基金項目:云南省科技廳-昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究聯(lián)合專項(202201AY070001-126)
作者單位:昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院超聲醫(yī)學(xué)科(郵編650101)
作者簡介:劉小艷(1989),女,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事腹部器官超聲診斷方面的研究。E-mail:873002564@qq.com
△通信作者 E-mail:burui0703@163.com
摘要:目的 分析肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)Sonazoid超聲造影(CEUS)的特點與病理分化程度的相關(guān)性。方法 納入行CEUS檢查并經(jīng)病理確診為HCC的患者64例,共64個病灶,根據(jù)病理分化程度將其分為高、中、低分化組,分別為6、48和10例。比較不同病理分化程度HCC的CEUS動脈期增強形態(tài)、增強水平和增強模式。結(jié)果 動脈期增強形態(tài)分為均勻增強和不均勻增強2種,低分化組所有病灶及58.3%中分化組病灶呈不均勻高增強;高分化組病灶可呈均勻高增強、均勻等增強和不均勻高增強3種表現(xiàn)。動脈期,所有中、低分組病灶和66.7%高分化組病灶呈高增強,不同分化程度HCC的增強水平差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);門脈期,高、中、低分化組分別有16.7%、25.0%和70.0%的病灶消退成低增強,不同分化程度HCC的增強水平差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);延遲期,75%中分化組病灶和所有低分化組病灶呈低增強,66.7%高分化組病灶呈等增強,不同分化程度HCC的增強水平差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);Kupffer期,所有低分化組和95.8%中分化組病灶呈低增強,高分化組中仍有50%的病灶呈等增強,不同分化程度HCC的增強水平差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。高分化組病灶表現(xiàn)為多種CEUS模式,中分化組病灶以“快進快退”、“快進慢退”為主,90.0%低分化組病灶呈“快進快退”模式,不同分化程度HCC的CEUS模式差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 Sonazoid-CEUS在評估HCC病理分化程度方面具有一定價值。
關(guān)鍵詞:肝腫瘤;病理學(xué);造影劑;Sonazoid;超聲造影
中圖分類號:R735.7 文獻標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20231409
Value of Sonazoid contrast-enhanced ultrasound for preoperatively evaluating pathological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma
LIU Xiaoyan, BU Rui△, LU Jianfei, DING Yu, ZHANG Xing
Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: burui0703@163.com
Abstract: Objective To analyze the correlation between the characteristics of Sonazoid contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and pathological differentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods A total of 64 patients with HCC diagnosed pathologically by CEUS examination were included, and a total of 64 lesions were divided into the high, medium and low differentiation groups (6, 48 and 10 cases, respectively) according to the degree of pathological differentiation. The enhancement pattern, enhancement level and enhancement pattern of CEUS arterial stage in HCC with different pathological differentiation were compared. Results The enhancement pattern of arterial phase was divided into the uniform enhancement and the uneven enhancement. All lesions in the low differentiated group and 58.3% in the middle differentiated group showed uneven and high enhancement. In the highly differentiated group, lesions showed homogenous hyperintensification, homogenous isointensification and non-homogenous hyperintensification. At arterial stage, all lesions in the middle and low differentiated groups and 66.7% lesions in the highly differentiated group showed high enhancement, and the enhancement levels of HCC with different differentiation degrees were significantly different (P<0.01). At the portal stage, 16.7%, 25.0% and 70.0% lesions in the high, medium and low differentiated HCC groups subsided to low enhancement, and the enhancement levels of HCC with different differentiation degrees were significantly different (P<0.05). In the delayed stage, 75% lesions in the medium-differentiated group and all lesions in the low-differentiated group showed low enhancement, and 66.7% lesions in the highly differentiated group showed equal enhancement. Enhancement levels of HCC with different differentiation degrees were significantly different (P<0.01). At the Kupffer stage, all lesions in the low differentiated group and 95.8% of the moderately differentiated group showed low enhancement, while 50% lesions in the highly differentiated group still showed equal enhancement, and there were significant differences in the enhancement levels of HCC with different differentiation degrees (P<0.01). The highly differentiated group showed multiple CEUS patterns, the moderately differentiated group mainly showed \"fast advance and fast retreat\" and \"fast advance and slow retreat\" patterns, and 90.0% of the low differentiated group showed \"fast advance and fast retreat\" patterns. There were significant differences in CEUS patterns between HCC with different degrees of differentiation (P<0.01). Conclusion Sonazoid-CEUS has certain value in evaluating the differentiation degree of HCC.
