doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.05.024
摘" 要:【目的】研究不同羽系拜城油雞生長發(fā)育規(guī)律,為拜城油雞的科學(xué)飼養(yǎng)管理和品種改良提供理論依據(jù)。
【方法】分別選擇0日齡健康的黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系拜城油雞雛雞各200只(公母各半),測定并記錄0~22周齡的體重,采用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy生長模型對拜城油雞公、母雞的體重進(jìn)行生長曲線擬合分析。
【結(jié)果】10、14周齡黑麻羽系公雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.05),12周齡黑麻羽系公雞的體重顯著高于黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.05),16周齡黑麻羽系和黃麻羽系公雞的體重極顯著高于銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.01),20、22周齡黑麻羽系和黃麻羽系公雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.05);母雞中,黃麻羽系母雞的初生重分別顯著或極顯著高于黑麻羽系和銀灰羽系母雞(Plt;0.05或Plt;0.01),6、8周齡黑麻羽系母雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系母雞的體重(Plt;0.05),20、22周齡齡黃麻羽系母雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系母雞的體重(Plt;0.05);3個羽系拜城油雞的生長曲線均呈現(xiàn)“S”型;3個羽系公雞均在第10周達(dá)到生長高峰,母雞在第12周達(dá)到生長高峰;3種生長模型的擬合曲線與實際曲線基本吻合,Von Bertalanffy模型對公、母雞的擬合效果最佳(R2gt;0.998),黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系公雞的拐點周齡分別為8.629、9.389、8.947,拐點體重分別為858.207、911.107、842.681 g;母雞的拐點周齡分別為7.946、8.619、7.936,拐點體重分別為635.543、679.577、609.097 g。
【結(jié)論】不同羽系拜城油雞的生長發(fā)育存在差異,3個羽系拜城油雞公、母雞的最優(yōu)生長模型均為Von Bertalanffy模型。
關(guān)鍵詞:拜城油雞;發(fā)育規(guī)律;生長曲線;擬合曲線;生長模型
中圖分類號:S831""" 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A""" 文章編號:1001-4330(2024)05-1259-09
收稿日期(Received):
2023-08-07
基金項目:
新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化示范專項(鄉(xiāng)村振興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展科技行動)(2022NC118);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)畜禽種業(yè)提升(2023xjjq-z-01)
作者簡介:
姚洋(1996-),男,四川遂寧人,碩士研究生,研究方向為家禽生產(chǎn)學(xué),(E-mail)yy980119@163.com
通訊作者:
李海英(1968-),女,山東萊陽人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向為家禽種質(zhì)資源利用與高效繁育,(E-mail)lhy-3@163.com
0" 引 言
【研究意義】拜城油雞是原產(chǎn)于新疆阿克蘇地區(qū)拜城縣的地方品種[1]。生長曲線的擬合和分析是家禽科學(xué)飼養(yǎng)和選育的主要方法之一[2],研究家禽的生長過程,合理利用生長曲線模型有助于拜城油雞的科學(xué)飼養(yǎng)管理和品種改良[3]。【前人研究進(jìn)展】目前常用的家禽生長模型有Logistic[4]、Gompertz[5,6]、Von Bertalanffy[7,8]3種,因飼養(yǎng)管理條件、品種而異,個體的生長發(fā)育規(guī)律不盡相同,得到的最佳擬合模型也有差異。王天松等[9]對不同羽色和不同性別烏蒙鳳雞的擬合中,發(fā)現(xiàn)Logistic模型的擬合效果均為最優(yōu)。而沈永杰等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)Bertalanffy模型對婁門鴨公鴨和母鴨的擬合效果均優(yōu)于Gompertz和Logistic模型。崔夢笛等[11]對婆羅門雞公、母雞的體重進(jìn)行生長曲線擬合分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)Von Bertalanffy模型對婆羅門雞生長發(fā)育曲線擬合程度最佳?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】楊飛等[12]、沙爾山別克等[13]對拜城油雞的早期生長發(fā)育規(guī)律進(jìn)行了研究,拜城油雞經(jīng)歷了9個世代的培育,現(xiàn)有3個羽系,按羽色劃分為黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系。但目前對不同羽系、不同性別拜城油雞生長發(fā)育規(guī)律的研究還未見報道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用3種非線性曲線模型Logistic、Gompertz、Von Bertalanffy對3個羽系、不同性別拜城油雞0~22周齡的體重進(jìn)行生長曲線擬合和分析,研究不同羽系及性別拜城油雞的體重生長發(fā)育特征,為拜城油雞的專門化品系選育及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化養(yǎng)殖體系建立提供論依據(jù)和參考。
1" 材料與方法
1.1" 材 料
黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系拜城油雞雛雞在出雛時進(jìn)行翻肛鑒別,分別選擇0日齡健康的黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系拜城油雞雛雞各200只(公母各半),按性別、羽色分群飼養(yǎng),采用立體籠養(yǎng),自由采食和飲水,執(zhí)行常規(guī)免疫程序,不同生長發(fā)育階段飼喂不同營養(yǎng)水平的配合飼料。試驗雛雞由國家級拜城油雞保種廠新疆諾奇拜城油雞發(fā)展有限公司提供。預(yù)混料為1 kg飼糧提供:VA 9000 IU,VD 3500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 1.5 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB6 3 mg,煙酰胺30 mg,D-泛酸鈣13 mg,D-生物素0.09 mg,葉酸0.85 mg,銅10 mg,鐵80 mg,錳50 mg,鋅80 mg。表1
1.2" 方 法
1.2.1" 試驗設(shè)計
出雛當(dāng)天測定黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系拜城油雞雛雞的初生重,從第2周開始,每2周在3個羽系中各隨機選擇60只(公母各半)測定體重,試驗期22周,測量前停料12 h,只提供飲水,計算絕對生長量及相對生長率。
絕對生長量=(W1-W0)/(T1-T0).
相對生長率=2×(W1-W0)/(W1+W0)×100%.
式中,W0為前1次測定的體重;W1為后1次測定的體重;T0為前1次測定時的周齡;T1為后1次測定時的周齡。
1.2.2" 生長曲線擬合模型
利用Logistic、Gompertz、Von Bertalanffy三種生長模型分析3種羽色拜城油雞的生長發(fā)育規(guī)律,進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)模型擬合,估計各參數(shù),計算拐點體重、拐點周齡、最大周增重。表2
1.3" 數(shù)據(jù)處理
利用Excel 2020建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理和初步分析,繪制生長曲線,使用SPSS 24.0的單因素方差分析對不同羽系及性別拜城油雞的體重數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行顯著性分析,使用SPSS 24.0中的非線性生長模型對體重進(jìn)行擬合分析,計算參數(shù)A、B、K估計值,計算拐點體重、拐點周齡、最大周增重,根據(jù)擬合度評價模型擬合度,利用Excel 2020繪制擬合曲線。
2" 結(jié)果與分析
2.1" 不同羽系0~22周齡拜城油雞體重比較
研究表明,10、14周齡黑麻羽系公雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.05),12周齡黑麻羽系公雞的體重顯著高于黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.05),16周齡黑麻羽系和黃麻羽系公雞的體重極顯著高于銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.01),20、22周齡黑麻羽系和黃麻羽系公雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系公雞的體重(Plt;0.05)。表3
黃麻羽系母雞的初生重分別顯著或極顯著高于黑麻羽系和銀灰羽系母雞(Plt;0.05或Plt;0.01),6、8周齡黑麻羽系母雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系母雞的體重(Plt;0.05),20、22周齡齡黃麻羽系母雞的體重顯著高于銀灰羽系母雞的體重(Plt;0.05)。表4
2.2" 不同羽系0~22周齡拜城油雞體重生長曲線比較
研究表明,0~8周拜城油雞3個羽系相同性別之間的體重累積生長速度基本相同。10~22周時,黑麻羽系公雞的體重累積生長速度最快,黃麻羽系次之,銀灰羽系最慢;母雞中,黃麻羽系母雞的體重累積生長速度略快于其余2個羽系的母雞,其中銀灰羽系母雞的體重累積生長速度最慢。圖1、圖2
拜城油雞公、母雞均在8~14周的體重增長量較大。在10周時,3個羽系的公雞均到達(dá)生長高峰,3個羽系的母雞則在第12周達(dá)到生長高峰。拜城油雞公、母雞的相對生長率均隨著周齡的增長呈持續(xù)下降的趨勢。圖3~6
2.3" 不同羽系拜城油雞體重生長模型曲線
研究表明,3種生長模型對公雞體重的擬合度均在0.996以上,對母雞體重的擬合度均在0.991以上。3種模型的擬合曲線與實際曲線基本吻合,3種生長模型均能較好地模擬拜城油雞體重的生長發(fā)育規(guī)律。Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy模型在擬合黑麻羽系公雞和銀灰羽系母雞的體重生長時有相同的擬合度,分別為0.999和0.998,但Von Bertalanffy模型所得的參數(shù)估計值更接近實測值,Von Bertalanffy模型更適用于黑麻羽系公雞和銀灰羽系母雞的體重生長擬合。Von Bertalanffy模型對黑麻羽系母雞、黃麻羽系公雞、黃麻羽系母雞和銀灰羽系公雞的擬合度均為最高,分別為0.998、1.000、0.999和1.000,Von Bertalanffy模型是不同羽系拜城油雞公、母雞的最優(yōu)生長擬合模型。黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系公雞的拐點周齡分別為8.629、9.389、8.947,拐點體重分別為858.207、911.107、842.681 g;母雞的拐點周齡分別為7.946、8.619、7.936,拐點體重分別為635.543、679.577、609.097 g。表5,圖7~12
3" 討 論
3.1" 不同羽系拜城油雞體重生長發(fā)育規(guī)律
生長曲線受多種因素影響,例如遺傳、營養(yǎng)、品種等均影響家禽的生長發(fā)育過程[14]。代敏敏等[15]在對快羽和慢羽太行綠殼蛋雞的體重生長發(fā)育規(guī)律研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),42~133日齡快羽雞的生長速度顯著快于慢羽雞的生長速度(Plt;0.05)。張樂超等[16]則發(fā)現(xiàn),73~139日齡的太行雞慢羽公雞極顯著重于快羽公雞(Plt;0.01)。李義書等[17]通過對不同羽色儋州雞生長曲線擬合與分析研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)麻花色羽系和黑色羽系儋州雞公雞在0~16周齡、母雞在0~18周齡的體重實測值差異不顯著(Pgt;0.05),只有在18周齡時,麻花色羽系公雞體重顯著高于黑色羽系公雞(Plt;0.05),兩種羽色儋州雞僅在羽毛顏色上有區(qū)別,體重差異較小。付睿琦等[18]研究表明,北京油雞公雞在8~14周齡達(dá)到生長高峰。
