation; apoptosis
*Corresponding author:WU Guofang,E-mail:qhdxwuguofang@126.com
低氧是高原環(huán)境特征之一,是動物進入高原所面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。低氧會導致動物機體細胞內(nèi)的氧氣供應不足,從而影響動物的正常生理功能,需要一系列適應性調(diào)節(jié)來適應高原生活[1-2]。在適應調(diào)節(jié)過程中,機體由于應激反應的發(fā)生,會引起睪丸損傷、睪酮分泌減少及睪丸間質(zhì)細胞細胞的活力下降等問題[3-6]。睪酮主要由睪丸間質(zhì)細胞分泌,具有促進精子產(chǎn)生、調(diào)控性欲、維持性器官功能、性征發(fā)育等功能,在雄性生殖系統(tǒng)中起著重要的作用[7-9]。紅景天多糖作為植物多糖的一種,有抗低氧、抗不良刺激、抗損傷等多種功能[10-11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),精原干細胞的培養(yǎng)層中添加紅景天多糖能顯著促進精原干細胞增殖[12]。
本試驗選取豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞作為研究對象,通過探究紅景天多糖對低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的作用,為開發(fā)紅景天多糖作為雄性動物高原應激緩解及生殖功能保護添加劑提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試驗試劑
豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞購自廣州華拓生物科技有限公司,樣本取自大白豬仔豬;紅景天多糖50%購自西安青芷生物科技有限公司;CCK-8細胞活力檢測試劑盒購自Biosharp公司;細胞周期染色試劑盒購自聯(lián)科生物,凋亡試劑盒購自YESEN公司;RNA提取試劑盒、反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、熒光定量試劑盒購自寶日醫(yī)生物技術(shù)有限公司;蛋白裂解液、BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒購自Solarbio公司;SDS-PAGE凝膠快速制備試劑盒購自Biosharp公司;增強型化學發(fā)光檢測試劑購自美國ThermoScientific;兔抗(Phospho-JNK、Bcl-2、Bax、p53、p21、JNK),鼠抗(β-actin、β-tubulin)抗體購自武漢三鷹生物技術(shù)有限公司。
1.2 豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的培養(yǎng)
將本實驗室保存的5代左右的豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞從液氮中取出置于37℃純水中使其快速解凍,復蘇后,1000r·min-1離心10min,沉淀用完全培養(yǎng)基3mL重懸,放置在37℃,5%CO2的條件下靜置培養(yǎng),每隔24h換一次液,待細胞達到80%融合時,0.25%胰蛋白酶消化傳代,使用完全培養(yǎng)液重懸后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),用于試驗。
1.3 CCK-8檢測豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的細胞活力
低氧時間篩選:取對數(shù)生長期細胞制備細胞懸液,以1500個·孔-1的密度接種于96孔板,待細胞貼壁后,將細胞分為5組,分別低氧(1%O2,5%CO2,94%N2)處理0、12、18、24、30h。
藥物濃度及預處理時間篩選:將豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞以1500個·孔-1的密度接種于96孔板中,待細胞貼壁后進行處理。將細胞分為正常組、低氧組和空白組,空白組(不含細胞,含有相應濃度的RSP的培養(yǎng)液),正常組和低氧組細胞均分別采用0、0.0125、0.025、0.05mg·mL-1RSP濃度分別預培養(yǎng)豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞0、6、18、30h。低氧誘導后,去除原有培養(yǎng)液,加入新的培養(yǎng)液,每孔加10μL CCK-8溶液孵育2h,每組設(shè)4個重復,用酶標儀測定OD450nm值。計算公式:細胞活力=(OD試驗組-OD空白組)/(OD對照組-OD空白組)×100%。篩選最適紅景天多糖濃度及預處理時間用于后續(xù)試驗。
1.4 流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞周期與細胞凋亡的變化
將豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞以1×106個·孔-1的密度接種于6孔板,待細胞生長至60%后,將細胞分為正常組、低氧組、低氧+RSP組,檢測前使用無血清培養(yǎng)基饑餓處理一晚。按照細胞周期檢測試劑盒說明書收集細胞,加入1mL DNA染色液和10μL滲透液,渦旋混勻,室溫避光孵育30min后,用流式細胞儀檢測細胞周期。
細胞分組培養(yǎng)后,按細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒說明書收集細胞,加入5μL PI和5μL Annexin V染色液,4 ℃避光孵育10min,用流式細胞儀檢測細胞凋亡。
1.5 RT-qPCR檢測影響因子的表達
利用TaKaRa總RNA提取試劑盒提取細胞總RNA,通過瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析RNA降解程度以及是否有污染,并用超微量核酸蛋白測定儀檢測RNA的純度。按照反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒的說明書將mRNA進行反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA。RT-qPCR對白介素6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)、細胞周期素D1(cyclin D1,CCND1)、細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶4(cyclin-dependent Kinase4,CDK4)、B淋巴細胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相關(guān)蛋白(Bcl2-associated X,Bax)與細胞凋亡蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)等細胞影響因子的mRNA表達水平進行檢測,引物序列見表1。采用SYBR Green法以cDNA為模板進行實時熒光定量檢測,試驗每組設(shè)3個重復。根據(jù)2-ΔΔCt的公式計算所測基因的相對表達量。
