蔣曉蕊+苗琳+吳曉燕+樊官偉
[摘要] 心血管疾病是全球發(fā)病率和致死率最高的疾病,而丹參酮ⅡA對心血管系統(tǒng)具有突出的保護作用。本文綜述了丹參酮ⅡA對血管內(nèi)皮、平滑肌、心肌以及心肌成纖維細胞的保護作用及可能機制,從抑制細胞增殖、改善氧化應(yīng)激損傷、改善遷移黏附功能等具體機制方面進行闡釋,以期為丹參酮ⅡA的合理應(yīng)用提供依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 丹參酮ⅡA;心血管疾病;內(nèi)皮細胞;平滑肌細胞;心肌細胞
[中圖分類號] R972[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)05(b)-0183-03
Protective effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on cardiovascular system
JIANG Xiao-rui MIAO Lin WU Xiao-yan FAN Guan-wei▲
State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,Tianjin University of traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China
[Abstract] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to the world′s highest morbidity and mortality rates while tanshinone ⅡA plays an outstanding effect on protecting cardiovascular system.This paper reviews the effects of tanshinone ⅡA on protecting vascular endothelial cell,smooth muscle cell,cardiomyocyte and cardiac fibroblast cell and the possible mechanism of inhibiting cell proliferation,antagonizing oxidative stress,improving adhesion function and migration and other aspects to provide evidence on clinical use of tanshinone ⅡA.
[Key words] Tanshinone ⅡA;Cardiovascular disease;Endothelial cell;Smooth muscle cell;Cardiomyocyte
丹參酮ⅡA是唇形科植物丹參Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.中的一種丹參酮型二萜類化合物,屬于黃酮類化合物,是活血化瘀中藥丹參中脂溶性成分的代表,具有廣泛的生理活性,包括抗炎、改善血循環(huán)、抗腫瘤、清除自由基與抗氧化作用、保肝及改善肝功能、保護脊髓損傷及保護腎小管和腎間質(zhì)等作用。
心血管疾病是全球發(fā)病率和致死率最高的疾病,其中冠心病是一種由多種因素誘導(dǎo)的冠狀動脈粥樣硬化導(dǎo)致血管腔器質(zhì)性狹窄或阻塞,冠狀動脈循環(huán)改變而引起冠狀動脈血流和心肌需求之間不平衡,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血缺氧(心絞痛)或心肌壞死(心肌梗死)的心臟病。丹參酮ⅡA對心血管的保護作用突出,據(jù)文獻報道[1]能夠擴張冠狀動脈,增加冠狀動脈血流量;減慢心率,增加心肌收縮力,改善缺氧后引起的心肌代謝紊亂及心功能障礙;抗動脈粥樣硬化,降低心肌耗氧量,縮小心肌梗死面積;還具有抗凝、抑制血栓形成,促進組織修復(fù),降低血脂等多種心血管藥理活性。本文就丹參酮ⅡA的心血管系統(tǒng)保護作用及機制的研究做一綜述。
1 對血管的保護作用
1.1 對血管內(nèi)皮細胞的保護作用及分子途徑
對內(nèi)皮細胞的損傷是血管疾病的重要事件。血流切應(yīng)力及血流搏動過強刺激,血管舒張因子NO的合成減少或受損,收縮因子內(nèi)皮素-1(endothelin,ET-1)合成增加,這些功能改變引起內(nèi)皮依賴性舒張反應(yīng)減弱,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細胞損傷[2]。
1.1.1 改善內(nèi)皮細胞的氧化應(yīng)激損傷在內(nèi)皮細胞中,氧化應(yīng)激被認為是血管內(nèi)皮細胞損傷和凋亡的關(guān)鍵,而過氧化氫(H2O2)在誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。Chan等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參酮ⅡA能夠誘導(dǎo)激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-3(activating transcription factor-3,ATF-3)依賴性地抑制H2O2誘導(dǎo)的細胞凋亡,降低促凋亡蛋白caspase-3和p53表達的活性。Jia等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)在EA.hy926細胞中顯著抑制H2O2誘發(fā)的活性氧(ROS)升高,丹參酮ⅡA處理后細胞促凋亡蛋白Bax和caspase-3的表達顯著下降,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表達顯著增加并導(dǎo)致Bax蛋白/Bcl-2的比例明顯下降。
丹參酮ⅡA保護自由基產(chǎn)生造成的血管內(nèi)皮細胞毒性,明顯減弱乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)釋放,提高超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽過氧化物的活性,抑制臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞損傷引起的體外MDA的生成,明顯抑制超氧陰離子自由基和羥自由基生成[5]。
1.1.2 改善內(nèi)皮細胞的遷移和黏附功能損傷對抗脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的細胞遷移和黏附的減弱并能使肌動球蛋白收縮與黏著斑蛋白的聚集恢復(fù)正常,同時降低由內(nèi)皮細胞損傷引起的一系列纖連蛋白、整合素蛋白A5(ITG A5)、Rho A、肌球蛋白輕鏈磷酸酯酶、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)、黏著斑激酶、血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子(VEGF)、血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子受體-2(VEGFR2)的上調(diào),其機制可能是通過下調(diào)ITG A5來抑制Rho/Rho激酶通路[6]。
