董一楠,孔凡銘,張新偉,魏 楓,孫 倩
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院研究所免疫研究室,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津市腫瘤免疫與生物治療重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津300060
癌基因iASPP-SV參與乳腺癌的形成
董一楠,孔凡銘,張新偉,魏 楓,孫 倩
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院研究所免疫研究室,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津市腫瘤免疫與生物治療重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津300060
背景與目的:p53凋亡刺激蛋白抑制劑(inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53,iASPP)屬于ASPP家族成員,其與p53結(jié)合,抑制p53靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,與腫瘤形成相關(guān)。先前該研究所在課題組發(fā)現(xiàn)了iASPP的一個(gè)新亞型iASPP剪切變異體(iASPP splice variant,iASPP-SV),其是包含407個(gè)氨基酸殘基的核蛋白,能與p53結(jié)合、抑制p53的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,但是其與乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用還不清楚。因此,該研究旨在探討iASPP-SV在乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用。方法:用5’-基因末端快速擴(kuò)增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)方法檢測(cè)乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MCF-7的iASPP-SV mRNA的5’末端序列。將pFLAG-iASPP-SV和pFLAG-iASPP(828)分別轉(zhuǎn)染HEK 293細(xì)胞,采用蛋白[質(zhì)]印跡法(Western blot)檢測(cè)HEK293細(xì)胞及8種人類腫瘤細(xì)胞iASPP-SV的表達(dá)情況。建立穩(wěn)定表達(dá)FLAG-iASPP-SV和FLAG-iASPP(828)的NIH 3T3細(xì)胞系,細(xì)胞增殖分析、克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)和軟瓊脂集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)iASPP-SV、iASPP(828)是否促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、是否是癌基因。用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reactive,RTFQ-PCR)的方法檢測(cè)原發(fā)性乳腺癌iASPP-SV和iASPP(828) mRNA表達(dá)水平,確定人乳腺癌中iASPP-SV是否上調(diào)。用熒光素酶報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)檢測(cè)iASPP-SV、iASPP(828)、p53與NF-κB/p65的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:5’-RACE方法顯示,MCF-7細(xì)胞中的iASPPSV由RAI序列(DQ986418.1)編碼。Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,多種人類腫瘤細(xì)胞系表達(dá)內(nèi)源性iASPP-SV。細(xì)胞增殖分析、克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)和軟瓊脂集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)iASPP-SV與iASPP(828)能促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,是癌基因。RTFQ-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,p53野生型乳腺癌組織iASPP-SV表達(dá)水平的中位值比p53突變型顯著升高。熒光素酶報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)證實(shí)iASPP-SV、iASPP(828)能抑制NF-κB/p65轉(zhuǎn)錄,因此iASPP可能是雙功能蛋白。結(jié)論:iASPP-SV可能作為乳腺癌治療的有效靶點(diǎn)。
p53凋亡刺激蛋白抑制劑;p53凋亡刺激蛋白抑制劑剪切變異體;p53;NF-κB;乳腺癌
p53由TP53基因編碼,位于細(xì)胞核,是重要的腫瘤抑制因子,其重要的功能是通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤形成[1-2]。在正常情況下,p53低表達(dá),并且與MDM2相互作用,處于失活狀態(tài)[1]。當(dāng)細(xì)胞受到基因毒性或毒性應(yīng)激如DNA損傷時(shí),p53激活并且特定殘基磷酸化來保持其穩(wěn)定性,抑制自我降解,p53水平上調(diào)[1,3]。p53是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其激活后能結(jié)合并活化具有促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞生長停滯作用的靶基因如p21CDKN1A和MDM2,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞生長抑制或凋亡、損傷細(xì)胞自我修復(fù)或清除,阻止正常細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[1,3-4]。有研究表明,p53突變或缺失與人類大多數(shù)種類的腫瘤細(xì)胞相關(guān)[1]。
