趙亞杰,曹江北,彭 鵬,陳 崗,米衛(wèi)東*,徐龍河
(1解放軍總醫(yī)院麻醉手術(shù)中心,北京 100853;2解放軍總醫(yī)院海南分院麻醉手術(shù)中心,三亞 572013)
腹部開放性手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,時間長,術(shù)后恢復較慢,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,老年患者由于肺功能退化及合并多種疾病,術(shù)后更易發(fā)生肺部并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率可高達9%~40%。合理的肺保護性通氣策略能有效降低腹部手術(shù)患者術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[1,2]。 但是,國內(nèi)外報道的保護性通氣策略多采用容量控制(volume-controlled ventilation,VCV)模式,而壓力控制(pressure-controlled ventilation,PCV)模式的優(yōu)劣尚不清楚。因此,本研究對PCV和VCV模式肺保護性通氣策略對老年開腹手術(shù)患者呼吸力學、血氣和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的影響進行了比較,為臨床優(yōu)化麻醉呼吸管理提供理論支持。
入選解放軍總醫(yī)院接受腹部開放手術(shù)的老年患者70例,男39例,女31例,年齡65~82歲。采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為PCV組和VCV組,每組35例。納入標準:美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiology,ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ級;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)18~30 kg/m2;擇期全麻下腹部手術(shù)患者,預期手術(shù)時間>2 h。排除標準:嚴重心功能不全,惡性心律失常;各種原因?qū)е碌募毙院粑ソ?;敗血癥或感染性休克;胸片或CT顯示肺大泡、氣胸等有肺部損傷患者;合并嚴重肺動脈高壓、顱內(nèi)壓升高等肺復張的禁忌證;近期接受過肺活檢或肺切除術(shù)者;手術(shù)時間>8 h;出血量>1000 ml;術(shù)中發(fā)生嚴重的心腦血管意外或過敏反應。本研究已獲醫(yī)院的醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準(批號:S2016-033-02),并與患者或家屬簽訂知情同意書。
患者進入手術(shù)室后開放外周靜脈通路,常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(electrocardiogram,ECG)、心率(heart rate,HR)、血壓(blood pressure,BP)、平均動脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、血氧飽和度(blood oxygen sataration,SaO2)和腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS),局麻下行橈動脈穿刺置管監(jiān)測有創(chuàng)動脈血壓。靜脈注射咪達唑侖0.05 mg/kg、丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg、羅庫溴銨0.6 mg/kg、舒芬太尼 0.4 μg/kg行麻醉誘導,氣管插管成功后,連接麻醉機進行機械通氣。麻醉維持采用靜吸復合麻醉,靜脈泵注丙泊酚2~4 mg/(kg·h)和瑞芬太尼0.1~0.5 μg/(kg·min),吸入七氟醚1%~2%,間斷追加羅庫溴銨,BIS維持在45~60。術(shù)中采用目標導向液體治療,使脈搏壓變異度<13。術(shù)后采用靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵模式鎮(zhèn)痛。
術(shù)中調(diào)整吸氣峰壓,根據(jù)預測體重(predicted body weight,PBW)維持潮氣量(tidal volume,VT)6~8 ml/kg,呼氣末正壓通氣(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP) 5 cmH2O,每30 min進行一次肺復張(recruitment maneuver,RM)。術(shù)中通氣均采用純氧,氧流量為1.5~2.0 L/min,吸呼比 (inspiratory:expiratory, I∶E)為1∶2,調(diào)節(jié)通氣頻率(respiratory rate,RR)使呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide ,PETCO2)維持在35~45 mmHg。
記錄患者插管前(T0)、插管機械通氣3 min(T1)、手術(shù)開始后(T2)、手術(shù)2 h(T3)、手術(shù)結(jié)束后(T4)和拔管后5 min(T5)的HR和BP,并在T1、T2、T3、T4時間點記錄氣道峰壓(peak pressure,Ppeak)、平均壓(mean pressure,Pmean)、VT和RR;在T0、T1、T3和 T5時間點取橈動脈血進行血氣分析(GEM Premier3000,美國IL),同時記錄患者住院期間并發(fā)癥。其中肺部并發(fā)癥包括低氧血癥、有創(chuàng)呼吸支持、肺炎、急性肺損傷(acute lung injury,ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)。系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥還包括全身炎癥反應綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)、膿毒血癥、肺外感染、心腦血管意外和胃腸功能障礙等。
