楊娜娜 曾慧 周靜 萬(wàn)潔 高飛 陳芳 陳德友
Application of nurse?led chest physiotherapy guided by lung ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients
YANG Na'na, ZENG Hui, ZHOU Jing, WAN Jie, GAO Fei, CHEN Fang, CHEN Deyou
Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000 China
Corresponding Author ?ZENG Hui, E?mail: zenghui.1221@163.com
Abstract ?Objective: To analyze the application effect of nurse?led chest?lung physiotherapy (CPT) guided by lung ultrasound in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation.Method:A total of 70 adult critically ill patients with invasive mechanical ventilation time ≥ 48 h admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary grade A hospital in Zunyi from June to December 2021 were selected and divided into study group ( 29 cases ) and control group ( 31 cases ) according to the random number table method.The control group was treated with conventional CPT,the study group implemented target?oriented CPT according to the results of lung ultrasound exploration. The lung ultrasound score,respiratory function,daily sputum volume,oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2),invasive mechanical ventilation?related complications(VAP,atelectasis,DVT) and the incidence of adverse transport events were observed before and after intervention in the two groups.The time of invasive mechanical ventilation and the total length of stay in ICU after intervention were recorded in the two groups.Results: After excluding 10 patients,29 patients were included in the study group and 31 patients were included in the control group.The lung ultrasound scores of the two groups showed a downward trend after intervention, and the study group was lower than the control group at 3?7 days of intervention (P<0.05).The tidal volume of the two groups increased after intervention, and the tidal volume of the study group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).The peak airway pressure of the two groups after intervention was lower than that before intervention (P<0.05).The daily sputum volume of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The oxygenation index of the two groups after intervention was improved compared with that before intervention,and the study group was higher than the control group at 3-7days after intervention (P<0.05).The time of invasive mechanical ventilation,the total length of ICU stay, the total incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation?related complications and transport adverse events in the study group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion:The implementation of nurse?led CPT treatment under the guidance of lung ultrasound can help patients with invasive mechanical ventilation to clear lower respiratory tract secretions,promote airway sputum excretion, improve lung ventilation function,reduce the incidence of complications related to invasive mechanical ventilation and adverse transport events, and shorten the time of invasive mechanical ventilation and ICU stay.
Keywords ? ?lung ultrasound; chest physiotherapy; mechanical ventilation; nurse?led; complications; nursing