p53凋亡刺激蛋白(apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53,ASPP)家族包括ASPP1、ASPP2和ASPP抑制劑(inhibitor of ASPP,iASPP)。ASPP1和ASPP2增強(qiáng)p53的促凋亡活性,而iASPP通過與p53結(jié)合,抑制p53靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[2,5]。更重要的是,iASPP和p53形成了負(fù)反饋環(huán),p53的積累和活化能直接促進(jìn)iASPP蛋白表達(dá)。iASPP的C端與ASPP1和ASPP2的C端相同,并且iASPP能和ASPP1、ASPP2競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與p53的結(jié)合[6]。iASPP位于染色體19q13.3上,由人類PPP1R13L基因編碼[5]。iASPP在多個(gè)惡性腫瘤如白血病、胃癌中表達(dá)上調(diào),iASPP過表達(dá)導(dǎo)致p53失去抑制腫瘤形成的功能,并且在腫瘤細(xì)胞系中RNAi抑制iASPP能恢復(fù)p53的凋亡活性[2,5,7]。研究表明,iASPP基因多態(tài)性與乳腺癌、肺癌相關(guān)。并且,iASPP過表達(dá)與宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌預(yù)后差相關(guān),iASPP高表達(dá)卵巢癌和宮頸癌患者無病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)和總生存期(overall survival,OS)短[8-9]。抑制iASPP能促進(jìn)p53依賴的凋亡,觸發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,增強(qiáng)腫瘤對(duì)化療敏感性[5,8]。先前我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了iASPP的一個(gè)新亞型iASPP剪切變異體(iASPP splice variant,iASPP-SV),其是包含407個(gè)氨基酸殘基的核蛋白,能與p53結(jié)合、抑制p53的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[10]。因此,iASPP基因至少轉(zhuǎn)錄iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV兩個(gè)亞型[10-11]。但是迄今為止,這些亞型的聯(lián)系尚不完全清楚。本研究旨在探討iASPP-SV在乳腺癌中的表達(dá)水平,及其在乳腺癌腫瘤形成和進(jìn)展中的作用,為乳腺癌的治療提供新的思路和靶點(diǎn)。
1.1 細(xì)胞系及原發(fā)性乳腺癌組織
乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MCF-7和MDA-MB-231,腫瘤細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)549、HCT116、HuH1、Mino、Jeko-1和Ramos,以及NIH 3T3細(xì)胞系由美國模式培養(yǎng)物保藏所(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC)提供,培養(yǎng)于含有10%胎牛血清的培養(yǎng)基(Dulbecco modified Eagle medium,DMEM)中。所有原發(fā)性乳腺癌均經(jīng)知情同意后在手術(shù)后收集,并且此研究通過了天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院及癌癥研究所人體試驗(yàn)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。HEK293細(xì)胞由天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤研究所免疫研究室提供,HKE293細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含10%滅活胎牛血清的DMEM中。
1.2 引物和抗體
用于實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(real-time fluorescent quantitative p o l y m e r a s e c h a i n r e a c t i v e,RT F QP C R)的引物包括G A P D H(F o r w a r d 5’-CCACTCCTCCACCTTTGAC-3’,Reverse 5’-ACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCA-3’)、iASPPSV(Forward 5’-TGTGCTGGTTGTATGCCC TGGAAG-3’,Reverse 5’-AGCCGGAACAA GAGCCCATCAGA-3’)和iASPP(828) (Forward 5’-TCTCCTCTGGCCAGCGACCG-3’,Reverse 5’-CTGCGAGGCAAAGTGCCCGA-3’);用于iASPP-SV 5’-RACE的引物包括:GSP1 5’-AGCCGGAACAAGAGCCCATCA-3’和GSP2 5’-ACTCCCTCTCCACAACTTCCAGG-3’;用于PCR的引物包括iASPP(828)5’-CGTAGAATTC CATGGACAGCGAGGCATTCCAGAGC-3’;用于反義質(zhì)粒合成的引物包括iASPP-SV(Forward 5’-AATTAAGAGCCCATCAGAGGACAGGTCC CCAGGAGACACCCAACACTCCCTCTC-3’,Reverse 5’-TCGAGAGAGGGAGTGTTGGGTG TCTCCTGGGGACCTGTCCTCTGATGGGCTC TT-3’)、iASPP(828) (Forward 5’-AATTAGCAG GGAGCTCCCGAAGGCGGACGCTGGCGCGT CGTAGGCTGTGGC-3’,Reverse 5’-TCGAGC CACAGCCTACGACGCGCCAGCGTCCGCCT TCGGGAGCTCCCTGCT-3’)和iASPP(common)(Forward 5’-AATTCCGGTCAGCGCCGCGTCC AGGAGGAGCACCAGAGGGTTGAGGCG-3’,Reverse 5’-TCGACGCCTCAACCCTCTGGTGC TCCTCCTGGACGCGGCGCTGACCGG-3’)。
