Terahertz quasi-perfect vortex beam with integer-order and fractional-order generated by spiral spherical harmonic axicon

Si-Yu Tu(涂思語(yǔ)), De-Feng Liu(劉德峰), Jin-Song Liu(劉勁松),Zhen-Gang Yang(楊振剛), and Ke-Jia Wang(王可嘉),?

1Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics,School of Optical and Electronic Information,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China

2AVIC Beijing Changcheng Aeronautical Measurement and Control Technology Research Institute,Beijing 101111,China

Keywords: terahertz,spiral spherical harmonic axicon,quasi-perfect vortex beam,topological charge number

1.Introduction

In recent years, optical vortex beams carried orbital angular momentum (OAM) have attracted much attention.[1–4]The OAM gives electromagnetic waves spiral phase characteristic in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction, and making light intensity of the beams distributed in a circular ring (“doughnut”) shape.The OAM of vortex beam has infinite modes(infinite topological charge numbern), and modes are mutually orthogonal.[5]The topological charge numberncan be an integer or a fraction, and the fractional vortex beam further carries more information.Therefore, the interactive crosstalk is reduced during transmission,and communication system capacity can be infinitely improved,theoretically.At present,vortex beams with integer and fractional topological charge number have been utilized in the fields of particle manipulation,[6–9]high-capacity and high-rate communication,[10–13]quantum information,[14,15]and super-resolution microscopy imaging.[16]

However,in practical applications,the ring radius of vortex beams increases rapidly as topological charge number increases, and gradually increases along the propagation direction.This characteristic causes difficulties in coupling multiple OAM modes of vortex beams into fixed-aperture fibers or waveguides.In 2013, Ostrovskyet al.first proposed the concept of a perfect vortex beam (PVB) whose ring radius does not vary with topological charge number.[17]In 2015,Vaity and Rusch performed Fourier transformation on Bessel–Gaussian beam generated by spiral axicon to form PVB at 1550 nm,whose ring radius slightly shifts with the increase of topological charge number.[18]Kotlyaret al.generated PVB by optimal phase elements and Fourier transformation lens,in 2016.[19]

Terahertz (THz) waves are intermediate in the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared radiation and microwave,so they have the characteristics of both fields.As the resources of traditional optical communication and microwave communication are gradually exhausted, THz communication with wideband has become a research hotspot.[20,21]THz vortex beam with high frequency is an ideal carrier for future wireless communications, and further enhances degrees of freedom.In 2014,Schemmelet al.used polyethylene material to fabricate spiral phase plate (SPP), and generated THz vortex beams at 0.1 THz, firstly.[22]In 2015, Weiet al.introduced high precision and low-cost three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate spiral axicon and SPP, generating arbitrary order Bessel beams and vortex beam at 0.3 THz.[23]In 2022, Wanget al.used a fractional-order vortex two-color field to generate THz fractional vortex beam in simulation.[24]Furthermore, it is demonstrated that THz vortex beams can be used in communication[20,25]and magnetic excitations.[26]Nevertheless,THz vortex beam has the same disadvantages as optical vortex beam in which ring radius increases with the topological charge number increasing.So, it is imperative to investigate the generation of PVB in the THz band.Currently,the available methods of generating THz PVB are very few.In 2020,Yanget al.adopted the method of optimal phase elements and Fourier transformation lens in visible light to generate THz PVB at 0.1 THz,but the utilization of two elements for generating vortex beam increases optical path and reduces the power of beam,which is not conducive to the integration of system.[27]In 2022,Liuet al.proposed multi-functional metasurfaces to generate THz quasi-perfect vortex beam (QPVB)with a small divergence angle,whose ring radius vary slightly with topological charge number,however,this method is limited by the geometric phase theory,and the fabrication process is complex and costly.[28]In 2023, Huanget al.proposed an all-dielectric metasurface to generate superimposed THz PVB,which is suitable for ultra-miniature functional devices.[29]To the best of our knowledge, there has been no experimentally fractional vortex beam and perfect fractional vortex beam generated in THz domain.