研究中,不同羽色的拜城油雞公雞在10、12、14、16、20和22周齡的體重存在顯著或極顯著差異(Plt;0.05或Plt;0.01),母雞在初生重、6、8、20和22周齡的體重存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05),且黑麻羽系和黃麻羽系公、母雞的生長性能均優(yōu)于銀灰羽系。研究中不同羽色及性別拜城油雞的生長曲線均趨于“S”形曲線,符合家禽的一般生長發(fā)育規(guī)律。3個羽系的拜城油雞在8~14周體重快速增長,3個羽系拜城油雞公雞均在第10周達(dá)到生長高峰,3個羽系的拜城油雞母雞均在第12周達(dá)到生長高峰。母雞中,黃麻羽系的初生重顯著高于黑麻羽系和銀灰羽系。而在達(dá)到生長高峰時,母雞的體重趨勢為黑麻羽系gt;黃麻羽系gt;銀灰羽系,與公雞生長高峰時的體重對比情況相似,黑麻羽系無論公母在到達(dá)生長高峰期前均表現(xiàn)出很強的生長趨勢。
3.2" 不同羽系拜城油雞生長模型擬合效果
理想的生長模型曲線可以推測出家禽生長發(fā)育的動態(tài)變化,進(jìn)而指導(dǎo)家禽的日常飼養(yǎng)管理,縮減選育周期[19],Logistic、Gompertz、Von Bertalanffy是目前常用于描述畜禽生長過程和規(guī)律的3種非線性模型。袁經(jīng)緯等[20]對西藏藏雞公、母雞從出生到24周齡的體重進(jìn)行擬合分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)最優(yōu)生長模型是Gompertz模型,公、母雞的擬合度分別為0.999、0.996,拐點周齡為10.28、10.65周。肖濤等[21]采用3種生長曲線模型探究黔東南小香雞的生長發(fā)育規(guī)律,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)公雞的最佳擬合模型為Gompertz模型(R2gt;0.997),拐點周齡為11.75周,而Von Bertalanffy模型對母雞的擬合效果最佳(R2gt;0.998),拐點周齡為13.07周。研究中Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy模型對3個羽系拜城油雞公、母雞的擬合度均在0.99以上,而Von Bertalanffy模型的估計值與實測值更接近,Von Bertalanffy模型更適用于對不同羽系拜城油雞公、母雞體重的生長擬合。黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系公雞的拐點周齡分別為8.629、9.389、8.947,拐點體重分別為858.207、911.107、842.681 g,而黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系母雞的拐點周齡則分別為7.946、8.619、7.936,拐點體重分別為635.543、679.577、609.097 g。3個羽系拜城油雞母雞的拐點周齡均晚于3個羽系拜城油雞公雞。拐點周齡是生長速度由快變慢的時間點,也是雞生長發(fā)育進(jìn)入成熟期的標(biāo)志,拐點周齡越長,生產(chǎn)周期也越長,雞只達(dá)到出欄重量需要的時間也越長[10,22]。
4" 結(jié) 論
不同羽系拜城油雞的生長發(fā)育存在差異,3個羽系拜城油雞公雞在第10周達(dá)到生長高峰,母雞在第12周達(dá)到生長高峰,黑麻羽系無論公母在到達(dá)生長高峰期前均表現(xiàn)出很強的生長趨勢。3個羽系拜城油雞公雞、母雞的最優(yōu)生長模型均為Von Bertalanffy模型。黑麻羽系、黃麻羽系和銀灰羽系公雞的拐點周齡分別為8.629、9.389、8.947,拐點體重分別為858.207、911.107、842.681 g;母雞的拐點周齡分別為7.946、8.619、7.936,拐點體重分別為635.543、679.577、609.097 g。
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Growth and development rules and growth curve fitting analysis of Baicheng County Fried Chicken with different feather lines
YAO Yang1, DONG Wei2, LI Haiying1, ZHAO Xiaoyu1, LIAO Herong2, WU Yingping1, WANG Gang2, HUANG Guijie2
(1. College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; 2. Xinjiang Noqi Baicheng You Chicken Development Co. Ltd, Aksu Xinjiang 842300, China)
Abstract:【Objective】 The experiment aims to understand the growth and development rules of Baicheng County Fried Chicken with different feather, namely black hemp feather, yellow feather, and silvery grey feather, and provide theoretical basis for scientific feeding management and breeding improvement of Baicheng County Fried Chicken.
【Methods】 200 healthy chicks (half males and half females) of each feather color were selected at the age of 0 days, and their body weight was measured and recorded from 0 to 22 weeks old. Logistic, Gompertz, and Von Bertalanffy growth models were used to fit and analyze the growth curve of male and female Baicheng County Fried Chickens.