所用抗體包括iASPP羊抗人單克隆抗體(sc-74941,購自美國Santa Cruz公司)、β-actin鼠抗人單克隆抗體(A1978,購自美國Sigma公司)和FLAG鼠抗人單克隆抗體(F3165,購自美國Sigma公司)。
1.3 質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建
構(gòu)建FLAG-iASPP(828)質(zhì)粒:質(zhì)粒PCMV-iASPP(SC318309,購自美國OriGene公司)通過PCR擴(kuò)增,并且把PCR產(chǎn)物與載體pGEM-T連接,之后用EcoR Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ雙酶切亞克隆到FLAG1-pcDNA3。構(gòu)建FLAG-iASPP-SV質(zhì)粒:按說明書用TRIzol試劑(購自美國Invitrogen公司)提取細(xì)胞總RNA,并測(cè)定RNA純度和濃度。2 μg總RNA用隨機(jī)引物進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄。設(shè)計(jì)特異性引物(正義序列:5’-GGAATTCCAT GTGCTGGTTGTATGCC-3’,反義序列: 5’-CTCGAGGTCAGCCTCAGAAACCTC-3’)用于擴(kuò)增iASPP/RAI (AF078037)的774~2 028片段??偡磻?yīng)體系為50 μL,包括2 μL cDNA、2.5 U La Taq(Takara)和25 μL 2×GC Buffer I。PCR反應(yīng)條件:預(yù)變性94 ℃,5 min;變性94 ℃,45 s;退火50 ℃,45 s;延長72 ℃,90 s;6個(gè)循環(huán)。之后在7500型RTFQ-PCR儀系統(tǒng)上按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序進(jìn)行PCR:94 ℃,45 s;56 ℃,45 s;72 ℃,90 s;30個(gè)循環(huán)。PCR產(chǎn)物與載體pGEM-T連接,之后用EcoR I和Xho I雙酶切亞克隆到FLAG1-pcDNA3。構(gòu)建反義質(zhì)粒,設(shè)計(jì)針對(duì)iASPP-SV/iASPP(828)反義寡核苷酸對(duì),與pcDNA3連接。所有質(zhì)粒經(jīng)過測(cè)序驗(yàn)證。
1.4 c D N A 5’-末端快速擴(kuò)增(r a p i d amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)
購買5’-RACE kit試劑盒(18374-058,購自美國Invitrogen公司)。按說明書用TRIzol試劑提取MCF-7細(xì)胞總RNA,并測(cè)定RNA純度和濃度。用特異性iASPP-SV引物GSP1反轉(zhuǎn)錄總RNA,之后在dCTP存在下用末端脫氧核糖核酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶延長。按照說明書用5’-RACE錨定加尾引物和iASPP-SV引物GSP2來擴(kuò)增cDNA。PCR產(chǎn)物連接到pGEM-T Vector(A3600,購自美國Promega公司),之后進(jìn)行測(cè)序。
1.5 RTFQ-PCR分析
用TRIzol(購自美國Invitrogen公司)試劑提取細(xì)胞總RNA,DNA用TURBO DNA-freeTM(購自美國Applied Biosystems公司)去除。1 μg RNA用iScript cDNA合成試劑盒(購自美國BioRad公司)反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA。按照商家說明書進(jìn)行RTFQPCR。特異性iASPP mRNA相對(duì)量由2-ΔΔCt呈現(xiàn)。在原發(fā)性乳腺癌中,ΔΔCt=ΔCt p53野生型乳腺癌組織-ΔCt p53突變型乳腺癌組織。
1.6 檢測(cè)p53基因突變
設(shè)計(jì)一對(duì)特異性引物(正義序列: 5-TGCATTCTGGGACAGCCAAG-3,反義序列:5-AACATCTCGAAGCGCTCACG-3)來擴(kuò)增p53外顯子4~11的一個(gè)682 bp的片段。在包含10 μL cDNA和2.5 U pyrobest DNA polymerase[購自寶生物工程(大連)有限公司]的100 μL體系中,PCR擴(kuò)增p53片段。為避免RTFQ-PCR期間出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的突變,在突變樣本中,重復(fù)RTFQ-PCR并測(cè)序。
1.7 轉(zhuǎn)染
在6孔板中每孔3 m L完全培養(yǎng)液,鋪5×105~10×105個(gè)細(xì)胞。12~24 h后,用LipofectamineTM2000(購自美國Invitrogen公司)轉(zhuǎn)染2 μg FLAG-iASPP(828)或FLAG-iASPP-SV質(zhì)粒。為了建立穩(wěn)定表達(dá)FLAG-iASPP-SV和FLAG-iASPP(828)的NIH 3T3細(xì)胞系,轉(zhuǎn)染后的細(xì)胞用500 mg/mL G418篩選穩(wěn)定表達(dá)細(xì)胞系2~4周,并通過有限稀釋法挑單細(xì)胞克隆。
1.8 細(xì)胞增殖分析
在96孔板中每孔鋪1×103~2×103個(gè)細(xì)胞,每孔加入10 μL Cell Counting Kit-8 (購自日本同仁化學(xué)研究所)溶液,在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)繼續(xù)溫育1 h。按照說明書,不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)在450 nm處測(cè)定吸光度值。