In this paper,we propose a spiral spherical harmonic axicon(SSHA)for generating THz QPVB with integer-order and fractional-order.Only a single diffractive element is capable of transforming Gaussian beam into vortex beam with integerorder or fractional-order, and the ring radius of vortex beam slightly increases with the topological charge number increasing, so we call it THz QPVB.The THz QPVB with integerorder and with fractional-order have been successfully generated at 0.1 THz numerically and experimentally, and the ring radius varies little in a propagation distance of at least 50 mm.Modifying the spherical harmonic coefficient(SHC)of SSHA has the ability to keep ring radius constant despite variation of topological charge number, thus realizing the property of PVB.Moreover, the manufacturing method with 3D printing method is simple, high-precision and low-cost.These advantages hold significant application value for coupling vortex beam into fixed-aperture fibers or waveguides.In addition,the OAM state carried by QPVB is verified by a focusing hyperbolic(FH)lens,[30]proving its vortex nature.

2.Design process,simulation and fabricating

2.1.Design process

The optical element spherical harmonic axicon (SHA)was proposed to generate long-distance THz zero-order diffraction-free beam in 2022,[31]and the SHClmainly determines surface shape of SHA.In this study,the phase of SHA and spiral phase plate(SPP)are combined to form a new optical phase element,we refer to the new phase element as SSHA.Next,the design process of phase of SSHA is introduced.

The SHA composed of spherical harmonic function curve and traditional axicon has been detailed in Ref.[28],where the base angle, diameter, SHC, thickness and refractive index of SHA are denoted by base angleγ,2R,l,d1(r),andn1respectively,as shown in Fig.1.Theγandlare both larger,the SHA is thicker.The phase plane of SHA is

wherek=2π/λis the wave number andλis the wavelength.

Fig.1.The two-dimensional(2D)cross section of SHA.

The phase plane of SPP is

wherendenotes the topological charge number,?is the azimuthal angle ranging from 0 to 2π.

Since the SSHA is a combination of phase of SPP and SHA,the phase plane of SSHA is given by

The phase of SSHA is wrapped 2πto form diffractive element,which can reduce thickness and power-loss,and it is expressed as

The above content describes the design process of phase of SSHA.

2.2.Simulation

2.2.1.Generation of QPVB with integer-order

The phase formation process of SSHAs with a base angleγ=10°,SHCl=10,topological charge numbernin a range from?2 to 2 are given in Fig.2,the first row,the second row,and the third row show the phase distributions of SHA,SPPs,and SSHAs with different values of topological charge numbernrespectively.In the figure, the refractive indexn1is 1.645,the wavelengthλis 3 mm,the base angleγis 10°,and the diameter 2Ris 101.6 mm.Based on these parameters,the phaseφSSHAof SSHA can be calculated.In addition,when the topological charge numbernis zero,the phase of SHA and SSHA are identical with each other.

For a THz Gaussian beamE0= exp（?r2/w20）with a waist radiusw0=27 mm passing through SSHAs, based on the phase modulation theory of the lens,[32]the output scalar electric field is given by

Based on angular spectrum theory (AST), i.e., Eqs.(3) and(4), the output beams behind SSHAs can be easily obtained by matlab software.Figures 3(a)–3(c)show the output beams generated by SSHAs, and thex–zplanes of output beams are shown in Figs.3(a1)–3(a5).It can be seen that vortex beams with different values of topological charge numbernare initially formed behind phase elements,and the ring-radius of the beam does not change visually along the propagation direction in a range fromz=75 mm toz=125 mm.As the propagation distance increases,the vortex beams degenerate into corresponding order diffraction-free beams at aboutz=175 mm.Figures 3(b1)–3(b5) display the intensity distributions ofx–yplane of output beams with different values of topological charge numbernatz=100 mm, visually indicating that the sizes of vortex beam with different values of topological charge numbernhave no variation.Atz=300 mm,the intensity distributions in thex–yplane of the beams have Bessellike beams with different orders, in Figs.3(c1)–3(c5).Furthermore, the intensity distributions of two beams generated by two SSHAs carrying the same absolute value of topological charge but opposite signs are identical with each other.Then,the ring radiuses of vortex beam in a range fromz=75 mm toz=125 mm are shown in Figs.3(d1)–3(d5).It can be observed that the ring radiuses of vortex beam with different values of topological charge numbernvary little along the propagation direction.The average values of ring radius of vortex beams alongz=75 mm toz=125 mm withnfrom?2 to 2 are 18.38 mm,17.38 mm,16.76 mm,17.38 mm,and 18.38 mm respectively.The ring radius is shifted by 3.57%for adding one topological charge,so the vortex beam generated by SSHA is QPVB.

