劉松惠?劉珂珂?付連國?劉志榮
【摘要】男性感染人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)會嚴重影響其身體健康,HPV與尖銳濕疣、陰莖癌、肛門癌、口腔和口咽疾病密切相關(guān)。已有研究表明,HPV疫苗對男性HPV感染性疾病具有較好的預(yù)防效果,尤其是針對特殊人群。然而,男性接種HPV疫苗的認知程度低和HPV疫苗供應(yīng)短缺,導致男性HPV疫苗接種率不理想。該文對男性HPV感染情況、接種HPV疫苗對男性HPV感染相關(guān)疾病的預(yù)防效果、男性接種HPV疫苗的可能障礙進行綜述,并提出推廣男性接種HPV疫苗的建議。筆者認為,應(yīng)加強HPV疫苗接種相關(guān)知識健康教育,提供相關(guān)醫(yī)療咨詢服務(wù)和疫苗開發(fā),以提高男性HPV疫苗接種率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】人乳頭瘤病毒;疫苗;男性;尖銳濕疣;陰莖癌;肛門癌
A systematic review of research progress in preventive effect of HPV vaccine in men Liu Songhui△, Liu Keke, Fu Lianguo, Liu Zhirong.△Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
Corresponding author, Liu Zhirong, E-mail: lzr@androl.cn
【Abstract】 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men can severely affect male health. HPV is closely associated with condyloma acuminatum, penile cancer, anal cancer, oral cavity and oropharyngeal diseases, etc. Studies have shown that HPV vaccine exerts favorable preventive effect on male infectious diseases, especially for special populations. However, low awareness of HPV vaccination among men and the shortage of HPV vaccine supply have led to unsatisfactory HPV vaccination rates among men. In this article, HPV infection in men, preventive effect of HPV vaccination on HPV infection-related diseases and potential barriers of HPV vaccination in men were reviewed. Suggestions were given to promote HPV vaccination in men.? Health education about HPV vaccination, related medical counseling services and vaccine development should be strengthened to increase the HPV vaccination rate among men.
【Key words】Human papillomavirus; Vaccine; Male; Condyloma acuminatum; Penile cancer; Anal cancer
人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)屬于乳多空泡病毒科、乳頭瘤病毒屬,是一類無包膜、小的雙鏈DNA病毒,病毒顆粒半徑20~50 μm,具有二十面體立體對稱的核衣殼結(jié)構(gòu),表面有72個殼微粒[1]。基因組含有8 000多個(約7.9 kb)核苷酸和堿基,其結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白主要包括L1和L2蛋白,共同組成了HPV的衣殼(L1為主要蛋白,L2為次要蛋白)[2-3]。
HPV的基因組分別為7個早期基因(E區(qū):E1、E2、E3、E4、E5、E6、E7)、2個晚期基因(L區(qū):L1、L2)和非編碼區(qū)(LCN),目前已經(jīng)分離出207種HPV[1, 3]。HPV具有強烈嗜上皮性及組織特異性,可引起皮膚黏膜上皮細胞損害,導致上皮細胞發(fā)生病理改變,從而引起多種疾病。HPV感染是全球最常見的性傳播疾?。⊿TD)之一,可引起女性宮頸癌、口咽癌、肛門癌、外陰癌和陰道癌以及男性的口咽癌、肛門癌和陰莖癌等[4-5]。
一、男性HPV感染情況
HPV可以通過皮膚、口腔和生殖器接觸傳播,性伴侶數(shù)量、首次性交年齡、屏障式避孕藥具使用、合并感染、男性生殖器感染等與HPV感染密切相關(guān)[6]。一項研究顯示,有19.6%(166/847)未割包皮男性的陰莖檢測到HPV,有5.5%(16/292)割包皮男性的陰莖檢測到HPV[7]。潘連軍等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn), 配偶宮頸HPV感染的男性群體中,外生殖器HPV檢出率達到83.5%。宮頸HPV感染陽性女性及其性穩(wěn)定伴侶口腔和生殖器HPV的一致性可達到27%[9]。董正蓉等[10]在500例男性就診者中發(fā)現(xiàn),HPV陽性率為43.4%,其中尖銳濕疣患者、亞臨床型尖銳濕疣患者以及無癥狀者的HPV檢出率分別為96.5%、87.5%和17.8%。一項來自美國的調(diào)查研究顯示,5 579名男性受訪者中的口腔感染HPV率為10.1%[11]。一項來自歐洲的調(diào)查研究顯示,男男性接觸者(MSM)中HPV的任意亞型感染率為37.9%[6]。一項薈萃分析表明,MSM的肛門HPV感染率為85.1%[12]。