Nizamutdinova等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)處理丹參酮ⅡA可選擇性抑制腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)刺激的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC)血管細胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molec-ule-1,VCAM-1)的表達,這與有效抑制TNF-α介導(dǎo)激活的Akt,蛋白激酶C(PKC)和STAT-3的磷酸化與降低VCAM-1上游啟動子區(qū)干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子(IRF-1)或GATAs的表達并減弱其結(jié)合活性的作用有關(guān)。
Chang等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)通過抑制VCAM-1、細胞間黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)及趨化因子CX3CL1的表達抑制單核細胞黏附于血管內(nèi)皮細胞。其機制是顯著抑制TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的IKKα,IKKβ,IκB和NF-κB的磷酸化,抑制NF-κB核易位。丹參酮ⅡA單獨作用與丹參所有成分相比,具有更有效的作用。
1.1.3 通過eNOS-NO途徑改善內(nèi)皮細胞功能在許多心血管疾病和代謝性疾病中,內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的解偶聯(lián)可引起內(nèi)皮功能障礙,可在氧化應(yīng)激時調(diào)控內(nèi)皮細胞EA.hy926的eNOS解偶聯(lián)。作用于NOX4,HSP90,GTPCH1和DHFR和PI3K信號通路對抗高糖誘導(dǎo)的eNOS解偶聯(lián),從而降低細胞內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激和增加NO的生成。在某些心血管疾病和代謝疾病中可以用作原型劑恢復(fù)eNOS的耦合[9]。
Hong等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)通過eNOS,PI3K與鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶途徑抑制周期蛋白誘導(dǎo)的HUVEC細胞內(nèi)皮素ET-1的表達,NO產(chǎn)生、eNOS的磷酸化和激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ATF-3的表達增強。
1.2 抑制血管平滑肌細胞(VSMCs)增殖作用
可以通過抑制平滑肌細胞遷移和增殖[11-12]等作用減輕動脈損傷。機制包括:使血管平滑肌細胞停滯在G0/G1期,抑制MAPK、ERK1/2的活性,并降低c-fos的表達[13-14];下調(diào)鈣調(diào)磷酸酶(CaN)活性,抑制CaN mRNA與增殖細胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的表達[15];抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)的S期激酶相關(guān)蛋白2(Skp2)和磷酸化Akt的增加使p27蛋白降解減慢[16];升高電壓門控鉀離子通道Kv2.1 mRNA與蛋白表達水平[17];抑制TRPC1、TRPC6 mRNA和蛋白表達,使細胞門控鈣離子通道(SOCE)開放減少,細胞內(nèi)基礎(chǔ)Ca2+濃度降低,抑制肺動脈平滑肌細胞(PASMCs)擴散和遷移[18]。
2 對心肌細胞的保護
保護心肌的機制目前尚不完全清楚,具體可分為以下幾種:①與非經(jīng)典雌激素受體結(jié)合,可以降低膠原沉積,刺激新的彈性蛋白生成[19];②影響心肌細胞的電生理特性,Liang等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)10 mg/ml丹參酮ⅡA灌注能夠縮短心肌細胞(三層)的動作電位時程APD90,降低TDR值;③通過氧化還原敏感的ERK1/2/Nrf2/HO-1和AMPK/乙酰輔酶A羧化酶(ACC)/肉堿棕櫚酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(CPT)1途徑參與改善抗氧化系統(tǒng)與脂肪酸氧化作用[21];④下調(diào)miR-1并抑制激活的p38 MAPK和心臟特殊轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SRF和MEF2的表達,降低缺血損傷并改善心功能[22];⑤線粒體凋亡途徑,抑制H9c2心肌細胞凋亡晚期Caspase3的活性,細胞色素C釋放和慢性缺氧所誘導(dǎo)的線粒體膜電位的變化,抑制Bax基因的過表達,降低Bax/Bcl-2比值[23];⑥干擾心肌成纖維細胞活性氧產(chǎn)生和激活eNOS-NO途徑[24]。
綜上所述,丹參酮ⅡA通過對抗血管與心肌損傷發(fā)揮心血管保護作用。除此之外,臨床試驗[25]也證實丹參酮ⅡA可以改善冠心病患者血清高敏C-反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)水平并下調(diào)其他炎性標志物;Wang等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參酮ⅡA對心腦血管疾病具有神經(jīng)保護作用;保護缺血/再灌注損傷[27],顯著降低缺血/再灌注的嚴重程度等。很多機制需要進一步研究,以期為臨床合理用藥提供參考。
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[17]Huang Y,Liu M,Dong M,et al.Effects of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2009,125(3):436-443.
[18]Wang J,Jiang Q,Wan L,et al.Sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate inhibits canonical transient receptor potential expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle from pulmonary hypertensive rats[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2013,48(1):125-134.
[19]Mao S,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Phytoestrogen,tanshinone ⅡA diminishes collagen deposition and stimulates new elastogenesis in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts[J].Exp Cell Res,2014,323(1):189-197.