Fig.2.Phase formation process of SSHAs (the first row, the second row,and the third row show the phase distributions of SHA with a base angle γ =10°, SHC l =10, SPPs, and SSHAs for different values of topological charge number n).

Fig.3.(a)The x–z plane of output beams and(b)x–y plane of output beams at position z=100 mm,(c)x–y plane of output beams at position z=300 mm, (d)ring radiuses of vortex beam at propagation direction ranging from z=75 mm to z=125 mm(the first row to the five row correspond to simulation results of SSHAs with γ =10°,l=10,n ranging from ?2 to 2 respectively).

The FH lens proposed by Yanget al.[30]have been used to verify vortex property of the beam generated by SSHA,and the method proposed in Ref.[31] can also detect topological charge number.[33]The parameterαand focal lengthfof FH lens are set to 4×10?3and 100 mm respectively,and the phase of FH lens is displayed in Fig.4(a).When the beam passes through FH lens,a diffraction pattern can be obtained in focal plane of the FH lens.The value of topological charge numbernis estimated by the diffraction fringe number.Figures 4(b1)–4(b5) show diffraction patterns of QPVB with topological charge numbernfrom?2 to 2 converted by FH lens.For topological charge numbern/=0, the two ends of diffraction fringes are two bright spots, while in the middle are fringes of light and dark.There arendark fringes andn+1 bright spots,and the direction between two bright spots is determined by the positive value or negative value ofn.For topological charge numbern=0,the center of diffraction pattern is a bright spot.This simulation result indicates that the QPVB generated by SSHA carries OAM states and has vortex property.

Fig.4.(a) Phase of FH lens, (b) distributions of diffraction pattern by FH lens, with panels (b1)–(b5) corresponding to different values of topological charge number n.

The above research contents mainly aim at the same SHCl= 10, and different values of topological charge numbern.Moreover, the influences of SSHAs with different values of SHClon QPVB are investigated, which is important to achieve the property of PVB.We mainly calculate the output beams generated by Gaussian beam passing through SSHAs with a base angleγ= 10°, SHCl= 1,l= 5,l= 10, andl=20.It can be seen from Ref.[28]that the SHC is larger,the thickness values of both sides of SHA are larger.Therefore,the variations of phase are greater on both sides, and the ring radius is larger.For example, we show the phase of SSHA withn=2 and different SHCs in Fig.5(a).In Figs.5(b)–5(d), the intensity distributions ofx–yplane of beams generated by SSHAs with SHCl=5,l=10,andl=20,variations of topological charge numbernfrom?2 to 2 atz=100 mm are shown.Forl=5,the size of vortex beam does not change visually as shown in Fig.5(b).Forl=10, the size of vortex beam becomes slightly larger with the increase of topological charge numbernas shown in Fig.5(c).Forl=20, the size of vortex beam changes more obviously with the increase of topological charge numbern(see Fig.5(d)).The variations of ring radius of QPVB are given in Fig.5(e),where QPVB withl=5,l=10,andl=20 are denoted by red line,yellow line,and purple line, the ring radius is shifted by 1.03%, 3.63%,and 8.93%for adding one topological charge,respectively.It is indicated that the SHClis smaller,the ring radius increases more slowly with the increase of topological charge number.Theoretically, whenl=1, the change ratio of ring radius is the lowest,so the beams generated by SSHAs withn=0 andn=10 are calculated (see Fig.5(f)).The ring radiuses are 23.20 mm and 24.95 mm,which is shifted by 0.70%by adding one topological charge on average.Notably, when the SHClof SSHA is larger,the ring radius of vortex beam is smaller for the same topological charge numbern,and more obviously affected by changing topological charge number.The SHClcan be any positive integer, so the ring radius of vortex beam has a large adjustable range.Based on these characteristics, it is possible to keep the ring radius invariant with the variation of topological charge numbernby controlling SHCl,which can achieve the property of PVB.