【Results】 At 10 and 14 weeks old, the body weight of male Black hemp feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken was significantly higher than that of male Silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken (Plt;0.05). At 12 weeks old, the body weight of male black hemp feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken was significantly higher than that of male Yellow feather and silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken (Plt;0.05); at 16 weeks old, the body weight of male black hemp feather and yellow feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken was extremely significantly higher than that of male silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken (Plt;0.01), and at 20 and 22 weeks old, the body weight of male black hemp feather and yellow feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken was significantly higher than that of male silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken(Plt;0.05). For female Baicheng County Fried Chicken, the birth weight of yellow feather was significantly or extremely significant higher than that of black hemp feather and silvery grey feather (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01); at 6 and 8 weeks old, the body weight of female black hemp feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken was significantly higher than that of female silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken (Plt;0.05), and at 20 and 22 weeks old, the body weight of female Yellow feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken was significantly higher than that of female Silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chicken (Plt;0.05). The growth curve of the three feather colors of Baicheng County Fried Chicken showed an \"S\" shape, and the growth peak of male chickens was reached at the 10th week, while that of female chickens was reached at the 12th week. The fitting curves of the three growth models were basically consistent with the actual curves, and Von Bertalanffy model had the best fitting effect for both male and female chickens (R2gt;0.998). The inflection points of black hemp feather, Yellow feather, and silvery grey feather Baicheng County Fried Chickens were 8.629, 9.389, and 8.947 weeks respectively for male chickens, and 7.946, 8.619, and 7.936 weeks respectively for female chickens; the inflection points of weight were 858.207, 911.107, and 842.681 g for male chickens, and 635.543, 679.577, and 609.097 g for female chickens.
【Conclusion】 In conclusion, there are differences in growth and development among Baicheng County Fried Chickens with different feather colors. The optimal growth models for male and female Baicheng County Fried Chickens of the three feather colors are all Von Bertalanffy models.
Key words:Baicheng County Fried Chicken; growth regularity; growth curve; fitting curve; growth model
Fund projects:Demonstration Project for the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Rural Revitalization Industry Development Science and Technology Action) (2022NC118); Livestock and Poultry Seed Industry Promotion Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2023xjjq-z-01)
Correspondence author:LI Haiying (1968-), female, from Laiyang, Shandong, professor, doctoral supervisor, research direction: animal nutrition and feed science, (E-mail)lhy-3@163.com