1.9 克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)
取對(duì)數(shù)生長期1×103個(gè)細(xì)胞鋪到10 cm的平板中,在37 ℃、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的溫箱中培養(yǎng)10 d。培養(yǎng)結(jié)束后,用0.5%結(jié)晶紫染色并用倒置顯微鏡計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞數(shù)目大于40個(gè)的克隆數(shù)目。
1.10 軟瓊脂集落形成試驗(yàn)
2×103個(gè)細(xì)胞與含0.35%瓊脂糖的0.4 mL培養(yǎng)液混勻,接種到12孔板,每孔0.8 mL含0.7%相同介質(zhì)的固化瓊脂糖。在37 ℃、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的溫箱中溫育3周后,用倒置顯微鏡計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞數(shù)目大于40個(gè)的克隆數(shù)目。
1.11 蛋白[質(zhì)]印跡法(Western blot)實(shí)驗(yàn)
收集細(xì)胞,用細(xì)胞裂解液RIPA裂解細(xì)胞、提取總蛋白,測(cè)定濃度。SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離,電轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF印跡膜,封閉,分別滴加以1∶1 000稀釋的iASPP羊抗人單克隆抗體(sc-74941,購自美國Santa Cruz公司)及FLAG鼠抗人單克隆抗體(F3165,購自美國Sigma公司)進(jìn)行溫育,PBST洗膜后,加入二抗室溫溫育,PBST洗膜后用化學(xué)發(fā)光法顯影。
1.12 熒光素酶報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)
轉(zhuǎn)染前24 h消化HEK293細(xì)胞并計(jì)數(shù),在24孔板中每孔接種5×104個(gè)細(xì)胞,待細(xì)胞達(dá)到60%~70%融合度時(shí),采用LipofectamineTM2000試劑,將pFLAG-iASPP(828)、pFLAG-iASPPSV和pFLAG-P53分別與pFLAG-P65、200 ng熒光素酶報(bào)告基因和30 ng pCMV-β-半乳糖苷酶共轉(zhuǎn)染HEK293細(xì)胞,設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。轉(zhuǎn)染后24 h,使用熒光素酶檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)(購自美國Promega公司)測(cè)定熒光素酶相對(duì)活性,按照Luciferase?Reporter Assay System說明書進(jìn)行操作。
1.13 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
用SPSS 11.0軟件分析實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)不符合參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)條件,采用配對(duì)樣本的非參數(shù)秩和檢驗(yàn),均數(shù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),各組間比較采用方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 iASPP-SV mRNA的5’末端序列
iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)的區(qū)別在于N末端不同,我們首先用5’-RACE克隆MCF-7細(xì)胞的iASPP-SV mRNA的5’末端,并測(cè)序。5’-RACE產(chǎn)物序列分析結(jié)果見圖1。美國國家生物技術(shù)信息中心(National Center of Biotechnology Information,NCBI)提供的生物序列的同源性搜索數(shù)據(jù)顯示:iASPP-SV的5’末端與RAI(AF078037.1)幾乎相同。這表明iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)是由同一個(gè)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,iASPP-SV由RAI序列(DQ986418.1)編碼。
圖 1 5’-RACE克隆iASPP-SV的DNA產(chǎn)物測(cè)序Fig. 1 5’-RACE products of iASPP-SV were confirmed by DNA sequencing
2.2 多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系表達(dá)內(nèi)源性iASPP-SV
為了確定是否人類腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)內(nèi)源性iASPP-SV,我們分別克隆iASPP(828)及iASPP-SV并插入到FLAG tag質(zhì)粒中(圖2)。將pFLAG-iASPP-SV和pFLAG-iASPP(828)分別轉(zhuǎn)染HEK293細(xì)胞。轉(zhuǎn)染后的HEK293細(xì)胞抗iASPP(828)和抗iASPP-SV抗體兩個(gè)條帶大約105×103和55×103,并且這兩個(gè)條帶在8種腫瘤細(xì)胞中都存在(圖3)。為了確定這兩個(gè)條帶是否是iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV,我們分別轉(zhuǎn)染iASPPSV和iASPP(828)的反義質(zhì)粒到MCF-7細(xì)胞。55×103和105×103蛋白明顯減少,同時(shí)iASPP-SV和iASPP(828) mRNA也減少(圖4)。上述結(jié)果表明,55×103的條帶是iASPP-SV,并且人類多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系表達(dá)內(nèi)源性iASPP-SV。