1.6 Western blot檢測相關(guān)蛋白的表達
細胞分組及培養(yǎng)同“1.4”,用蛋白裂解液提取細胞總蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度,將蛋白濃度調(diào)整一致后,進行SDS電泳(80V恒壓,Marker分離后,120V恒壓),轉(zhuǎn)膜(200mA恒流,2.5h),封膜2h,分別使用Bax、Bcl-2、細胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶抑制劑(cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor1A,p21)、c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)、p-JNK、腫瘤抑制蛋白53(tumor suppressor protein,p53)的一抗和對應的二抗孵育,最后用Bio-Rad Chemi Doc XRS+曝光系統(tǒng)檢測目的蛋白,使用Image J軟件分析和計算蛋白條帶灰度值。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學分析
采用SPSS26.0軟件單因素方差分析法(ANOVA)進行統(tǒng)計學分析,用LSD法進行多重比較,Plt;0.05表示差異顯著,Pgt;0.05表示差異不顯著。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 低氧對豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞活力的影響
低氧誘導12、18、24、30h后,與培養(yǎng)0h相比,豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞活力都顯著降低(P<0.05),其中低氧誘導18h時細胞活力最低,選取18h為后續(xù)試驗低氧處理時間(圖1)。
2.2 RSP對低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞活力的影響
如圖2所示,與低氧組相比,0.012 5、0.025和0.05mg·mL-1RSP預處理18h時,顯著提高了豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的細胞活力(Plt;0.05),其中,低氧+0.012 5mg·mL-1RSP組細胞活力最高且與正常組最接近。因此,確定后續(xù)試驗的最佳RSP培養(yǎng)濃度為0.012 5mg·mL-1,預培養(yǎng)時間為18h。
2.3 RSP對低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞增殖的影響
2.3.1 流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞周期的變化
流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞周期的結(jié)果顯示(圖3),正常組、低氧組及低氧+RSP組的G1期細胞占比分別為62.73%、50.83%、59.14%;S期分別為17.33%、33.60%、17.82%;G2期分別為19.94%、15.57%、23.04%。與正常組相比,低氧組S期的細胞數(shù)量增多,G1和G2期的細胞數(shù)量減少;RSP處理后,與低氧組相比S期的細胞數(shù)量減少,G1和G2期的細胞數(shù)量增多,各期細胞占比與正常組接近。
2.3.2 RSP對低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞增殖相關(guān)基因mRNA表達的影響
與正常組相比(圖4),低氧組CCND1和CDK4的mRNA表達量分別顯著降低至正常組的32.08%和25.38%(Plt;0.05)。與低氧組相比,低氧+RSP組CCND1和CDK4的mRNA表達量分別顯著增加1.89倍和4.31倍(Plt;0.05)。
2.3.3 Western blot檢測RSP對豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的影響
我們本研究檢測了與CCND1和CDK4相關(guān)的p53/p21通路關(guān)鍵因子的表達。Western blot結(jié)果顯示(圖5),與正常組相比,低氧顯著增加了p21和p53蛋白含量(Plt;0.05)。與低氧組相比,低氧+RSP組豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞中p21和p53蛋白表達量分別顯著降低16.24%和40.59%(Plt;0.05)。
2.4 RSP對低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞凋亡的影響
2.4.1 流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞凋亡的變化
流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞凋亡的試驗結(jié)果顯示(圖6),正常組、低氧組及低氧+RSP組的凋亡率分別為5.92%、15.44%及7.73%;與正常組相比,低氧組的豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的凋亡率顯著上升(Plt;0.05);與低氧組相比,低氧+RSP組的細胞凋亡率明顯降低(Plt;0.05),且接近正常組的凋亡率。
2.4.2 RT-qPCR檢測RSP對豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞凋亡相關(guān)基因mRNA表達的影響
實時熒光定量PCR結(jié)果顯示,與正常組相比,低氧組中凋亡相關(guān)的因子Bax、Caspase-3、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA表達量升高,Bcl-2的mRNA表達量顯著降低(圖7);與低氧組相比,低氧+RSP組Bax、Caspase-3、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA表達量顯著降低(Plt;0.05),而Bcl-2的mRNA表達量是低氧組的3.7倍(Plt;0.05)。
