周亮 徐洪軍
摘要:目的? 探討發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位(DDH)行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(THA)后完全負重行走的影響因素。方法? 回顧性分析2013年1月~2019年6月蘇州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院關(guān)節(jié)外科接受THA治療的DDH患者108例,比較不同臨床特征完全負重行走時間,采用Cox比例風(fēng)險回歸完全負重行走時間的影響因素。結(jié)果? 不同年齡、性別、手術(shù)部位、體重指數(shù)、吸煙、高血壓、糖尿病的術(shù)后完全負重行走時間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);不同患肢較對側(cè)短縮距離、骨質(zhì)疏松、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動和股骨截骨術(shù)愈合情況的術(shù)后完全負重行走時間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Cox單因素分析顯示,患肢較對側(cè)短縮>3.0 cm、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松、無菌性松動、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、股骨截骨不愈合與術(shù)后完全負重行走時間相關(guān);Cox多因素分析顯示,股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合、患肢較對側(cè)功能性短縮>3.0 cm、無菌性松動、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松和假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染是影響術(shù)后完全負重行走時間的危險因素。結(jié)論? DDH患者行DHA后患肢較對側(cè)功能性短縮>3.0 cm、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動和股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合是影響DDH術(shù)后完全負重行走時間的危險因素,應(yīng)針對以上因素,積極干預(yù),以縮短患者完全負重行走時間。
關(guān)鍵詞:發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位;全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);完全負重行走時間
Abstract:Objective? To explore the influencing factors of full weight-bearing walking after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in developmental hip dislocation (DDH).Methods? A retrospective analysis of 108 cases of DDH patients who received THA treatment in Joint Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University from January 2013 to June 2019 was performed to compare the complete weight-bearing walking time with different clinical features, and Cox proportional hazards was used to return the influencing factors of complete weight-bearing walking time.Results? There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative weight-bearing walking time between different ages, genders, surgical sites, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes(P>0.05); different affected limbs had shorter shortening distances and osteoporosis than the opposite side the comparison of postoperative complete weight-bearing walking time of joint infection around the prosthesis, aseptic loosening and femoral osteotomy healing was statistically significant(P<0.05).Cox univariate analysis showed that the affected limb shortened more than 3.0 cm from the contralateral side, severe osteoporosis, aseptic loosening, joint infection around the prosthesis, and non-union of the femoral osteotomy were related to the time of full weight-bearing walking after surgery; Cox multifactorial Analysis shows that non-union of femoral osteotomy, functional shortening of the affected limb >3.0 cm, aseptic loosening, severe osteoporosis, and joint infection around the prosthesis are risk factors that affect the time of full weight-bearing walking after surgery.Conclusion? After DHA, the functional shortening of the affected limb is >3.0 cm, severe osteoporosis, joint infection around the prosthesis, aseptic loosening, and non-union of the femoral osteotomy are the factors that affect the full weight walking after DDH the risk factors of time should be based on the above factors, and actively implement intervention measures to shorten the time for patients to walk with full weight.