摘要 ?目的:分析肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的胸肺物理治療(CPT)在有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選取2021年6月—12月遵義市某三級(jí)醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(ICU)收治的70例有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間≥48 h的成人重癥病人,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為研究組和對(duì)照組。對(duì)照組采取常規(guī)CPT治療;研究組根據(jù)肺部超聲探查結(jié)果實(shí)施目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向性CPT。觀察兩組干預(yù)前后肺部超聲評(píng)分、呼吸功能、日排痰量、氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2)、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(VAP)、肺不張、深靜脈血栓(DVT)等]、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件發(fā)生率,記錄兩組干預(yù)后有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和ICU總住院時(shí)間。結(jié)果:剔除10例病人后,研究組納入29例,對(duì)照組31例。兩組干預(yù)后肺部超聲評(píng)分都呈下降趨勢(shì),研究組在干預(yù)3~7 d較對(duì)照組更低(P<0.05)。兩組干預(yù)后潮氣量均升高,且研究組較對(duì)照組潮氣量更高(P<0.05);兩組干預(yù)后氣道峰壓較干預(yù)前均降低(P<0.05)。研究組日排痰量較對(duì)照組明顯增多(P<0.05)。兩組干預(yù)后氧合指數(shù)較干預(yù)前均有改善,且研究組在干預(yù)3~7 d較對(duì)照組升高(P<0.05)。研究組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、ICU總住院時(shí)間、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件總發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的CPT治療有助于有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人清除下呼吸道分泌物,促進(jìn)氣道痰液排出,改善肺通氣功能,減少有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件的發(fā)生,縮短有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間及入住ICU時(shí)間。
關(guān)鍵詞 ?肺部超聲;胸肺物理治療;機(jī)械通氣;護(hù)士主導(dǎo);并發(fā)癥;護(hù)理
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.09.010
有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣(mechanical ventilation,MV)是重癥病人呼吸衰竭必不可少的生命支持技術(shù)之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),每年行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣的病人高達(dá)2 000萬(wàn)例[1],長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的機(jī)械通氣易導(dǎo)致呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)、肺不張、呼吸機(jī)依賴(lài)等潛在并發(fā)癥[2]。胸肺物理治療(chest physiotherapy,CPT)可使小氣道分泌物清除,增加肺順應(yīng)性,促進(jìn)肺再?gòu)?fù)張,并能預(yù)防有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[3?4]。目前,CPT主要通過(guò)聽(tīng)診、X線、CT等來(lái)指導(dǎo)并評(píng)價(jià)治療效果,上述檢查存在輻射大、操作步驟復(fù)雜且轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)期間增加病人發(fā)生意外等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5?7]。近年來(lái),肺部超聲因無(wú)創(chuàng)、便攜、動(dòng)態(tài)、無(wú)輻射且可視化等優(yōu)勢(shì)[8],被廣泛應(yīng)用于重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(ICU)病人疾病管理中,目前已逐漸采取量化的方法來(lái)評(píng)估肺部病變情況[9]。但在國(guó)內(nèi)開(kāi)展超聲指導(dǎo)CPT并不廣泛,且多數(shù)醫(yī)院的CPT由護(hù)士協(xié)助醫(yī)生完成,隨著多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作的不斷推進(jìn),以護(hù)士為主導(dǎo)的康復(fù)管理對(duì)疾病治療與并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防的積極影響越發(fā)凸顯[10]。鑒于此,本研究在肺部超聲指引下對(duì)有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人實(shí)施以護(hù)士為主導(dǎo)的CPT治療,旨在改善有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人的臨床結(jié)局。現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 ?對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