Key words: liver neoplasms; pathology; contrast media; Sonazoid; contrast-enhanced ultrasound
肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是肝癌的主要組織學(xué)亞型,也是癌癥相關(guān)死亡的常見原因之一[1]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC患者的預(yù)后與腫瘤病理分化程度有關(guān),高分化HCC比中、低分化HCC的轉(zhuǎn)移及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險低[2-3]。因此,術(shù)前預(yù)測HCC病理分化程度有助于臨床制定治療方案和評估患者預(yù)后。傳統(tǒng)影像學(xué)檢查僅能識別腫瘤的形態(tài)學(xué)差異,無法提供腫瘤病理分化程度方面的深度信息。隨著超聲造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,其在肝臟腫瘤的應(yīng)用日漸成熟。Sonazoid是由全氟丁烷微球構(gòu)成的新型二代超聲對比劑,具有較高密度和較好穩(wěn)定性等特點,能在循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中存在較長的時間,同時Sonazoid可被肝內(nèi)Kupffer細(xì)胞吞噬形成特有的Kupffer相[4],提高肝臟疾病的診斷效能[5-6]。目前國內(nèi)關(guān)于Sonazoid在肝臟腫瘤方面應(yīng)用較少,本研究以病理診斷為參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),探討Sonazoid-CEUS對術(shù)前預(yù)測HCC病理分化程度的價值。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 選取2020年7月—2021年12月于昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院就診的肝臟局灶性病變患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前均行Sonazoid-CEUS檢查。(2)各時相的CEUS影像完整。(3)病灶經(jīng)手術(shù)切除或穿刺活檢病理證實為原發(fā)性HCC。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)病灶曾行介入(消融或肝動脈栓塞化療)手術(shù)及免疫、靶向等治療。(2)CEUS影像不佳。對于多發(fā)病灶的患者,選擇最大病灶進行分析,最終共納入64例患者,64個HCC病灶,10例為穿刺活檢,54例為手術(shù)切除后病理證實。肝硬化50例(78.1%),非肝硬化14例(21.9%)。男55例,女9例,年齡26~73歲,平均(48.0±12.2)歲,病灶直徑1.9~14.4 cm,其中9個(14.1%)病灶小于3 cm,29個(45.3%)病灶為3~5 cm,26個(40.6%)病灶大于5 cm。本研究獲醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(倫理審查編號:審-PJ-科-2023-142)。
1.2 常規(guī)超聲及CEUS 采用Siemens Acuson S3000超聲診斷儀,使用C6-1凸陣探頭,頻率3.5~5 MHz,機械指數(shù)(MI)為0.2,聚焦點位于目標(biāo)病灶底部,對比劑為Sonazoid(美國GE公司、產(chǎn)品批號14988161),全氟丁烷微球按0.12 μL/kg經(jīng)肘靜脈團注,隨后推注5 mL生理鹽水快速沖管。先行灰階超聲掃查全肝,選擇目標(biāo)病灶后,切換至CEUS模式,注射對比劑后即刻開啟計時器并存儲動態(tài)圖像,2 min內(nèi)連續(xù)動態(tài)掃查病灶,2~5 min內(nèi)間斷掃查病灶及全肝,5 min后囑患者休息,15 min再次掃查病灶及全肝觀察有無其他病灶,觀察并記錄病灶在各時期的灌注模式及增強水平。本研究所有患者在注射Sonazoid對比劑后,均未見胸悶氣促、血壓異常、紅斑皮疹等不良反應(yīng)。