2.4.3 RSP對低氧環(huán)境下豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的影響
已知IL-6、TNF-α均與JNK信號通路的激活有關(guān),因此,我們檢測了JNK通路上pJNK/JNK、Bax和Bcl-2的蛋白表達(圖8)。結(jié)果顯示,與正常組相比,低氧組豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞中Bax和pJNK/JNK的表達顯著升高(Plt;0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表達顯著降低(Plt;0.05);與低氧組相比,低氧+RSP組豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞Bax、pJNK/JNK蛋白表達量顯著降低(Plt;0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表達量顯著升高(Plt;0.05)。
3 討 論
隨著海拔高度的不斷增加,大氣壓下降,空氣中的氧氣含量也隨之下降低[13]。睪丸間質(zhì)細胞在動物雄性生殖系統(tǒng)中扮演著重要的角色,其主要功能包括睪酮產(chǎn)生、調(diào)節(jié)精子發(fā)生、維持睪丸結(jié)構(gòu)和參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)等[14]。供氧不足會導致細胞產(chǎn)生損傷,數(shù)量與形態(tài)發(fā)生變化,細胞功能發(fā)生紊亂或異常,甚至導致細胞死亡[15]。細胞的功能障礙會導致生殖系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[16]。已知紅景天能夠緩解高原低氧引起的氧化損傷[17]。本試驗中,低氧處理后豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的細胞活力降低,加入不同濃度RSP預培養(yǎng)豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞18和30h均有效提高了細胞活力,說明RSP可有效保護低氧對豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞的細胞活力的損傷。
細胞受到不良刺激時,會通過抑制增殖來維持細胞的生命活動[18]。已有研究表明,低氧將細胞阻滯在G1時期,抑制細胞增殖[19]。李俊濤等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),RSP具有促進精原干細胞增殖的功能。細胞周期進程由多個細胞周期蛋白控制,其中CCND1和CDK4可以形成活躍的CCND1/CDK4復合物,驅(qū)動細胞周期的進行[21]。P53、P21與細胞周期停滯相關(guān),p21作為p53的下游靶標,當細胞受到損傷或應激時會被激活,進而抑制細胞周期CDK4和CCND1的活性,導致細胞周期停滯[22-26]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在肝星狀細胞中,p53/p21信號通路的激活可誘導細胞衰老,抑制增殖[27];在血管平滑肌細胞中加入雷帕霉素,能夠抑制p53/p21信號通路來減輕細胞衰老并抑制細胞周期停滯[28];造血干/祖細胞中添加紫薯花青素可以通過調(diào)節(jié)p53/p21信號通路來保護細胞免受輻射損傷[29]。本試驗通過低氧處理細胞后,豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞停滯在S期、G1期和G2/M期的細胞數(shù)顯著減少,而RSP可以有效緩解低氧導致的細胞周期阻滯,維持正常細胞周期進程。低氧會導致豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞中CCND1和CDK4的mRNA表達降低,p21和p53的蛋白表達增加,RSP的加入可以上調(diào)CDK4、CCND1水平,下調(diào)p53、p21水平,促進細胞增殖,推測可能通過p53/p21信號通路影響細胞增殖凋亡。
當細胞生存的環(huán)境條件發(fā)生變化時,細胞還會促進細胞凋亡以維持細胞平衡[30-31]。介導細胞凋亡的通路主要分為線粒體通路、死亡受體通路、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)通路[32]等。JNK信號通路作為內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)通路中一種重要的應激反應途徑,在細胞凋亡過程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵的作用[33]。當細胞受到外界刺激時,JNK信號通路被激活,通過磷酸化一系列底物蛋白調(diào)控細胞的凋亡[34]。研究表明,低氧會激活JNK信號通路,通過磷酸化Bcl-2家族蛋白和激活caspase家族蛋白,促進IL-6和TNF-α的合成,誘導細胞凋亡的發(fā)生[35-39]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),JNK抑制劑可以通過抑制JNK通路來保護大鼠腦死亡下的心肌細胞[40];雙膽堿通過降低JNK活化,抑制細胞凋亡,保護脂肪細胞[41];肉豆蔻素通過抑制JNK信號通路,調(diào)節(jié)促凋亡Bax和抗凋亡Bcl-2蛋白的活性,抑制肝細胞凋亡[42]。我們本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低氧可導致細胞凋亡率升高,添加RSP能夠緩解低氧導致的細胞凋亡,并且使JNK通路相關(guān)因子IL-6、TNF-α、Bax、Caspase-3、pJNK/JNK的表達減少和Bcl-2的表達上調(diào),推測RSP可能通過JNK通路來調(diào)控豬睪丸間質(zhì)細胞凋亡。
4 結(jié) 論
本研究證實,紅景天多糖對睪丸間質(zhì)細胞低氧引起的損傷有緩解作用,能夠維持低氧環(huán)境下睪丸間質(zhì)細胞從S期向G2/M期的正常轉(zhuǎn)換,促進細胞增殖,抑制細胞凋亡,推測是通過p53/p21和JNK通路調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖及凋亡相關(guān)因子完成的。
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(編輯 郭云雁)