采取便利抽樣法,選取2021年6月—12月遵義市某三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院ICU收治的70例有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間≥48 h的病人作為研究對(duì)象。 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)口氣管插管;無(wú)CPT禁忌證(無(wú)肺大皰、肋骨骨折、胸骨骨折、嚴(yán)重凝血障礙、特殊體位要求以及心功能良好);有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間≥48 h;年齡≥18歲;血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定[血壓>90/60 mmHg,氧分壓(PaO2)>60 mmHg,經(jīng)皮脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)≥90%]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣不足48 h即拔管、撤機(jī)、放棄治療;胸腹部有皮膚不完整、傷口、引流管和敷料覆蓋;住院期間預(yù)期可能死亡;病人或家屬拒絕加入。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):中途轉(zhuǎn)院治療;研究過(guò)程中因病情變化而死亡。將病人隨機(jī)分為研究組和對(duì)照組,兩組病人有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣均選用同步間歇指令(SIMV) +壓力支持通氣(PSV)模式,潮氣量8~10 mL/kg,呼吸頻率12~20/min,吸氣時(shí)間0.8~1.2 s,通氣壓力12~18 cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),吸氧濃度(FiO2) 30%~80%,呼氣末正壓通氣(PEEP) 3~5 cmH2O。醫(yī)生根據(jù)病人實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行各通氣參數(shù)的調(diào)整,兩組參數(shù)設(shè)置無(wú)明顯差異。本研究已取得所有受試者及其家屬知情同意并簽署同意書(shū),通過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且在研究過(guò)程中并未給病人增加額外的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。
1.2 干預(yù)方法
1.2.1 對(duì)照組
醫(yī)生在病人入住ICU行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療24 h內(nèi)通過(guò)胸部X線、CT檢查或聽(tīng)診,評(píng)估病人肺部病變位置及情況,指導(dǎo)護(hù)士實(shí)施CPT治療。具體措施遵循研究前科室常規(guī)CPT治療直至病人轉(zhuǎn)出ICU為止。
1.2.2 研究組
病人入住ICU行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣治療24 h內(nèi)開(kāi)始在常規(guī)治療的基礎(chǔ)上根據(jù)肺部超聲探查結(jié)果實(shí)施目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向性CPT治療直至病人轉(zhuǎn)出ICU為止。
1.2.2.1 組建研究團(tuán)隊(duì)
團(tuán)隊(duì)成員由2名重癥專(zhuān)科護(hù)士、2名重癥專(zhuān)科醫(yī)生、1名超聲科專(zhuān)業(yè)人員、1名呼吸治療師以及1名康復(fù)治療師組成,所有成員均取得相應(yīng)的資格證書(shū)。其中1名重癥專(zhuān)科醫(yī)生負(fù)責(zé)病人的肺部超聲掃描,另1名負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)測(cè)病人病情及處理應(yīng)急情況,2名重癥專(zhuān)科護(hù)士負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)施CPT、收集基線資料以及評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)等,呼吸治療師及康復(fù)治療師協(xié)助護(hù)士完成CPT。
1.2.2.2 構(gòu)建超聲指導(dǎo)CPT方案
團(tuán)隊(duì)成員在參考文獻(xiàn)[11?14]的基礎(chǔ)上根據(jù)超聲征象構(gòu)建目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向性CPT治療方案,超聲征象為正常通氣(A)表明肺通氣功能良好,予以左、右臥位每隔2 h交替1次,做好腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)和呼吸機(jī)管道的護(hù)理,促進(jìn)病人呼吸肌功能恢復(fù),防止VAP的發(fā)生。超聲征象為微量通氣(B)或中度通氣(C)表明肺泡內(nèi)氣體與液體比例減少,此時(shí)重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)該區(qū)痰液的排出,每天予以該區(qū)肺葉叩擊3次,將手屈成弓形,五指并攏,利用腕部的力量自下而上、由外向內(nèi)叩擊病人背部,每次5~15 min;每天使用震動(dòng)排痰儀(型號(hào):珠海黑馬G2000;頻率20~35 Hz)3次,每次2~4 min;并動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整吸痰的次數(shù)及深度。超聲征象為嚴(yán)重通氣損失(D)表明肺部出現(xiàn)肺實(shí)變或肺不張,每天叩擊該區(qū)肺葉3次,每次5~15 min;每天使用震動(dòng)排痰儀3次,每次6 min,在叩擊、震動(dòng)排痰后根據(jù)肺不張出現(xiàn)部位調(diào)整體位引流,遵循抬高病變部位原則,引流支氣管開(kāi)口端向下,先引流上葉,再引流下葉,每天3次,每次15~30 min;以上措施使痰液松動(dòng),加強(qiáng)氣道吸引,同時(shí)和呼吸治療師溝通動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)呼氣末正壓參數(shù),更快促進(jìn)肺復(fù)張。