PCV組2例手術(shù)時間<2 h,2例麻醉時間>8 h,1例術(shù)中出血>1000 ml,共排除5例,最終30例納入研究。 VCV組1例手術(shù)時間<2 h,2例失訪,共排除3例,最終32例納入研究。兩組患者基本資料差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05;表1)。 PCV組患者RM為8.0(7.8,10.0)次,VCV組患者RM為8.0(6.0,9.8)次,其他術(shù)中情況差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05;表2)。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between two groups
BMI: body mass index; PBW: predicted body weight; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology. Male: PBW=50+0.91×(height-152.4); Female: PBW=45.5+0.91×(height-152.4)
結(jié)果表明,PCV組患者T2、T3、T4時間點氣道峰壓顯著低于VCV組(P<0.05)。手術(shù)開始后HR、MAP呈下降趨勢,PCV組患者T2、T3、T4時間點MAP較VCV組高,T4時間點最高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05;表3)。
表2兩組患者術(shù)中一般情況比較
Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative data between two groups
Item PCVgroup(n=30)VCVgroup(n=32)PvalueDurationofanesthesia(min)235.8±60.1213.4±66.00.172Durationofsurgery(min)181.0±54.8159.5±57.90.138Bloodloss(ml)208.6±170.1139.7±89.50.058Urineoutput(ml)315.0±204.7296.9±233.10.747Fluidadministration(ml)2898.0±810.42563.8±452.80.053Colloidalsolution(ml)620.0±358.5518.8±230.60.188Crystalsolution(ml)2130.0±461.61946.9±345.20.081
PCV組和VCV組患者T0、T1、T3、T5時間點動脈血氧分壓(partial pressure of artery oxygen,PaO2)、二氧化碳分壓(partial pressure of artery carbon dioxide,PaCO2)和氧合指數(shù)(oxygenation index,OI)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。相比VCV組患者,PCV組患者T3時間點乳酸水平較低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。相比T0時間點,T5時間點兩組患者pH、PaO2和OI均明顯下降(P<0.05;表4)。
PCV組和VCV組患者住院時間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[(18.3±5.3)vs(15.6±4.5)d,P=0.045]。PCV組患者2例(6.7%)轉(zhuǎn)入重癥監(jiān)護病房,VCV組患者9例(28.1%)轉(zhuǎn)入重癥監(jiān)護病房,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05;表5)。
表3 兩組患者呼吸參數(shù)和血流動力學比較Table 3 Comparison of respiratory parameters and hemodynamics between two groups
VT: tidal volume; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate; PETCO2: partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide; Ppeak: peak airway pressure; Pmean: mean airway pressure; RR: respiratory rate; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure. T1: 3 min after intubation; T2: immediately after surgery began; T3: 2 h after surgery; T4: end of surgery. Compared with VCV group,*P<0.05
表4 兩組患者血氣指標比較Table 4 Comparison of blood gas indices between two
PaO2: partial pressure of artery oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of artery carbon dioxide; OI: oxygenation index. OI= PaO2/FIO2(FIO2: fraction of inspiration O2). T0: pre-intubation; T1: 3 min after intubation; T3: 2 h after surgery; T5: 5 min post-extubation. Compared with VCV group,*P<0.05; compared with T0,#P<0.05
