[摘要] 高血壓是常見(jiàn)的心血管疾病,左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)是其常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥。心電及血壓指標(biāo)是臨床上用于評(píng)估心血管疾病的常見(jiàn)指標(biāo)。近年來(lái),隨著檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,它們?cè)谠u(píng)價(jià)LVH方面展現(xiàn)出重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。本文綜述心電及血壓指標(biāo)在LVH中的臨床應(yīng)用進(jìn)展,并對(duì)未來(lái)的研究趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行展望。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 高血壓;左心室肥厚;心電圖;動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖;動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R541.75; R540.4
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2095-9354(2024)03-0312-04
DOI: 10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2024.03.018
[引用格式] 張希鈴, 王新康. 心電及血壓指標(biāo)在高血壓合并左心室肥厚中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J]. 實(shí)用心電學(xué)雜志, 2024, 33(3): 312-315.
Progress of electrocardiological and blood pressure indicators applied in hypertension complicated by left ventricular hypertrophy
ZHANG Xiling1, WANG Xinkang2
(1. Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian 350001; 2. Department of ECG Diagnosis, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou Fujian 350008, China)
[Abstract]Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is its common complication. Electrocardiological and blood pressure indicators are frequently used to assess cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice. In recent years, with advances in detection technologies, they have shown significant application values on the evaluation of LVH. This article reviews the progress of the clinical applications of electrocardiological and blood pressure indicators in LVH, and provides an outlook on future research trends.
[Key words]hypertension; left ventricular hypertrophy; electrocardiogram; ambulatory electrocardiography; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
《中國(guó)心血管健康與疾病報(bào)告2022概要》顯示,我國(guó)高血壓患病人數(shù)已達(dá)2.45億[1]。左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)是心臟質(zhì)量及結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變的一種常見(jiàn)病,而高血壓是導(dǎo)致LVH的主要病因之一。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)基層社區(qū)人群的橫斷面調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,42.7%的高血壓患者伴有LVH,高血壓和LVH都是心腦血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可能會(huì)顯著增加心血管事件及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。
高血壓導(dǎo)致LVH的主要病理生理機(jī)制是血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變。長(zhǎng)期的血壓升高會(huì)使左心室后負(fù)荷增加,心肌細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)代償性肥大,左心室肌壁逐漸增厚、僵硬度增加,最終導(dǎo)致心室?guī)缀谓Y(jié)構(gòu)的重塑,并進(jìn)一步出現(xiàn)心電信號(hào)在心室內(nèi)傳導(dǎo)不規(guī)則、心臟的收縮和舒張功能下降。另一個(gè)重要的機(jī)制是神經(jīng)體液因素,即交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的慢性激活。研究表明,交感神經(jīng)與心臟肥大和纖維化相關(guān),對(duì)原發(fā)性高血壓大鼠模型行交感神經(jīng)切除術(shù),可導(dǎo)致其血壓降低、左心質(zhì)量恢復(fù)正常[3]。LVH的進(jìn)展可分為三個(gè)階段[4]:① 進(jìn)展期,左心室收縮功能正常伴有舒張功能障礙1級(jí);② 代償期,心肌細(xì)胞進(jìn)行左心室重塑,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)保持正常,舒張功能障礙發(fā)展到2—3級(jí);③ 失代償期,出現(xiàn)心力衰竭。