結(jié)合早期功能鍛煉增強(qiáng)病人運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,改善肺功能情況,功能鍛煉以主動(dòng)活動(dòng)和被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)相結(jié)合,包括抬臂運(yùn)動(dòng)、握拳運(yùn)動(dòng)、踝泵運(yùn)動(dòng)、腳踏車(chē)運(yùn)動(dòng)、上下肢肢體伸屈運(yùn)動(dòng),根據(jù)病人病情嚴(yán)重程度、意識(shí)情況、配合度以及四肢肌力情況,病人意識(shí)清楚能夠配合時(shí)以主動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)為主,被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)為輔;若病人意識(shí)不清不能配合時(shí)主要進(jìn)行被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng);病人病情穩(wěn)定、四肢肌力達(dá)到要求時(shí),先協(xié)助病人床上坐起,無(wú)任何不適后過(guò)渡到床旁坐起或者床旁站立,同時(shí)指導(dǎo)病人進(jìn)行主動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng),每天3次,每次15~30 min。
1.2.2.3 超聲評(píng)估方法
本研究使用飛利浦多普勒彩超(型號(hào):CX50)進(jìn)行肺部掃描,具體操作:1)協(xié)助病人取側(cè)臥位或平臥位,選擇B型超聲3.5~5.0 MHz凸陣超聲探頭與肋間隙垂直,探頭中點(diǎn)正對(duì)肋間隙處實(shí)施肺部探查。2)肺部超聲十二分區(qū)法:根據(jù)雙側(cè)胸骨旁線、腋前線、腋后線和脊柱旁線劃分為6個(gè)區(qū)域,以?xún)扇轭^為界將每個(gè)區(qū)域二等分,左右胸部共12個(gè)區(qū)域。3)肺部超聲評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),正常通氣:A 線、0~2條B線評(píng)0分;微量通氣損失,≥3條B線評(píng)1分;中度通氣損失:多條融合B線評(píng)2分;嚴(yán)重通氣損失:出現(xiàn)肺實(shí)變伴或不伴支氣管充氣征評(píng)3分。按照國(guó)際最新12分法對(duì)每個(gè)區(qū)進(jìn)行掃查,逐一評(píng)分后相加得出總分,最低0分,最高36分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表明肺部情況越嚴(yán)重。
1.2.2.4 超聲評(píng)分的記錄、跟蹤及反饋
醫(yī)生將干預(yù)前后30 min的超聲監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果填入自行編制的肺部超聲監(jiān)測(cè)單中,此監(jiān)測(cè)單由以下3部分組成:1)病人一般信息。2)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)參數(shù),包括通氣模式、潮氣量、平均氣道壓、氣道峰壓、吸氧濃度、呼氣末正壓。3)肺部超聲評(píng)分,根據(jù)順序逐一檢查肺部情況并記錄結(jié)果,如左4D表示左側(cè)胸部第4區(qū)肺部出現(xiàn)肺實(shí)變伴或不伴支氣管充氣征。4)掃描超聲醫(yī)生簽名,完成探查后把監(jiān)測(cè)單置于床頭,將結(jié)果反饋給護(hù)士、呼吸治療師和康復(fù)治療師。
1.2.2.5 超聲指導(dǎo)CPT方案的實(shí)施與調(diào)整
1)CPT方案的實(shí)施:護(hù)士根據(jù)超聲探查結(jié)果選擇CPT治療方法,每次干預(yù)前評(píng)估病人整體情況,當(dāng)病人血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定(血壓>90/60 mmHg,SpO2≥90%)時(shí)開(kāi)始CPT,干預(yù)過(guò)程中密切觀察病人生命體征,如干預(yù)期間病人出現(xiàn)生命體征波動(dòng)≥20%、機(jī)械通氣明顯的人機(jī)對(duì)抗、突發(fā)心律失常或呼吸窘迫、煩躁不安、大汗淋漓、不能耐受時(shí)應(yīng)立即停止干預(yù)。2)CPT方案的調(diào)整:超聲結(jié)果由A轉(zhuǎn)為B或C,甚至出現(xiàn)D時(shí)說(shuō)明肺部情況逐漸變差,護(hù)士及時(shí)調(diào)整CPT方案,并與醫(yī)生、呼吸治療師和康復(fù)治療師溝通調(diào)整整體治療方案。若由D轉(zhuǎn)變成B或A時(shí)說(shuō)明肺部情況有好轉(zhuǎn),CPT治療方案應(yīng)適時(shí)調(diào)整,方案全過(guò)程動(dòng)態(tài)適應(yīng)病人肺部病變情況。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1)主要觀察指標(biāo):觀察兩組干預(yù)前、干預(yù)1~7 d的肺部超聲評(píng)分、氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2)及干預(yù)7 d后日排痰量、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件總發(fā)生率。2) 次要觀察指標(biāo):觀察有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間及ICU總住院時(shí)間。
1.4 資料收集方法