1.3 圖像分析 由2名具有5年以上肝臟超聲造影診斷經(jīng)驗的醫(yī)師獨立分析CEUS圖像,若2名醫(yī)師診斷一致,則診斷成立;診斷不一致時以協(xié)商結(jié)果為準(zhǔn)。造影時相定義參照2020年版CEUS指南[7]:動脈期(10~20 s至30~45 s)、門脈期(30~45 s至120 s)、延遲期(大于120 s,持續(xù)4~8 min)、Kupffer期(8 min至大約30 min)。與周圍肝實質(zhì)的增強情況對比,將病灶增強水平分為高、等、低增強3種,觀察并記錄病灶CEUS相關(guān)特征。
將64個HCC病灶的CEUS模式分為5種:(1)快進快退,病灶動脈期呈高增強,門脈期提前消退為低增強。(2)快進慢退,病灶動脈期呈高增強,門脈期未見消退,延遲期呈低增強。(3)快進同退,病灶動脈期呈高增強,門脈期和延遲期均未見消退,Kupffer期呈等增強。(4)同進同退,整個造影觀察期病灶與周圍肝實質(zhì)增強水平一致。(5)快進同退并Kupffer期消退,病灶動脈期呈高增強,門脈期未見消退,延遲期呈等增強,Kupffer期消退為低增強。
1.4 病理分析 1名不知曉術(shù)前影像學(xué)結(jié)果、從事肝臟病理診斷10年以上的病理醫(yī)師按Edmonson法[8]標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將HCC病灶組織學(xué)上分為Ⅰ—Ⅳ級,Ⅰ級為高分化(高分化組,6例),Ⅱ、Ⅲ級為中分化(中分化組,48例),Ⅳ級為低分化(低分化組,10例)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 25.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料以[x] ±s表示,計數(shù)資以例(%)表示,組間比較采用Fisher確切概率法,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 不同分化程度HCC病灶CEUS動脈期增強形態(tài) 低分化組所有病灶動脈期均呈不均勻高增強;中分化組中28個(58.3%)病灶呈不均勻高增強,20個(41.7%)病灶呈均勻高增強;高分化組中2個(33.3%)病灶呈均勻高增強,2個(33.3%)病灶呈均勻等增強,2個(33.3%)病灶呈不均勻高增強。
2.2 不同分化程度的HCC病灶CEUS增強水平比較 動脈期,所有中、低分化組病灶和66.7%高分化組病灶呈高增強,33.3%高分化組病灶呈等增強;門脈期,高、中、低分化組分別有16.7%、25.0%和70.0%的病灶消退成低增強;延遲期,75%中分化組病灶和所有低分化組病灶呈低增強,66.7%高分化組病灶呈等增強;Kupffer期,所有低分化組和95.8%中分化組病灶呈低增強,高分化組中仍有50%的病灶呈等增強。不同分化程度HCC的增強水平差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見表1。
2.3 不同分化程度HCC病灶CEUS增強模式的比較 高分化組病灶可表現(xiàn)為多種CEUS模式,75.0%(36/48)中分化組病灶呈“快進快退”、“快進慢退”模式,90.0%低分化組病灶呈“快進快退”模式,不同分化程度HCC的CEUS模式差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。17.2%(11/64)的病灶在延遲期未消退,在Kupffer期消退明顯,見表2,各分化HCC病灶典型圖像見圖1—3。
3 討論
診斷HCC腫瘤分化程度的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是術(shù)后組織病理學(xué)檢查。近年由于影像學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,增強CT和增強MRI可以術(shù)前預(yù)測HCC病理分化情況[9-10],但其對比劑受患者肝腎功能和過敏情況的限制,而超聲對比劑Sonazoid無論是經(jīng)靜脈注射還是皮下注射,均具備較好的安全性和耐受性[11],且CEUS時間分辨率優(yōu)于其他影像學(xué)檢查,能實時、不間斷地動態(tài)觀察和分析腫瘤內(nèi)部微灌注情況。