Fig.5.(a)Phase distributions of SSHAs with n=2,l=1,l=5,l=10,and l=20,intensity distribution of x–y plane of QPVB generated by SSHA with l=5(b),10(c),and 20(d)at z=100 mm,with topological charge number n varying from ?2 to 2;(e)ring radius of QPVB with different values of SHC l and of topological charge number n,(f)x–y plane of QPVB generated by SSHA with l=1,n=0,and n=10.

2.2.2.Generation of QPVB with fractional-order

In Subsection 2.2.1,the QPVB generated by SSHA with integer topological charge number are studied.Here, we explore fractional vortex beam generated by SSHA carrying fractional topological charge number at 0.1 THz.Likewise,according to angular spectrum theory and its transmission function, the beams generated by a Gaussian beam passing through SSHA which possesses fractional topological charge numbern(0.2,0.5,0.8,2.2,2.5,2.8)and SHCl=10 are calculated.

It can be observed that the phases of SSHAs have a sense of separation while the topological charge number is fractional in Fig.6(a),the difference of topological charge is only 0.2 or 0.3 whose phase distribution has an apparently change.Looking at the intensity distribution ofx–yplane in Fig.6(b), the vortex beam with fractional-order is in the shape of a“doughnut”with radial notch,furthermore,the fractional part of fractional topological charge number is closer to a half-integer,the notch is more obvious.Importantly, the size of vortex beams appears to be approximately the same visually.Subsequently,we have calculated in detail the ring radiuses of vortex beams with fractional-order.The results are displayed in Fig.6(c),blue dots and red dots represent the ring radius ofncharges from 0.2 to 0.8 and from 2.2 to 2.8, respectively.The ring radius of vortex beams generated by SSHAs changes slightly with the increase of topological charges.And the ring radiuses of fractional vortex beams withn=0.2,n=0.5,n=0.8 are shifted by 9.02%, 9.83%, 7.68% relative to fractional vortex beams withn=2.2,n=2.5,n=2.8,respectively.Therefore,SSHA can generate a QPVB with fractional-order at 0.1 THz.

Fig.6.(a) The phase and (b) the intensity distribution of x–y plane of vortex beams generated by SSHA with fractional-order, (c) ring radius with topological charge number n,and(d)intensity distribution of x–z plane and phase distribution of x–y plane at z=100 mm.

Figure 6(d)shows the intensity distribution ofx–zplane.Its topological charge numbernis 0.2 or 2.2,and the intensity distribution is very similar to the counterpart of integer-order,with symmetry in thexdirection.Its topological chargenis 0.5 or 2.5,the intensity distribution is no longer symmetrical in thexdirection.When topological chargenincreases to 0.8 or 2.8, the asymmetry in thexdirection is relatively weakened.In addition, the phase distribution of QPVB with fractionalorder atz=100 mm is given in Fig.6(d), it can be seen that the phase distribution has a split due to the topological chargenwith fractional-order.

2.3.Fabricating

According to the principle of equal optical path, when a beam passes through a homogeneous medium, the phase shifting isφ=2π(n1?1)h/λ,n1andhare the refractive index and thickness of homogeneous medium, respectively.In order to avoid zero thickness of element, the base thicknessh0=2 mm is added to bottom surface of the diffractive element.