圖 2 Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證構(gòu)建的pFLAG-iASPP-SV和pFLAG-iASPP(828)質(zhì)粒Fig. 2 Western blot detected the constructed plasmids pFLAG-iASPP-SV and pFLAG-iASPP(828)
圖 3 Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)人類腫瘤細(xì)胞系中iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV的表達(dá)水平Fig. 3 Western blot detected the expression levels of iASPP(828) and iASPP-SV in several human tumor cell lines
圖 4 Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)染iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)的反義質(zhì)粒后iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV表達(dá)水平,PTFQ-PCR檢測(cè)iASPPSV和iASPP(828) mRNA水平Fig. 4 Western blot (left figure) and RTFQ-PCR analysis (right figure) demonstrated that plasmids of antisense iASPP-SV suppressed endogenous iASPP-SV expression in MCF-7
2.3 iASPP-SV促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞NIH 3T3增殖
我們首先建立了穩(wěn)定表達(dá)FLAG-iASPP-SV和FLAG-iASPP(828)、能在500 μg/mL遺傳霉素中生長的NIH 3T3克?。▓D5)。細(xì)胞增殖分析結(jié)果顯示,iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)促進(jìn)NIH 3T3細(xì)胞生長(圖6),并且克隆形成和軟瓊脂集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)表明iASPP-SV比iASPP(828)的致癌活性更強(qiáng)(圖7)。
圖 5 Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證構(gòu)建的穩(wěn)定表達(dá)FLAG-iASPP-SV和FLAG-iASPP(828)的NIH 3T3細(xì)胞系Fig. 5 Western blot detected the stable clones of NIH 3T3 expressing FLAG-iASPP-SV and FLAG-iASPP(828)
圖 6 用細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)試劑盒檢測(cè)穩(wěn)定表達(dá)FLAG-iASPP-SV和FLAG-iASPP(828)的NIH 3T3細(xì)胞系第0、2、4和6天的細(xì)胞增殖情況Fig. 6 Cell proliferation of NIH 3T3 expressing FLAG-iASPPSV and FLAG-iASPP (828) was assayed with cell counting kit-8 assay on d 0, 2, 4 and 6
2.4 iASPP-SV在p53野生型乳腺癌表達(dá)上調(diào)
應(yīng)用RTFQ-PCR的方法檢測(cè)原發(fā)性乳腺癌組織iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果表明,p53野生型乳腺癌組織iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)表達(dá)水平的中位值比p53突變型顯著升高,并且iASPP-SV表達(dá)水平與iASPP(828)呈正相關(guān)(圖8)。
2.5 iASPP-SV抑制NF-κB/p65的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性
應(yīng)用熒光素酶報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)檢測(cè)iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV與NF-κB/p65的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明,p53、iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV都能與NF-κB/p65結(jié)合并抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄活性(圖9)。
圖 7 克隆形成和軟瓊脂集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)穩(wěn)定表達(dá)FLAG-iASPP-SV和FLAG-iASPP(828)的NIH 3T3細(xì)胞系細(xì)胞的克隆形成及集落形成能力Fig. 7 Colony formation and soft agar colony formation assay were used to detect the clone formation and colony formation ability of NIH 3T3 expressing FLAG-iASPP-SV and FLAG-iASPP(828)