LVH患者的預(yù)后與全因死亡率、充血性心力衰竭、舒張功能障礙、心肌梗死、冠狀動(dòng)脈血流儲(chǔ)備減少、腦卒中、心律失常和心臟性猝死等密切相關(guān)。對(duì)高血壓患者盡早開(kāi)展積極管理,可以有效預(yù)防或逆轉(zhuǎn)LVH,并顯著降低不良事件的發(fā)生率[5]。因此,對(duì)高血壓患者的血壓、電生理監(jiān)測(cè)及治療尤為重要。近年來(lái),隨著檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,心電及血壓指標(biāo)在評(píng)價(jià)LVH方面展現(xiàn)出重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,可以協(xié)助臨床對(duì)高血壓患者合并LVH進(jìn)行篩查診斷、危險(xiǎn)分層、治療管理及預(yù)后評(píng)估。
1 心電圖
心電圖目前仍然是LVH篩查的首選項(xiàng)目。LVH發(fā)生時(shí),通常伴隨著心電圖QRS波群電壓及時(shí)間的改變、電軸左偏、ST-T改變等。2009年AHA/ACCF/HRS提出的LVH心電圖診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多達(dá)36種,我國(guó)專(zhuān)家建議心電圖篩查和診斷LVH的指標(biāo)為Sokolow-Lyon電壓(SV1+RV5)、RaVL、Cornell電壓(SV3+RaVL)以及Cornell電壓-時(shí)間乘積[2,6]。其中,Sokolow-Lyon電壓gt;3.5 mV是最常用的LVH初篩指標(biāo),具有特異性高、敏感度低(大多l(xiāng)t;30%)的特點(diǎn)。張瑾文[7]將Sokolow-Lyon電壓、Cornell電壓、ST-T改變?nèi)齻€(gè)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用共同診斷LVH,其診斷結(jié)果與超聲心動(dòng)圖的一致性為0.832,敏感性及特異性分別達(dá)到95.71%和86.67%。此外,還有一些研究提出,可以基于性別、BMI等對(duì)心電圖診斷指標(biāo)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以構(gòu)建敏感性更高的LVH診斷模型[8-9]。大量研究表明,心電參數(shù)的改變不僅可用于LVH的診斷和篩查,而且對(duì)高血壓人群也具有極高的預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。OKIN等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),較小的心電參數(shù)改變與較低的心血管事件及死亡率相關(guān),以降低LVH患者Cornell電壓和Sokolow-Lyon電壓為目標(biāo)的降壓治療可改善該類(lèi)群體的預(yù)后。YI等[11]研究指出,依據(jù)Sokolow-Lyon電壓或Cornell電壓診斷的LVH與高血壓患者腦卒中的進(jìn)展相關(guān),納入心電參數(shù)有助于改善高血壓患者腦卒中的危險(xiǎn)分層。O’NEAL等[12]研究表明,心電圖表現(xiàn)為L(zhǎng)VH和QT間期延長(zhǎng)的患者,其缺血性腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。DIMOPOULOS等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),QTc離散度是左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,可用于對(duì)高血壓老年患者及血壓正常的老年患者進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層。
近年來(lái),有許多研究提出尋找新的LVH心電圖診斷指標(biāo),也有研究認(rèn)為心電指標(biāo)在不同人群中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值存在差異。PEGUERO等[14]研究表明,如果任一導(dǎo)聯(lián)中最深的S波振幅聯(lián)合SV4構(gòu)建LVH的心電圖診斷模型,即Peguero-Lo Presti標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則AUC值可達(dá)0.8,其敏感性顯著優(yōu)于Sokolow-Lyon電壓及Cornell電壓(分別為62%、17%和35%),且仍保持較高的特異性(分別為90%、98%和92%)。但該研究樣本量較少,且主要針對(duì)白種人群,因此存在一定的局限性。SUN等[15]后續(xù)將該指標(biāo)應(yīng)用于中國(guó)人群,結(jié)果表明Peguero-Lo Presti標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比Sokolow-Lyon電壓和Cornell電壓具有更高的敏感性,但特異性較低;通過(guò)改變截?cái)嘀?,Cornell電壓診斷LVH的敏感性及特異性均高于Peguero-Lo Presti標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。TSIACHRIS等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),7種心電診斷指標(biāo)(Sokolow-Lyon電壓、Sokolow-Lyon電壓-時(shí)間乘積、Cornell電壓、Cornell電壓-時(shí)間乘積、Gubner-Ungerleider電壓、Lewis電壓和Framingham標(biāo)準(zhǔn))對(duì)不同年齡層人群的診斷價(jià)值存在差異,因此建議在選擇檢測(cè)LVH的心電指標(biāo)時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮年齡因素。
心電圖是一項(xiàng)價(jià)格低廉、易于普及的檢查項(xiàng)目。進(jìn)一步明確心電指標(biāo)在不同人群中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值、為不同人群匹配最適合的心電指標(biāo),對(duì)LVH的篩查與診治具有重要意義。
2 動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖
動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖是一種連續(xù)記錄心臟電活動(dòng)的檢測(cè)方法。動(dòng)態(tài)心電記錄儀通過(guò)持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)心臟每搏心動(dòng)周期的變化,可以獲得反映心肌細(xì)微電生理改變的參數(shù),即心率變異性(heart rate variability,HRV),并有效記錄心律失常事件。HRV常被用來(lái)反映自主神經(jīng)張力。HRV分析主要分為線(xiàn)性和非線(xiàn)性分析方法,目前最常用的是HRV線(xiàn)性分析。HRV指標(biāo)可分為時(shí)域指標(biāo)(SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD、pNN50等)和頻域指標(biāo)(HF、LF、VLF、ULF等),其與高血壓患者的靶器官損害密切相關(guān)[17]。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓患者合并LVH與HRV相關(guān),具體表現(xiàn)為這類(lèi)患者的HRV相關(guān)指標(biāo)降低且與LVH嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[18-20]。王宏保等[21]研究指出,在降壓治療的同時(shí),通過(guò)改善HRV有助于逆轉(zhuǎn)高血壓所導(dǎo)致的LVH。ALWANY[22]提出,高血壓引起的LVH與高血壓患者死亡率和心律失常風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加有關(guān),而最常見(jiàn)的心律失常為心房顫動(dòng)和室性早搏。YANG等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),室性早搏具有誘發(fā)左心室擴(kuò)大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并且與HRV密切相關(guān),SDNN、SDANN等指標(biāo)降低是左心室擴(kuò)大的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
由此可見(jiàn),在高血壓的治療過(guò)程中,動(dòng)態(tài)心電監(jiān)測(cè)不容忽視,其能夠更好地輔助臨床進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層與治療管理。隨著穿戴式設(shè)備的普及,動(dòng)態(tài)心電指標(biāo)更易獲得。動(dòng)態(tài)心電指標(biāo)與疾病篩查、治療管理相結(jié)合在未來(lái)將是大勢(shì)所趨,但目前關(guān)于動(dòng)態(tài)心電指標(biāo)與高血壓相關(guān)LVH的研究尚不充分,仍需進(jìn)一步完善。
3 動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)
2017年由ACC/AHA等發(fā)起制定的高血壓指南強(qiáng)調(diào)了診室外血壓監(jiān)測(cè)的重要性[24]。COCCINA等[25]研究指出,動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)(ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)隱匿性高血壓。血壓過(guò)度升高或降低都可能造成心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,而ABPM能更準(zhǔn)確地反映全天的血壓情況及其晝夜節(jié)律,對(duì)指導(dǎo)LVH患者的藥物治療有重要意義[26-27]。隨著ABPM的臨床應(yīng)用不斷深入,衍生出血壓變異性(blood pressure variability,BPV)來(lái)量化分析血壓的晝夜節(jié)律特征,具體包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、變異系數(shù)、平均真實(shí)變異性、殘余BPV等。經(jīng)24 h ABPM獲得的BPV被定義為短期BPV,其與LVH密切相關(guān)[28]。MAHABALA等[29]綜合多項(xiàng)研究后提出,與臨床監(jiān)測(cè)的血壓數(shù)據(jù)相比,ABPM數(shù)據(jù)與LVH的相關(guān)性更高,對(duì)靶器官損害的預(yù)測(cè)也更準(zhǔn)確。CHEN等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)非杓型高血壓與LVH相關(guān),以逆轉(zhuǎn)非杓型高血壓為目標(biāo)的治療可以減輕心臟損傷。MUL等[31]研究指出,相較于平均血壓水平的升高,短期BPV的增加更容易導(dǎo)致高血壓患者的靶器官損傷和心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加,而通過(guò)治療降低BPV,可以減少靶器官損傷和降低心血管事件的發(fā)生率。LIN等[32]也認(rèn)為BPV與LVH之間存在相關(guān)性,建議臨床注意監(jiān)測(cè)原發(fā)性高血壓患者的BPV。近年來(lái),隨著各類(lèi)無(wú)袖帶穿戴式血壓檢測(cè)設(shè)備的出現(xiàn),24 h連續(xù)、無(wú)創(chuàng)的血壓監(jiān)測(cè)成為可能,動(dòng)態(tài)血壓指標(biāo)也更可靠、更易獲得。動(dòng)態(tài)血壓數(shù)據(jù)及其衍生指標(biāo)可以更好地對(duì)高血壓患者進(jìn)行并發(fā)癥的篩查、診斷和治療管理。因此,進(jìn)一步明確動(dòng)態(tài)血壓指標(biāo)與LVH的關(guān)系,可以促使高血壓患者疾病管理的日常化。
4 小結(jié)
高血壓合并LVH的篩查與診斷需要綜合考慮,而心臟的幾何及電生理結(jié)構(gòu)改變可反映在心電及血壓指標(biāo)上。盡管單一指標(biāo)在一定程度上也能反映LVH的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但多指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)能提供更全面的視角,有望為臨床決策提供更多信息。心電圖對(duì)LVH具有一定的篩查和評(píng)估價(jià)值,而動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)心電及血壓的變化可用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)LVH患者的療效、及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)心血管不良事件并優(yōu)化用藥方案。正確的降壓治療能降低左心室電壓,改善HRV及BPV,降低心血管事件發(fā)生率及死亡率。隨著檢測(cè)手段的優(yōu)化和穿戴式設(shè)備的普及,心電及血壓指標(biāo)變得更易獲得,未來(lái)的研究應(yīng)該更加注重多參數(shù)的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,以及早發(fā)現(xiàn)LVH并制定更有效的治療策略,改善高血壓患者的預(yù)后。
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(收稿日期: 2024-01-09)
(本文編輯: 顧艷)