基線資料采用自制ICU病人一般資料收集表收集:包括病人年齡、性別、急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評(píng)分和原發(fā)病類(lèi)型,由重癥專(zhuān)科護(hù)士在病人入組后24 h內(nèi)完成資料收集;每次干預(yù)前后30 min對(duì)兩組病人行肺部超聲檢查,做好病人肺部超聲評(píng)分記錄;每次干預(yù)前后30 min做動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治觯ɡ锥让滋匮獨(dú)夥治鰞xABL800FLEX);記錄干預(yù)前及干預(yù)7 d后的呼吸功能指標(biāo);做好干預(yù)1~7 d的日排痰量、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[VAP、肺不張、深靜脈血栓形成(DVT)、再插管等]以及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件[中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(CVC)堵塞、動(dòng)脈置管堵塞、胃/腸管脫管、術(shù)區(qū)引流管脫管]的記錄;于病人拔除氣管插管時(shí)記錄有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間,轉(zhuǎn)出ICU時(shí)記錄ICU總住院時(shí)間,以上所有資料均由團(tuán)隊(duì)成員雙人核對(duì)無(wú)誤后錄入Excel表格。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),符合正態(tài)分布的定量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析;定性資料以例數(shù)、百分比(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 ?結(jié)果
2.1 兩組病人一般資料比較
本研究共納入70例病人,其中對(duì)照組有2例病人第3天因病情危重家屬放棄治療簽字出院,有2例病人因病情好轉(zhuǎn)在干預(yù)后第5天轉(zhuǎn)出ICU;研究組有3例病人在干預(yù)后第2天家屬要求轉(zhuǎn)院治療,有3例病人干預(yù)后第3天家屬要求退出干預(yù),最終共納入60例,其中研究組29例和對(duì)照組31例。兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組肺部超聲評(píng)分比較
兩組干預(yù)前的肺部超聲評(píng)分比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組肺部超聲評(píng)分在干預(yù)后都呈下降趨勢(shì);研究組在干預(yù)3~7 d均低于干預(yù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),對(duì)照組在干預(yù)4~7 d低于干預(yù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與對(duì)照組比較,研究組肺部超聲評(píng)分在干預(yù)3~7 d更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組呼吸功能指標(biāo)比較
兩組干預(yù)前潮氣量、平均氣道壓、氣道峰壓比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與干預(yù)前比較,兩組干預(yù)7 d后潮氣量均升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且研究組潮氣量較對(duì)照組更高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);干預(yù)7 d后兩組氣道峰壓較干預(yù)前均下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);干預(yù)7 d后兩組平均氣道壓較干預(yù)前無(wú)明顯變化,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 兩組日排痰量比較
研究組干預(yù)1~7 d日排痰量[(20.62±3.90)mL]較對(duì)照組[(13.98±2.49)mL]多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=7.913, P<0.001)。
2.5 兩組氧合指數(shù)比較
兩組干預(yù)前的氧合指數(shù)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后均有明顯改善,研究組在干預(yù)2~7 d均升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),對(duì)照組在干預(yù)3~7 d升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);且與對(duì)照組比較,研究組在干預(yù)3~7 d更高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
2.6 兩組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率比較
兩組VAP、肺不張、DVT均由醫(yī)生結(jié)合影像學(xué)檢查及臨床表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行明確診斷,研究組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且研究組無(wú)DVT、再插管、撤機(jī)失敗等發(fā)生。見(jiàn)表5。
2.7 兩組轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件總發(fā)生率比較
研究組轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件總發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且研究組無(wú)動(dòng)脈置管堵管、術(shù)區(qū)引流管脫管的發(fā)生。見(jiàn)表6。
2.8 兩組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和ICU總住院時(shí)間比較
研究組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、ICU總住院時(shí)間均明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表7。
3 ?討論
3.1 實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的CPT能改善有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人肺部情況
