沈奕播,聶洪玉,李琦
(1自貢市第四人民醫(yī)院呼吸科,自貢 643000;2陸軍軍醫(yī)大學第二附屬醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥科, 重慶 400037)
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmo-nary disease,COPD)是目前發(fā)病率和病死率極高的慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,而肺動脈高壓(pulmonary hypertension,PH)是COPD患者并發(fā)癥之一,它可導致患者住院時間延長以及病死率上升,本研究旨在探討COPD患者合并PH患者的臨床特征及危險因素。
回顧性分析2015年1月至2016年1月自貢市第四人民醫(yī)院呼吸科住院COPD患者702例,根據(jù)是否并發(fā)PH分為PH組279例和無PH組423例,其中PH組男性255例,女性24例,年齡40~88(64.4±23.8)歲;無PH組男性380例,女性43例,年齡41~84(61.5±20.1)歲。納入標準:符合《中國COPD診治指南(2013年修訂版)》COPD診斷標準[1]。超聲心動圖顯示患者有PH,病程5~30年。排除標準:肺栓塞、間質性肺病、特發(fā)性肺動脈高壓(idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension,IPAH)、左心疾病、活動性肺結核、免疫缺陷性疾病以及先天性心臟病等。世界衛(wèi)生組織定義PH為收縮期肺動脈壓(systolic pulmonary arterial pressure,SPAP)>40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,彩色多普勒超聲三尖瓣反流速度>3.0 m/s)[2-4]。PH組患者根據(jù)SPAP值又分為輕度PH亞組188例(40 mmHg
收集患者性別、年齡、體質量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、B型腦鈉肽(type B brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、紅細胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、紅細胞壓積(hematocrit,HCT)、C-反應蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、氧合指數(shù)(oxygenation index,OI)、D-二聚體(D-dimer,D-D)、纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB)、乳酸(lactic acid,LA)、第1 秒用力呼氣末容積(first second forced expiratory volume,FEV1)、糖類抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125)以及超聲心動圖檢查結果。
PH組和無PH組患者BMI、HCT、ALB、CRP、ESR、D-D、FIB和LA差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。相比無PH組患者,PH組患者FEV1/預計值和OI值下降,BNP、CA125 和SPAP值增高,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05;表1)。
輕度和重度PH組患者BMI、HCT、ALB、CRP和ESR差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。相比輕度PH組患者,重度PH組患者FEV1/預計值和OI值下降,BNP、D-D、FIB、LA、CA125 和SPAP值增高,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05;表2)。
Pearson相關分析結果表明SPAP與OI(r=-0.459,P=0.021)、FEV1/預計值至呈負相關(r=-0.442,P=0.035),與BNP(r=0.507,P=0.012)、CA125(r=0.375,P=0.048)和D-D(r=0.401,P=0.030)呈正相關。
以是否存在PH為因變量,以年齡、BNP、ESR、CRP、OI、D-D、FIB、CA125、FEV1/預計值、BMI、HCT、LA為自變量建立logistic回歸模型,結果表明BNP、CA125、D-D、FEV1/預計值和OI是PH的危險因素,具體結果見表3。
表1 PH和無PH組患者臨床特征比較
PH: pulmonary hypertension; FEV1: first second forced expiratory volume; BMI: body mass index; HCT: hematocrit; ALB: albumin; BNP: type B brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; OI: oxygenation index; D-D: D-dimer; FIB: fibrinogen; LA: lactic acid; CA125: carbohydrate antigen 125; SPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure.1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
表2 輕度和重度PH組患者臨床特征比較
PH: pulmonary hypertension; FEV1: first second forced expiratory volume; BMI: body mass index; HCT: hematocrit; ALB: albumin; BNP: type B brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; OI: oxygenation index; D-D: D-dimer; FIB: fibrinogen; LA: lactic acid; CA125: carbohydrate antigen 125; SPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure.1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
表3 多因素logistic回歸分析PH影響因素
PH: pulmonary hypertension; BNP: type B brain natriuretic peptide; OI: oxygenation index; D-D: D-dimer; CA125: carbohydrate antigen 125; FEV1: first second forced expiratory volume
本研究分析的均是住院患者,不包括非住院患者,且均采用多普勒超聲診斷儀計算肺動脈壓力,未能行右心導管檢查,因此COPD合并PH患者的比例為39.7%(279/702),高于Cuttica等[5]通過右心導管評估得出的30.4%及Gologanu等[6]通過彩色多普勒超聲評估得出的36.7%。
COPD合并PH患者早期無明顯臨床表現(xiàn),僅有血流動力學改變,隨著疾病進展,患者逐漸出現(xiàn)呼吸困難[7,8]。目前研究表明長期大量吸煙、持續(xù)性氣道慢性炎癥和低氧血癥等可造成肺血管損傷、收縮、形成血栓和重塑,從而使肺動脈內膜增厚,平滑肌細胞增生,毛細血管缺失,細胞外基質合成及沉積,最終進展為PH[9]。嚴重時造成右心室肥厚及擴張,右心負荷增加可使BNP代償性分泌增加,最終導致慢性肺源性心臟病發(fā)生[10]。Chen等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)COPD合并PH患者BNP值顯著高于單純COPD患者,且與PH的嚴重程度相關,這與我們的研究結果一致。
CA125屬于膜結合型黏蛋白,呼吸道杯狀上皮細胞和黏膜下黏液腺細胞可分泌。氣道炎癥可促使杯狀上皮細胞增生和黏液腺細胞增生,從而導致CA125合成和分泌增加[12]。研究表明COPD患者血清CA125值高于健康人群[13]。同時研究亦證實,COPD合并PH患者體內炎癥因子的水平更高[14]。本研究表明COPD合并PH患者CA125值明顯高于無PH患者,且隨PH嚴重程度增加而顯著升高,其機制可能與炎癥因子過度表達及黏液腺細胞合成與分泌CA125增加有關。
D-D是纖維蛋白降解的最終衍生物之一,是機體呈高凝狀態(tài)及纖溶系統(tǒng)亢進的標志。研究表明COPD患者血液處于高凝狀態(tài),合并PH時則更突出[15],其機制可能與患者肺血管微小血栓形成有關[16]。亦有研究表明上述機制可能是PH形成和發(fā)展的重要因素[17]。本研究亦表明重度PH組比輕度PH組患者D-D值高,這可能預示患者的危險程度??傊珻OPD合并PH患者治療時間長,預后差,動態(tài)檢測和評估患者的BNP、CA125、D-D、FEV1/預計值和OI對臨床診療具有一定的指導意義。
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