Key words:Developmental hip dislocation;Total hip replacement;Walking time with full weight bearing
發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良(developmental hip dysplasia,DDH)是指髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育異常,其特征是髖臼和股骨的解剖學(xué)改變[1,2]。在DDH中,可能存在明顯的畸形,如髖臼發(fā)育不良、股骨頭畸形、股骨頸縮短、過度內(nèi)翻等[2]。全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total hip arthroplasty,THA)是一種治療癥狀性髖關(guān)節(jié)病的有效方法,但DDH術(shù)后易發(fā)生無菌性松動、術(shù)后脫位、聚乙烯磨損、術(shù)中股骨骨折、神經(jīng)損傷和股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合等并發(fā)癥[3]。目前大多數(shù)研究關(guān)注于DDH術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及對應(yīng)策略的研究,而關(guān)于DDH術(shù)后完全負重行走相關(guān)因素研究較少?;诖耍狙芯恐饕接慏DH行THA后完全負重行走的影響因素,以期為臨床治療提供參考,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料? 選取2013年1月~2019年6月在蘇州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院接受THA的DDH患者108例(119髖),其中有6例(12髖)同時進行了雙側(cè)THA,右髖68例,左髖51例,有5例患者接受了左右髖的分期手術(shù)。
1.2方法? 收集患者臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、偏側(cè)、吸煙史、高血壓史、糖尿病史、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、患肢短縮距離、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動、股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合以及是否合并骨質(zhì)疏松等。①假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染:將任何部位標(biāo)本2次或2次以上細菌/真菌培養(yǎng)陽性視為合并感染。②骨質(zhì)疏松:WHO建議根據(jù)BMD值對骨質(zhì)疏松癥進行分級,規(guī)定正常健康成年人的BMD值加減2.5個標(biāo)準差(SD)并伴有脆性骨折定義為嚴重的骨質(zhì)疏松[4]。③無菌性松動:國際文獻評估系統(tǒng)(IDES)對人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后假體無菌性松動的放射學(xué)表現(xiàn)定義為股骨柄下降3 mm以上或骨水泥與股骨柄間的透亮帶>2 mm[5]。④完全負重定義為患者恢復(fù)到一定時間后行走可以不依靠拐杖之類的幫助支撐體重。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法? 通過SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計量資料以(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗或ANOVA檢驗。運用Cox比例風(fēng)險回歸模型分析完全負重行走時間的影響因素。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1不同臨床特征完全負重行走時間比較? 不同年齡、性別、手術(shù)部位、體重指數(shù)、吸煙、高血壓、糖尿病的術(shù)后完全負重行走時間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。不同患肢較對側(cè)短縮距離、骨質(zhì)疏松、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動和股骨截骨術(shù)愈合情況的術(shù)后完全負重行走時間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 Cox比例風(fēng)險回歸完全負重行走時間的影響因素? Cox單因素分析顯示,患肢較對側(cè)短縮>3.0 cm、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松、無菌性松動、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、股骨截骨不愈合與術(shù)后完全負重行走時間相關(guān)。Cox多因素分析顯示,股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合、患肢較對側(cè)功能性短縮>3.0 cm、無菌性松動、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松和假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染是術(shù)后完全負重行走時間的危險因素,見表2。
3討論
發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良是最常見的發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)疾病,是繼發(fā)性退行性髖關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)炎最常見的病因。成年DDH患者發(fā)生退行性髖關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)炎的手術(shù)處理包括THA、半髖置換術(shù)、髖臼周圍或股骨近端截骨術(shù)、關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查等,很少行髖關(guān)節(jié)融合術(shù)或切除性關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。其中THA術(shù)應(yīng)用較為廣泛,但因其髖臼缺損、股骨畸形等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,使得臨床治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性[6,7]。既往已有關(guān)于DDH行THA后并發(fā)癥的相關(guān)研究報道,但對影響THA術(shù)后完全負重行走的危險因素的研究報道不多。而術(shù)后今早下床活動是促進患者身體早日康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵,因此了解THA術(shù)后完全負重行走的影響因素對改善患者預(yù)后具有重要意義。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,不同年齡、性別、手術(shù)部位、體重指數(shù)、吸煙、高血壓、糖尿病的術(shù)后完全負重行走時間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。