圖 8 RTFQ-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)原發(fā)性乳腺癌iASPP-SV和iASPP(828) mRNA表達(dá)水平Fig. 8 RTFQ-PCR detected the levels of iASPP-SV and iASPP(828) mRNA in primary breast cancer
圖 9 熒光素酶報(bào)告基因?qū)嶒?yàn)檢測(cè)p53、iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV與NF-κB/p65的關(guān)系Fig. 9 Luciferase assays were used to identify the relationship between iASPP-SV, iASPP(828) and p53 and NF-κB/p65
乳腺癌是全世界女性中最常見的惡性腫瘤,嚴(yán)重危害女性健康。我國華東地區(qū)乳腺癌的發(fā)病比例占中國人口的38%,近些年其發(fā)病率有明顯上升趨勢(shì),引起國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的關(guān)注[12]。iASPP是ASPP家族中的抑制性成員,能特異性抑制p53的促凋亡作用。iASPP基因通過選擇性剪接作用至少轉(zhuǎn)錄iASPP(828)和iASPP-SV兩個(gè)亞型[10-11],并且iASPP在多個(gè)惡性腫瘤中表達(dá)上調(diào),與腫瘤預(yù)后不良相關(guān)[2,5,7-8]。
在本研究中,我們用5’-RACE檢測(cè)了MCF-7細(xì)胞中iASPP-SV mRNA的5’末端序列,并且生物序列的同源性搜索顯示,iASPP-SV與RAI(AF078037.1)序列相同,確定iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)兩個(gè)亞型來源于具有選擇性啟動(dòng)子的iASPP的基因剪接。已有研究表明,iASPP能抑制p53,有致癌作用[2,5],并且我們先前的結(jié)果表明,iASPP-SV抑制p53的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)源性iASPP-SV在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系表達(dá),并且iASPP-SV比iASPP(828)更能明顯促進(jìn)NIH 3T3細(xì)胞增殖,iASPP-SV可能是癌基因。已有研究證實(shí),人乳腺癌中iASPP表達(dá)上調(diào),在野生型p53基因的乳腺癌和白血病中,敲除iASPP能增強(qiáng)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的化療凋亡率和敏感性[5,8-9]。然而,乳腺癌中iASPP(828)和iASPPSV表達(dá)水平不清楚。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),iASPP-SV和iASPP(828)在p53野生型人乳腺癌中較p53突變型過表達(dá)。
已證實(shí)人類95%的多外顯子基因具有選擇性剪接的調(diào)控機(jī)制,選擇性剪接保證了轉(zhuǎn)錄組和蛋白質(zhì)多樣性[13]。很多癌癥相關(guān)基因如p53具有選擇性剪接作用。p53基因具有多個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn),通過選擇性剪接編碼多個(gè)亞型[14]。ASPP家族中,ASPP2基因也編碼兩個(gè)亞型53BP2(1005氨基酸)和ASPP2(1128氨基酸)[15]。已有研究表明,ASPP2/53BP2可以與p53和NF-κB/p65結(jié)合,ASPP2能通過p53非依賴途徑促進(jìn)RAS誘導(dǎo)的凋亡和p53依賴途徑抑制腫瘤生成[16]。NF-κB/p65與ASPP2/53BP2結(jié)合,抑制ASPP2/53BP2誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[17]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),iASPP-SV能與NF-κB/p65結(jié)合并抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。并且有研究表明,敲低iASPP能通過NF-κB途徑降低原始淋巴細(xì)胞和正常纖維細(xì)胞凋亡水平[18]。這些研究表明,ASPP家族可能參與調(diào)節(jié)p53和NF-κB的活性,iASPP可能是雙功能蛋白,與不同蛋白相互作用,具有促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生存和抑制細(xì)胞生存的特性[11,19]。因此,iASPP-SV可能作為乳腺癌治療的有效靶點(diǎn)。
綜上所述,癌基因iASPP-SV在p53野生型乳腺癌中表達(dá)上調(diào)并促進(jìn)腫瘤形成。該研究為人們認(rèn)識(shí)iASPP-SV在乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用機(jī)制提供了新的思路,iASPP-SV可能作為乳腺癌治療的有效靶點(diǎn),為乳腺癌的治療提供了新的靶點(diǎn)和理論依據(jù)。
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iASPP-SV, as an oncogene, participates in breast tumorigenesis and progression
DONG Yinan, KONG Fanming, ZHANG Xinwei, WEI Feng, SUN Qian (Cell Immunology Lab, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of“Cancer Prevention”, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060,China)
Correspondence to: ZHANG Xinwei E-mail: zhangxinwei@tjmuch.com