二、HPV疫苗對男性HPV感染相關(guān)疾病的預(yù)防效果
HPV疫苗接種是預(yù)防HPV感染相關(guān)疾病的主要一級預(yù)防措施[13]。目前我國已批準4種HPV疫苗,分別為國產(chǎn)二價HPV疫苗和進口二價、四價、九價HPV疫苗[14]。
1. HPV疫苗對男性尖銳濕疣的預(yù)防效果
尖銳濕疣是最常見性傳播疾病之一,通常發(fā)生在生殖器、肛門以及恥骨、腹股溝、大腿內(nèi)側(cè)等區(qū)域[15]。一項納入6 000名HPV疫苗接種者的薈萃分析顯示,接種HPV疫苗后,15~19歲男孩肛門-生殖器疣檢出率下降了48%,20~24歲男性下降了32%[16]。另一項大型研究顯示,HPV四價疫苗可將HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16、HPV-18相關(guān)外生殖器病變的發(fā)生率降低90.4%,對尖銳濕疣預(yù)防效果為89.4%[17]。這些研究均表明HPV疫苗對男性尖銳濕疣具有較好的預(yù)防效果。
2. HPV疫苗對男性陰莖癌、肛門癌的預(yù)防
效果
陰莖癌是一種罕見的癌癥,在高收入國家人群患病率為0.1/10萬~1/10萬[18]。大約40%的浸潤性陰莖癌可歸因于HPV感染,其中HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16、HPV-18是陰莖癌感染HPV中最常見的基因型[19]。隨HPV感染的增加,原發(fā)性肛門癌發(fā)病率逐年遞增,在男同性戀和雙性戀人群中發(fā)生的比例較高。一項在16~26歲男性中進行為期10年隨機對照研究顯示,在異性戀男性人群中,接種HPV疫苗者感染HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16和HPV-18相關(guān)的陰莖癌、肛門上皮內(nèi)瘤變和肛門癌的發(fā)生率,相比未接種者分別低43.4%、59%、7.7%[20]。一項橫斷面研究顯示,與未接種HPV疫苗的MSM人群相比,已接種HPV疫苗的MSM人群的陰莖和肛門中HPV感染率下降21%[21]。一項HPV四價疫苗實驗研究顯示,HPV 四價疫苗對MSM人群預(yù)防肛門鱗狀上皮病變的保護率達到82.4%[22]。
3. HPV疫苗對男性口腔和口咽疾病的預(yù)防效果
HPV感染可導致大約 70% 的口咽癌,其中主要由HPV-16亞型引起[23]。有研究表明,HPV四價疫苗可誘導口腔的HPV抗體水平升高[24]。接種HPV疫苗后口腔唾液中產(chǎn)生HPV-16 IgG抗體,且口腔或口咽的HPV感染率降低[25]。美國一項調(diào)查顯示,HPV疫苗接種后口腔HPV感染率下降38%[11]。
三、男性接種HPV疫苗的可能障礙
隨著越來越多的國家批準HPV疫苗的臨床應(yīng)用,據(jù)估計未來10年HPV疫苗的總需求量至少增加1億劑[26]。由于生產(chǎn)能力不足,HPV疫苗的供應(yīng)受到限制[27-28]。目前,我國還沒有被列為全球疫苗免疫聯(lián)盟HPV疫苗支持的國家,存在“一苗”難求的現(xiàn)象。而在被全球免疫聯(lián)盟支持的國家中,如美國、奧地利和加拿大等,已開展多年不分性別HPV疫苗接種。與女性相比,男性明顯缺乏對 HPV 疫苗和相關(guān)健康知識的認識[29-31]。有研究顯示,在北美學齡兒童中,僅有10.7%男孩聽說過HPV,對于性活躍男孩也只有10.7%聽說過HPV[31]。在我國廣州市開展的調(diào)查顯示,有51.6%的男大學生聽說過HPV疫苗[32]。我國男大學生對HPV疫苗的知曉率為42.5%[33]。美國則有88%的男大學生聽說過HPV疫苗[34]。父母也缺乏關(guān)于HPV疫苗接種相關(guān)知識,父母大都不了解HPV疫苗對男孩的益處,認為疫苗接種僅適用于女孩[35-37]。法國父母由于對疫苗不良反應(yīng)的恐懼、反疫苗游說傳播的錯誤信息等,普遍反對男孩接種HPV疫苗[38-39]。MSM人群對HPV和HPV 疫苗相關(guān)知識平均得分僅為1.59(范圍0~11),對HPV和HPV疫苗的知曉率僅有47.6%[40-41]。在愛爾蘭MSM人群中的調(diào)查顯示,僅有31%受訪者愿意無條件接種HPV 疫苗[42]。美國MSM人群中僅有27%、法國MSM人群中僅有37%的男性自愿接種HPV疫苗,表明MSM人群對接種HPV疫苗的意愿并不高[39, 43]。
四、推廣男性接種HPV疫苗的建議
面對當前“一苗”難求的現(xiàn)象,筆者建議加大國產(chǎn)高價次HPV疫苗的研發(fā)投入,建立優(yōu)先審批制度,優(yōu)化國產(chǎn)HPV疫苗審批程序,縮短HPV 疫苗上市周期,盡早使更多國產(chǎn)HPV疫苗供應(yīng)市場。政府相關(guān)機構(gòu)應(yīng)加大人力資源和物質(zhì)資源的配套投入,搭建HPV疫苗接種健康宣傳及咨詢平臺,提高男性HPV疫苗知曉率。如疾病預(yù)防控制中心應(yīng)將HPV疫苗接種相關(guān)信息咨詢與MSM相關(guān)服務(wù)(如性傳播疾病咨詢和檢測)捆綁,社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心作為基層的接種機構(gòu)應(yīng)增加HPV疫苗咨詢服務(wù),學校作為青少年集中學習的主要場所應(yīng)開展HPV疫苗健康教育。政府也應(yīng)考慮控制疫苗價格,逐步將HPV疫苗接種納入國家免疫接種計劃。
五、結(jié) 語
綜上所述,男性感染 HPV嚴重影響男性身體健康,接種HPV疫苗可以有效預(yù)防男性患尖銳濕疣、陰莖癌、肛門癌、口腔及口咽疾病的風險。男性HPV疫苗供應(yīng)短缺,接種HPV疫苗的認知率低,應(yīng)加強HPV疫苗接種相關(guān)知識健康教育,提供相關(guān)醫(yī)療咨詢服務(wù),尤其對MSM群體開展HPV疫苗接種健康教育及相關(guān)咨詢服務(wù)具有重要意義。
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(收稿日期:2023-06-04)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)