不同患肢較對側(cè)短縮距離、骨質(zhì)疏松、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動和股骨截骨術(shù)愈合情況的術(shù)后完全負重行走時間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Cox比例風(fēng)險回歸分析顯示,患者年齡、性別、偏側(cè)、體重指數(shù)、吸煙、高血壓、糖尿病與術(shù)后完全負重行走時間無相關(guān)性(P>0.05),而患肢較對側(cè)功能性短縮>3.0 cm、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動和股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合與術(shù)后完全負重行走相關(guān),且是其危險因素(P<0.05),可能原因:①患肢短縮>3 cm:患肢短縮嚴重的DDH,如Crowe Ⅳ型可致髖關(guān)節(jié)和腰背部疼痛、脊柱跛行、代償性脊柱側(cè)凸[8]。當(dāng)患肢短縮>3 cm時則提示患者患髖的解剖學(xué)異常嚴重,包括髖臼小而淺、股骨近端狹窄且呈大管狀、股骨前傾過大、肌肉軟組織攣縮較重,使其更具技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)性,增加了術(shù)后假體松動、截骨段再骨折的發(fā)生及再脫位的可能性,康復(fù)鍛煉要求較高,從而延長了完全負重行走的時間[9]。②嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松:骨密度降低和骨質(zhì)量差與術(shù)中及術(shù)后假體周圍骨折有關(guān),而年齡增加常與骨質(zhì)疏松有關(guān)。有研究表明[8],患有骨質(zhì)疏松癥的患者增加了假體周圍骨折的風(fēng)險,從而導(dǎo)致假體松動,因使骨組織失去了連續(xù)性,影響患者完全負重行走的危險因素。③假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染:THA術(shù)最具破壞性的并發(fā)癥之一是感染,其可提高患者發(fā)病率、延長住院時間、延緩恢復(fù)速度,進而會影響患者術(shù)后完全負重行走時間。④無菌性松動:內(nèi)植物無菌性松動(AL)是THA術(shù)中翻修手術(shù)最常見的原因,占所有病例的75%,對患者和醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)造成嚴重后果。雖然AL的病因受多因素影響,且發(fā)生機制尚不完全清楚,但有研究表明[9],AL的主要病因是由內(nèi)植物磨損引起的巨噬細胞驅(qū)動的慢性炎癥反應(yīng),這種不良的組織反應(yīng)與先天免疫系統(tǒng)有關(guān),可導(dǎo)致骨溶解的骨降解狀態(tài),從而導(dǎo)致AL的植入失敗進行康復(fù)暫停、二次手術(shù)固定或者翻修,從而影響患者完全負重行走時間。⑤股骨截骨不愈合:目前,普遍認為高齡、糖尿病、嚴重貧血、營養(yǎng)不良、維生素D3水平低、甲狀腺功能減退、吸煙、感染、非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDs)、強的松龍是截骨不愈合的危險因素。而截骨處不愈合,患者無法順利進行康復(fù)鍛煉,從而影響完全負重行走。
綜上所述,DDH患者行DHA后,患肢較對側(cè)功能性短縮>3.0 cm、嚴重骨質(zhì)疏松、假體周圍關(guān)節(jié)感染、無菌性松動和股骨截骨術(shù)的不愈合是影響DDH術(shù)后完全負重行走時間的危險因素。臨床因針對以上影響因素,進行術(shù)前精細化體格檢查和術(shù)前規(guī)劃,及時糾正不利于手術(shù)及康復(fù)的相關(guān)因素。
參考文獻:
[1]Faldini C,Miscione MT,Chehrassan M,et al.Congenital hip dysplasia treated by total hip arthroplasty using cementless tapered stem in patients younger than 50 years old: results after 12-years follow-up[J].J Orthop Traumatol,2011,12(4):213-218.
[2]Liu S,Zuo J,Li Z,et al.Study of three-dimensional morphology of the proximal femur in developmental adult dysplasia of the hip suggests that the on-shelf modular prosthesis may not be an ideal choice for patients with Crowe type IV hips[J].Int Orthop,2017,41(4):707-713.
[3]Zeng WN,Liu JL,Wang FY,et al.Total hip arthroplasty for patients with Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip:Ten years results[J].Int J Surg,2017(42):17-21.
[4]Iorio R,Clair AJ,Inneh IA,et al.Early results of medicare's bundled Payment initiative for a 90-day total joint arthroplasty episode of care[J].Arthroplasty,2016(31):343-350.
[5]魏慧,田京.人工關(guān)節(jié)無菌性松動的早期診斷[J].中國組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù),2011,15(4):709-713.
[6]Greber EM,Pelt CE,Gililland JM,et al.Challenges in Total Hip Arthroplasty in the Setting of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip[J].J Arthroplasty,2017,32(9S):S38-S44.
[7]Hernandez NM,F(xiàn)ruth KM,Larson DR,et al.Conversion of Hemiarthroplasty to THA Carries an Increased Risk of Reoperation Compared With Primary and Revision THA[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2019,477(6):1392-1399.
[8]Zhang Z,Luo D,Cheng H,et al.Unexpected long lower limb in patients? with unilateral Hip dislocation[J].Bone Joint Surg Am,2018(100):388-395.
[9]Wang S,Zhou Y,Ma H,et al.Mid-term results of total hip? replacement with subtrochanteric osteotomy,modular stem,and ceramic surface in Crowe IV hip dysplasia[J].Arthroplast Today,2018(4):363-369.
收稿日期:2020-04-13;修回日期:2020-05-01
編輯/杜帆