Therefore, the height distribution of SSHA can be expressed as

According to Eq.(6), the height distribution of SSHA is calculated,in which the maximum height of element is 6.65 mm.So, the 3D model of diffractive element SSHA can be obtained by height distribution,and its stereolithrography file is acquired based on matlab software.The 3D model of SSHA with integer-order and fractional-order are displayed in Fig.7.In addition,the FH lens with 2R=101.6 mm,α=4×10?3,andf=100 mm is fabricated.The 3D printing technology is employed to fabricate SSHA by importing the 3D models into a 3D printer(Lite450HD,UnionTech,Leyi3D)which takes an advantage of high precision and low cost.The refractive indexn1of the polymer 3D printing material is about 1.645 at 0.1 THz.The transverse and longitudinal printing precision of this 3D printer are 42μm and 28μm,respectively.

Fig.7.The 3D model of SSHA and FH lens.

3.Experiment

3.1.Experimental setup

The schematic diagram of experimental setup is shown in Fig.8.The 0.1-THz source is an InP Gunn diode coupled by a horn antenna (GKa-100, SPACEK LABS), which emits a divergent Gaussian beam.The divergent Gaussian beam is transformed into a collimated Gaussian beam with a waist radiusω=27 mm by using a lens with a focal lengthfof 100 mm.Then,the collimated Gaussian beam passes through SSHA.The FH lens is placedd=100 mm behind SSHA to detect topological charge numbern.Finally,the THz detector is a broadband high sensitivity Schottky diode mounted on a 3D translation stage to measure beams.The scanning range of thexdirection andydirection are both from?100 mm to 100 mm with an interval of 1 mm,and the scanning range ofzdirection is from 0 mm to 400 mm with an interval of 2 mm.

Fig.8.Schematic diagram of experimental setup.

3.2.Experimental results

The intensity distributions of beams generated by SSHA withγ=10°,l=10,topological charge numbernfrom?2 to 2 in experiment are shown in Figs.9(a)and 9(b).Like simulation results,the THz Gaussian beam passing through SSHA is transformed into a vortex beam propagation about 200 mm firstly, and the ring radius of vortex beam does not vary visually with the topological charge numbernin Figs.9(a1)–9(a5).Then, the intensity distribution ofx–zplane shows that the ring radius of vortex beam visually varies very little fromz=76 mm toz=200 mm in the propagation direction.Finally, the vortex beam degenerates into a diffractionfree beam of corresponding order, the intensity distributions inx–yplane atz=300 mm are shown in Figs.9(b1)–9(b5).Because of the uneven intensity distribution of Gaussian beam incident on SSHA and the absorption of intensity by material of SSHA, the intensity distribution of vortex beam and diffraction beam are not so even as simulation results.It can be observed that thexdirections of relative strongest intensities are opposite in sign.We calculate the ring radiuses of vortex beams with different values of topological charge number in a range fromz=76 mm toz=200 mm, which vary slightly(see Figs.9(c1)–9(c5)).The average values of ring radius with topological charge number from?2 to 2 are 24.58 mm,23.97 mm,23.77 mm,23.54 mm,24.52 mm,which shift very little.The experimental result illustrates that the vortex beam generated by SSHA is QPVB.

For proving the vortex property of QPVB generated by SSHA, the FH lens is utilized.The experimental setup is shown in Fig.8, the FH lens is placedd=100 mm behind SSHA, the detector is placedf= 100 mm behind FH lens along the propagation direction.At focal plane, the intensity distribution of beams in thex–yplane is detected,and the detection range is 100 mm×100 mm.In Figs.9(d1)–9(d5), the intensity distributions of QPVB withl=10 and differentnvalues passing through FH lens are detected.For topological charge numbern=0,the diffraction pattern has a bright spot in the center.For topological charge numbern/=0, it can be observed thatn+1 bright spots withndark fringes are generated in the diffraction pattern.The number of dark fringes between bright spots is equal to topological charge numbernof designed SSHA.This experimental result verifies the vortex nature of QPVB generated by SSHA.

Fig.9.(a) The x–z plane of output beams and (b) x–y plane of output beams at position z=300 mm, (c) ring radius of vortex beam in propagation direction from z=76 mm to z=200 mm, (d) FH lens detecting QPVB, with the first row to the five row corresponding to experimental results of SSHAs with γ =10°,l=10,n from ?2 to 2 respectively.