有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣在ICU應(yīng)用廣泛,其帶來(lái)的有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥呈不斷上升趨勢(shì),也成為臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。CPT已經(jīng)被證明能促進(jìn)有效排痰,增加肺順應(yīng)性,改善氧合,減少肺部感染并發(fā)癥,降低VAP的發(fā)生率和病死率[15]。近年來(lái),因超聲對(duì)肺部病變床旁可視化,同時(shí)具有無(wú)創(chuàng)、動(dòng)態(tài)、可重復(fù)性操作等優(yōu)點(diǎn),目前已被廣泛用于ICU病人肺康復(fù)等多學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,世界重癥超聲聯(lián)盟組織同樣也強(qiáng)調(diào)了其對(duì)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病監(jiān)測(cè)的實(shí)用性和重要性[16]。肺部超聲評(píng)分是基于病人肺內(nèi)氣體和液體比例不同來(lái)反映肺部的生理病理變化情況的一種半定量監(jiān)測(cè)方法,評(píng)分越高表明肺內(nèi)氣體逐漸減少,肺部病變程度越重[17]。護(hù)士可以通過(guò)肺部超聲即時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)病變位置和受累程度,針對(duì)性為病人實(shí)施個(gè)體化肺康復(fù)措施,全程、動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估治療效果[18?19]。Le Neindre等[20]研究顯示,肺部超聲可用于區(qū)分重癥病人胸腔積液和肺塌陷,使物理治療師采取相應(yīng)肺復(fù)張措施提高CPT效果,從而改善病人臨床治療結(jié)局。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組肺部超聲評(píng)分在干預(yù)后都呈下降趨勢(shì),與對(duì)照組比較,研究組肺部超聲評(píng)分在干預(yù)3~7 d更低(P<0.05)。研究組在肺部超聲指引下實(shí)施護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向性CPT,及時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)掌握CPT重點(diǎn)并評(píng)估治療效果,通過(guò)肺部超聲評(píng)分用量化的方法掌握病變受累程度,使臨床護(hù)理工作有的放矢,提高護(hù)理工作效率。與曹嵐等[11]基于肺部超聲實(shí)施的護(hù)理策略能減輕呼吸困難、改善肺功能、提高CPT治療質(zhì)量的研究結(jié)果一致。侯曉紅等[21]研究表明,改良版的肺部超聲方案在重癥肺炎有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人中應(yīng)用,可提高病人自主排痰能力,減輕病人肺部炎癥,促進(jìn)病人病情恢復(fù),減少有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和ICU住院時(shí)間。本研究結(jié)果表明,研究組日排痰量較對(duì)照組多(P<0.05);研究組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、ICU總住院時(shí)間均明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),表明實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的CPT可以隨時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)肺部情況并制定個(gè)性化的CPT治療方案,改善肺部情況,減少病人有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和入住ICU時(shí)間。
3.2 實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的CPT能改善有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人通氣功能,減少有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥
CPT是通過(guò)叩擊和高頻率震顫,使黏附細(xì)小支氣管內(nèi)分泌物松動(dòng)后排入大支氣管內(nèi),利用體位引流促進(jìn)痰液排出,促使肺膨脹,進(jìn)而改善氧合的一種治療手段[22]。Thomas等[23]研究結(jié)果表明,有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣期間給予早期CPT是安全且可行的,通過(guò)CPT可促進(jìn)黏液清除,減少肺部感染,改善病人的氧合功能和長(zhǎng)期生活質(zhì)量。氣管插管導(dǎo)致病人纖毛清除痰液功能受損,加上ICU病人長(zhǎng)期臥床,在重力依賴(lài)下使肺部容易發(fā)生肺不張、VAP等有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[24]。Barto等[25]認(rèn)為使用高頻胸部震蕩能夠增強(qiáng)纖毛清除氣道分泌物的能力,改善肺通氣和氧合功能,降低肺部感染的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近年來(lái),超聲已逐步成為重癥醫(yī)生協(xié)助診斷的工具,肺部超聲明確病變位置,護(hù)士可根據(jù)征象實(shí)施目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向性CPT,加強(qiáng)局部治療提高CPT的質(zhì)量。石永珍等[26]研究顯示,對(duì)有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣老年重癥肺炎病人實(shí)施超聲下導(dǎo)向性胸部物理治療,更利于排出痰液,提高肺通氣血流比例和氣體交換率,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)肺順應(yīng)性,增加潮氣量,改善氧合指數(shù),促進(jìn)肺再擴(kuò)張,加快病人疾病康復(fù)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)后研究組潮氣量較對(duì)照組更高(P<0.05),且干預(yù)后兩組氧合指數(shù)均有明顯改善,與對(duì)照組比較研究組在干預(yù)3~7 d更高(P<0.05)。