表5 兩組患者臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸比較Table 5 Comparison of clinical outcome between two groups [n(%)]
ICU: intensive care unit; ARF: acute respiratory failure; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome.*The pulmonary complications are a composite of major pulmonary complications (defined as hyoxemia, need for invasive ventilation,pneumonia, acute respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome). *The systemic complications are a composite of major pulmonary complications and extrapulmonary complications(defined as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, extrapulmonary infection,cardiocerebral events, gastrointestinal dysfunction)
肺保護性通氣策略主要用于治療ALI和ARDS[3,4],也有研究表明該策略同樣能改善全麻患者肺功能, 減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥[1.5]。 本研究兩組患者均采用小潮氣量機械通氣,能減少肺泡過度擴張和高吸氣壓引起的肺損傷[6], 聯(lián)合使用PEEP可提高肺組織順應性,減少肺內(nèi)分流和增加動脈氧合,而RM可增強PEEP對肺組織的有利作用[7]。高水平PEEP(12 cmH2O)并不能預防術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥,且術(shù)中低血壓的發(fā)生率更高[8],故本研究采用中等水平PEEP(5 cmH2O)和肺復張策略以對抗全麻后功能殘氣量下降,減少肺不張區(qū)域,改善通氣血流比例和動脈氧合。也有研究推薦根據(jù)靜態(tài)壓力-容量曲線,PEEP值可設(shè)為高于拐點2 cmH2O,從而可因人而異[9]。
Amato等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)高驅(qū)動壓可致ARDS患者預后惡化,驅(qū)動壓與ARDS患者預后關(guān)系緊密。Neto等[11]也發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平驅(qū)動壓可導致術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥增多。驅(qū)動壓為潮氣量與呼吸系統(tǒng)靜態(tài)順應性(compliance respiratory static,CRS)之比,公式為△P=VT/CRS,可綜合考慮潮氣量和氣道壓的共同作用,也可簡化為平臺壓與PEEP的差值。PCV模式在吸氣時采用減速氣流,可防止局部肺泡過度充氣及肺泡壓過高,有利于肺泡復張[12];VCV模式在吸氣時采用恒速氣流,為克服氣道阻力吸氣初期會產(chǎn)生較高的吸氣峰壓和平臺壓。故相同PEEP水平時PCV模式的驅(qū)動壓較低,對預后的不良影響更少。本研究表明,維持老年患者相似OI下,PCV組患者Ppeak顯著低于VCV組患者,證實PCV模式肺順應性方面優(yōu)于VCV模式[13-15]。本研究未證實PCV模式在OI方面的優(yōu)勢,但PCV組動脈血乳酸水平明顯低于VCV組,反映了PCV組患者細胞水平的能量代謝優(yōu)于VCV組,這一結(jié)果表明PCV模式可能會改善老年開腹患者術(shù)中肺功能,并減少術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。本研究表明,PCV組患者術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)入ICU的患者例數(shù)遠低于VCV組,但兩組患者術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥(包括低氧血癥、肺炎、有創(chuàng)呼吸支持和ALI/ARDS)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。研究表明PCV和VCV模式較傳統(tǒng)機械通氣模式均有優(yōu)勢[1],但相比VCV模式,PCV模式可在獲得相同通氣及肺保護效應時使患者氣道壓更低。而氣道壓是機械通氣產(chǎn)生肺損傷的重要因素之一,故上述結(jié)果提示PCV模式較VCV模式更具潛在優(yōu)勢。
本研究的不足之處是樣本量較少,因此研究結(jié)果存在假陰性可能。另外研究未設(shè)立大潮氣量通氣模式作為對照,因此本研究中的兩種肺保護性通氣模式對術(shù)后預后的影響缺乏比較對象。
總之,對于實施腹部開放手術(shù)的老年患者而言,在維持相似OI的前提下,PCV模式相比VCV模式,可使患者術(shù)中氣道壓更低,提供更好的肺順應性,更有利于減少老年開腹患者術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
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