Furthermore, we collect the vortex beam generated by SSHAs with SHCl=5,l=10, andl=20, with topological charge numbernvarying from?2 to 2, at the position 100 mm behind SSHA.Figures 10(a)–10(c) show the intensity distribution ofx–yplane of beam generated by SSHA atz=100 mm.It can be seen that the intensity distributions are all in the shape of circular ring, and the size of the vortex beam varies slightly with the topological charge numbernwhen the value of SHClis fixed.The size of the vortex beam generated by SSHA in the experiment is larger than the value with corresponding SHCland topological charge numbernin simulation.These differences may be due to the scattering of phase element and the error of experimental system (for example, the spot of quasi-Gaussian beam incident on SSHA is rough).The ring radius of vortex beam is calculated and displayed in Fig.10(d),the red line,yellow line,and purple line denote SSHA withl=5,l=10,andl=20 respectively.For SSHA withl=5,in the case that the topological charges are the same in number but opposite in sign,the ring radiuses are the same, which is consistent with the simulation result.Additionally, the ring radiuses are basically the same when the topological charge numbern=0 andn=±1.While the topological charge number increases fromn=±1 ton=±2, the ring radius is shifted by 1.86%.Like the SSHA withl=5,the ring radiuses of vortex beam generated by SSHA withl=10 are the same when topological charge numbern=0,±1.The ring radius is shifted by 2.09% while topological charge numbern=±1 increases ton=±2.For SSHA withl= 20, the ring radius is smallest with topological chargen=1, which may be caused by experimental errors.Next,the ring radius is shifted by 2.39% when topological charge number increases fromn=0 ton=?1,and the ring radius is shifted by 6.96% when topological charge number increases fromn=?1 ton=?2.The intensity distributions of vortex beam generated by SSHA withl=1,n=0, andn=10 are shown in Fig.10(e).The ring radiuses are 25.87 mm and 27.23 mm respectively,each of which is shifted by 0.50%by adding one topological charge on average.The beam generated by SSHA increases slightly with the topological charge numbernincreasing, which is consistent with simulation result,demonstrating that SSHA can generate QPVB in practical application.In addition, as the value oflbecomes larger, the ring radius of the beam generated by SSHA turns smaller,and the shift with the increase of topological charge numbernbecomes more significant.Therefore,the ring radius can be kept invariant by controlling SHClto realize property of PVB.

Next, the beams generated by Gaussian beam passing through SSHA withl=10,n=0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8 are measured in experiment.Like the simulation results, the“doughnut” shape beams with radial notch are generated as shown in Fig.11(a),when the fraction is 0.5,the radial notch is most noticeable.When the topological chargenincreases by two, the size of vortex beam only slightly increases visually.The ring radius of vortex beam is calculated and the result is displayed in Fig.11(b).When topological charge numbern=0.2,0.5 orn=2.2,2.5,the ring radiuses are the same.When the fraction increases to 0.8 or 2.8, the ring radius of vortex beam increases slightly.The ring radiuses of fractional vortex beams withn=0.2,n=0.5,n=0.8 are shifted by 6.14%,6.14%,9.60%relative to fractional vortex beams withn=2.2,n=2.5,n=2.8.This experimental result shows that the SSHA successfully generates QPVB with fractional-order in experiment.In addition, the intensity distributions ofx–zplane of the fractional vortex beam generated by SSHA are shown in Fig.11(c).

Fig.10.The intensity distribution of x–y plane of QPVB generated by SSHA with l=5(a),10(b),and 20(c)at z=100 mm,with topological charge number n varying from ?2 to 2; (d) ring radiuses of QPVB with different values of SHC l and topological charge number n, (e) x–y plane of QPVB generated by SSHA with l=1,n=0,and n=10.

Fig.11.(a)Intensity distributions of x–y plane of vortex beams generated by SSHA with fractional-order,(b)ring radiuses with different values of topological charge number n,and(c)intensity distributions of x–z plane.