Background and purpose: Inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (iASPP) is one of the ASPP family. It binds to p53 to inhibit the transcriptional activity of p53-target genes and cell apoptosis, which is associated with tumor formation. Previously, we found a new subtype of iASPP, iASPP splice variant (iASPP-SV), which is a nuclear protein containing 407 amino acid residues and can bind to p53, inhibiting p53 transcriptional activity. However, the relationship of iASPP-SV and breast cancer is still obscure. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the role of iASPP-SV on breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Methods: 5’-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was used to identify the 5’-end of iASPP-SV mRNA in MCF-7 cells. HEK 293 cells were transfected with pFLAG-iASPP-SV and pFLAG-iASPP (828). Then Western blot was used to identify whether endogenous iASPPSV was expressed in HEK 293 cells and 8 types of human tumor cell lines. This study established the stable clones ofNIH 3T3 expressing FLAG-iASPP-SV and FLAG-iASPP (828). Cell proliferation assay, colony formation and soft agar colony formation assay were used to identify whether iASPP-SV and iASPP (828) can promote cell proliferation and iASPP-SV is an oncogene. Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reactive (RTFQ-PCR) was used to detect the levels of iASPP-SV and iASPP (828) mRNA in primary breast cancers. Luciferase assays were used to identify the relationships between iASPP-SV, iASPP (828), p53 and NF-κB p65. Results: The study identified that iASPP-SV was encoded by previously reported NF-κB p65 subunit (RelA)-associated inhibitor (RAI), and endogenously expressed in many human cancer cell lines. Analysis of cell proliferation, colony formation assay and soft agar assay for colony formation identified that similarly to iASPP (828), iASPP-SV promoted tumor cell proliferation and acted as an oncogene. RTFQ-PCR result showed that the median values of iASPP-SV and iASPP (828) in breast cancers with wild-type p53 were more significantly over-expressed than those of mutant p53. Luciferase assays showed that iASPP-SV and iASPP (828) could suppress NF-κB p65 transcriptional activity. Thus iASPP family may participate in the regulation of p53 and NF-κB activity, which imply that iASPP perhaps shows pro- or anti-survival activities when it interacts with different proteins. Conclusion: These findings indicate that iASPP-SV may be a potential target for breast cancer therapy.
Inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53; Inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 splice variant; p53; NF-κB; Breast cancer
10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2016.10.005
R737.9
A
1007-3639(2016)10-0831-09
天津市自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(14JCYBJC27100,13JCQNJC10400,14JCYBJC25500)。
張新偉 E-mail: zhangxinwei@tjmuch.com
(2015-11-09
2016-03-06)