早期功能鍛煉是CPT必不可少的手段之一,Nicklas等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)源性纖溶系統(tǒng)增強(qiáng)有助于DVT的溶解消退,運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠使內(nèi)源性纖溶酶活性增強(qiáng),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)DVT的溶解消退。有研究表明對(duì)有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣實(shí)施早期功能鍛煉可降低VAP等的發(fā)生率,提高病人日常生活活動(dòng)能力[28],與本研究結(jié)果一致,研究組有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低(P<0.05)。由此可見(jiàn),實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的CPT治療不僅能改善有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人氧合功能,還能降低有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
3.3 實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)CPT能減少有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件發(fā)生率
ICU病人病情危重且變化多端,需要進(jìn)行24 h嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)確保病人生命安全。危重病人在疾病狀況相對(duì)平穩(wěn)的情況下,為了明確診斷、評(píng)估治療效果、開(kāi)展更專(zhuān)業(yè)的治療,常需轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行急診手術(shù)和CT、X線、MRI等相關(guān)檢查。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)院內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)45.4%病人來(lái)自ICU,其次是急診科(43.3%)[29],研究表明ICU病人院內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件發(fā)生率為46.2%~79.8%[30]。Bergman等[31]對(duì)51次院內(nèi)危重病人轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)80%不良事件發(fā)生于有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人,又因轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途中治療環(huán)境的改變和資源的匱乏,難以預(yù)測(cè)病人病情的變化及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中突發(fā)的情況,給病人造成極大的生命威脅,同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了極大的醫(yī)療隱患。張?chǎng)┑萚32]對(duì)感染性肺炎患兒進(jìn)行床旁超聲監(jiān)測(cè),認(rèn)為肺部超聲在減少輻射的同時(shí),也避免了搬動(dòng)患兒外出轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)檢查等意外事件的發(fā)生。本研究結(jié)果顯示,研究組轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件總發(fā)生率均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明肺部超聲可視化肺部病變位置,動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估CPT的效果,減少病人外出檢查轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途中突發(fā)狀況的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),由于肺部超聲可重復(fù)操作性強(qiáng),為病人及家屬減輕了疾病負(fù)擔(dān),為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生公共系統(tǒng)節(jié)約了大量資源,對(duì)創(chuàng)建和諧的醫(yī)患溝通環(huán)境起到了重要作用。
4 ?小結(jié)
本研究結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)施肺部超聲指引下護(hù)士主導(dǎo)的CPT治療可以增加有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣病人肺的順應(yīng)性,促進(jìn)肺再擴(kuò)張,預(yù)防并改善肺部和膈肌功能,提高病人氧合指數(shù),減少有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)并發(fā)癥和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)不良事件的發(fā)生,并縮短有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間及入住ICU時(shí)間。但本研究為單中心研究,且為小樣本,超聲檢查結(jié)果受體重的影響,肥胖病人的超聲檢查結(jié)果較其他病人差,選取樣本時(shí)未考慮肥胖因素。ICU病人大多數(shù)活動(dòng)受限,在超聲檢查時(shí)的最佳擺放體位受到限制。未觀察干預(yù)7 d后病人肺部、轉(zhuǎn)出及出院后生活質(zhì)量情況,導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)論可能存在一定的局限性,因此未來(lái)需要大量的臨床研究來(lái)更進(jìn)一步佐證。
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(收稿日期:2023-04-15;修回日期:2024-01-26)
(本文編輯 崔曉芳)