4.Discussion

4.1.Comparison between SSHA and SPP

The traditional method uses SPP to generate a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam whose ring radius increases with topological charge numbern.In order to compare with the SSHA,the LG beams generated by SPPs withn=0, 1, 2, 3 are calculated by AST.The ring radius of LG beams with different values of topological charge numbernatz=100 mm is calculated, which is denoted by blue line in Fig.12(a), and the intensity distributions ofx–yplane are shown in Fig.12(b).For comparison,the ring radius of the QPVB generated by SSHA withl=10 is denoted by red line in Fig.12(a).

Fig.12.(a) Variations of ring radius with topological charge number n for SPP and SSHA, and (b) intensity distributions of x–y plane of LG beam at z=100 mm.

It can be observed that the ring radius varies most when the topological charge numbernof SPP increases from 0 to 1.While the topological charge numbernincreases linearly from 1 to 3, and the growth rate of ring radius is obviously higher than that of SSHA.Forn ＜2,the ring radius of the LG beam generated by SPP is smaller than that of the QPVB generated by SSHA.Forn=2, the two components are closest.When the topological charge numbernexceeds 2,the ring radius of the LG beam generated by SPP is larger than that of the QPVB generated by SSHA.The ring radiuses of LG beam generated by SPP withn=0,1,2,3 atz=100 mm are 0 mm,13.99 mm,17.64 mm,20.43 mm respectively.

4.2.Limit to topological charge number

The SSHA has an upper limit to the topological charge numbern, when the ring radius is kept unchanged.From the previous research results,the ring radius increases slightly with the augment of the topological charge numbernwhen the SHClis unchanged, and decreases with the SHClincreasing when the topological charge numbernis unchanged.The minimum value of the SHClis 1, and the ring radius of vortex beam withl=1 andn=0 is 23.20 mm.In order to explore the limit to the topological charge numberncarried by SSHA under the condition that the ring radius is basically unchanged, SHCland topological charge numbernneed increasing.Firstly,the SHClis set to 20,and the ring radius of vortex beam withn=40 is 23.01 mm, which is almost close to 23.20 mm, when the topological charge numbernexceeds 40,the ring radius is greater than 23.20 mm.Then,the SHClis set to 40,the ring radius of the vortex beam withn=40 is 22.98 mm,which is slightly different from SSHA withl=20.The influence on ring radius withn=40 is small when the SHClexceeds 20.The above discussion shows that the upper limit to the topological charge isn=40.Adjusting the SHClcan keep the ring radius almost unchanged in the range ofn=0,...,40,but the correspondingzposition will also move forward.Figure 13 shows the intensity distributions ofx–yplane of the vortex beam generated by SSHAs withl= 1,n=0,l=20,n=40,andl=40,n=40.

Fig.13.Intensity distributions of x–y plane.

5.Conclusions and perspectives

In conclusion,we have designed a new optical diffractive phase element to generate a quasi-perfect vortex beam with integer-order and fractional-order topological charge number at 0.1 THz.The optical phase element is characterized by a new spherical harmonic axicon with an added spiral phase wavefront.Next, the phase of diffractive element is wrapped to 2π, which is fabricated by 3D printing technology with high precision at low cost.Both the theoretical calculations and the experimental results demonstrate that the ring radius of the THz vortex beam with integer-order and fractionalorder generated by SSHA with the same spherical harmonic coefficient increase slightly with the increase of topological charge number in free space.In addition,by controlling spherical harmonic coefficient,the beams generated by SSHA with different topological charge numbers have the properties of THz perfect vortex beam, which can be efficiently coupled to fixed-aperture THz waveguide.The stable implementation and transmission of terahertz vortex beams in free space further promotes the improving of the communication capacity in terahertz domain.This simple and effective design method can also be extended beyond THz band.Therefore it is necessary to seek for suitable fabricating methods and material whose 3D printing technology is difficult to fabricate component used in high frequency band.

Acknowledgement

Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2017KFYXJJ029).