HCC的生物學(xué)行為依賴腫瘤內(nèi)新生血管的形成。Deng等[12]通過CEUS證實HCC內(nèi)血流灌注參數(shù)與腫瘤分化程度有關(guān)。本研究通過分析不同分化程度HCC的Sonazoid-CEUS血流灌注特點,探討CEUS術(shù)前預(yù)測腫瘤病理分化程度的價值。本研究中所有低分化組病灶和58.3%中分化組病灶呈不均勻高增強,高分化組病灶呈均勻、不均勻高增強以及均勻等增強3種增強形態(tài)。Bakas等[13]認(rèn)為,分化越差的腫瘤所需血供量越多,腫瘤內(nèi)部因血供不足而缺血壞死,故CEUS時低分化病灶易出現(xiàn)斑片狀不均勻增強。門脈期對比劑消退呈低增強表現(xiàn)的病灶以低分化組為主,其次是中分化組,高分化組最少,與Wang等[14]研究結(jié)果一致,說明分化程度越低的HCC可能會越早消退。
Sonazoid-CEUS在Kupffer期對肝臟惡性腫瘤具有較高的特異性[15]。本研究通過分析Sonazoid-CEUS特點,發(fā)現(xiàn)在Kupffer期比門脈期及延遲期多檢出17.2%的病灶。Hwang等[6]也同樣在Kupffer期額外多檢出13.4%的HCC,這是由于Sonazoid具有良好的持久性和穩(wěn)定性,能在肝臟Kupffer細(xì)胞內(nèi)停留數(shù)小時,延長了觀察時間窗,可以提高不典型HCC的檢出率。本研究中Kupffer期呈等增強的5個HCC術(shù)前被誤診為良性病灶,術(shù)后病理證實3個為高分化HCC,2個為中分化HCC,因此,當(dāng)存在此造影特征時應(yīng)仔細(xì)分析肝動脈期灌注特點并充分結(jié)合臨床相關(guān)資料以提高術(shù)前診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。
HCC典型的CEUS特點為動脈期高增強、門脈期或延遲期低增強及Kupffer期持續(xù)低增強[4],即“快進快退”、“快進慢退”模式。CEUS模式與腫瘤病理分化程度有關(guān),本研究中高分化組表現(xiàn)為多種CEUS模式,中分化組以“快進快退”、“快進慢退”模式為主,而90.0%低分化組病灶呈“快進快退”模式。在腫瘤發(fā)展過程中,低分化HCC易侵犯周邊血管壁形成動靜脈瘺,致血流加速,流量增加,CEUS時強化時間縮短呈“快進快退”模式。本研究中有2個高分化HCC呈“同進同退”表現(xiàn),與既往研究[16-17]結(jié)果相似,表明動脈期不呈高增強,CEUS過程中對比劑始終未消退的病灶或為分化較好的HCC。分析其原因可能是分化較好的腫瘤新生動脈血管不完善,以門靜脈供血為主,且腫瘤內(nèi)Kupffer細(xì)胞數(shù)量與周圍肝實質(zhì)相近[18],內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)與正常肝細(xì)胞異型性不明顯,故其與周圍肝實質(zhì)間CEUS模式差異不大。HCC的CEUS模式與病灶的大小亦明顯相關(guān)[19]。由于本研究病例數(shù)有限,尤其是小病灶數(shù)量較少,關(guān)于病灶的大小、腫瘤病理分化、CEUS模式之間的關(guān)系有待擴大樣本量進行研究。
綜上,Sonazoid-CEUS在肝臟的血管期和Kupffer期能顯示詳細(xì)完整的灌注信息,在初步判斷HCC病理分化程度方面有一定的價值。但本研究作為單中心、回顧性研究,入選病灶存在選擇偏倚,并且病例數(shù)較少,因此研究結(jié)果有待更多臨床數(shù)據(jù)的支持。同時應(yīng)對患者進行長期、規(guī)范的隨訪,以評價腫瘤的分化程度對預(yù)后的影響。
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(2023-09-14收稿 2023-11-16修回)
(本文編輯 李志蕓)