[20]Liang L,Xie Q,Li WH,et al.The effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the transmembrance action potential of myocardial cells in LQT2 rabbit models[J].Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao,2013,44(5):744-746.
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(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[基金項目] 國家自然科學(xué)基金(81273891,81273993)
[作者簡介] 蔣曉蕊(1987-),女,碩士
▲通訊作者:樊官偉(1977-),男,副研究員
·編讀往來·
“資料與方法”的表述內(nèi)容
應(yīng)具體地描述研究對象的來源和選擇方法,包括觀察對象的基本情況、有無隨機分組(隨機抽樣)、樣本含量估計的依據(jù)等。若進行了隨機化分組,應(yīng)說明具體的隨機化方法(如完全隨機、配對或分層隨機分組等)。對于非隨機化分組的觀察性研究,除要明確說明觀察對象的選擇方法外(如是否配對、隨機抽樣),還應(yīng)給出影響因素(如年齡、性別、病情)的均衡性分析結(jié)果。對于臨床試驗,還需特別說明診斷標準、療效評價標準、病例入選標準、病例剔除標準、有無失訪及失訪的比例、有無“知情同意”、評價療效有無遮蔽(單盲、雙盲或多盲)等,以使讀者確認論文中所有統(tǒng)計分析結(jié)果的可靠性和研究結(jié)論的合理性。
[13]Li X,Du JR,Bai B,et al.Inhibitory effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells[J].Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi,2008,33(17):2146-2150.
[14]Li X,Du JR,Yu Y,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid balloon-injured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2010,129(2):273-279.
[15]Pan YJ,Li XY,Yang GT.Effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the calcineurin activity in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells of rats[J]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi,2009,29(2):133-135.
[16]Luo Y,Xu DQ,Dong HY,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via Akt/Skp2/p27-associated pathway[J].PLoS One,2013,8(2):e56774.
[17]Huang Y,Liu M,Dong M,et al.Effects of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2009,125(3):436-443.
[18]Wang J,Jiang Q,Wan L,et al.Sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate inhibits canonical transient receptor potential expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle from pulmonary hypertensive rats[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2013,48(1):125-134.
[19]Mao S,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Phytoestrogen,tanshinone ⅡA diminishes collagen deposition and stimulates new elastogenesis in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts[J].Exp Cell Res,2014,323(1):189-197.
[20]Liang L,Xie Q,Li WH,et al.The effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the transmembrance action potential of myocardial cells in LQT2 rabbit models[J].Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao,2013,44(5):744-746.
[21]Wei B,You MG,Ling JJ,et al.Regulation of antioxidant system,lipids and fatty acid β-oxidation contributes to the cardioprotective effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats[J].Atherosclerosis,2013,230(1):148-156.
[22]Zhang Y,Zhang L,Chu W,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits miR-1 expression through p38 MAPK signal pathway in post-infarction rat cardiomyocytes[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2011,26(6):991-998.
[23]Jin HJ,Xie XL,Ye JM,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone protect against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in H9c2 cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e51720.
[24]Chan P,Liu JC,Lin LJ,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits angiotensin II-induced cell proliferation in rat cardiac fibroblasts[J].Am J Chin Med,2011,39(2):381-394.
[25]Shang Q,Wang H,Li S,et al.The effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfate and simvastatin on elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2013:756519.
[26]Wang JG,Bondy SC,Zhou L,et al.Protective effect of tanshinone ⅡA against infarct size and increased HMGB1,NFκB,GFAP and apoptosis consequent to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].Neurochem Res,2014,39(2):295-304.
[27]Chen Y,Wu X,Yu S,et al.Neuroprotection of tanshinone ⅡA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rats[J].PLoS One,2012,7(6):e40165.
(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[基金項目] 國家自然科學(xué)基金(81273891,81273993)
[作者簡介] 蔣曉蕊(1987-),女,碩士
▲通訊作者:樊官偉(1977-),男,副研究員
·編讀往來·
“資料與方法”的表述內(nèi)容
應(yīng)具體地描述研究對象的來源和選擇方法,包括觀察對象的基本情況、有無隨機分組(隨機抽樣)、樣本含量估計的依據(jù)等。若進行了隨機化分組,應(yīng)說明具體的隨機化方法(如完全隨機、配對或分層隨機分組等)。對于非隨機化分組的觀察性研究,除要明確說明觀察對象的選擇方法外(如是否配對、隨機抽樣),還應(yīng)給出影響因素(如年齡、性別、病情)的均衡性分析結(jié)果。對于臨床試驗,還需特別說明診斷標準、療效評價標準、病例入選標準、病例剔除標準、有無失訪及失訪的比例、有無“知情同意”、評價療效有無遮蔽(單盲、雙盲或多盲)等,以使讀者確認論文中所有統(tǒng)計分析結(jié)果的可靠性和研究結(jié)論的合理性。
[13]Li X,Du JR,Bai B,et al.Inhibitory effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells[J].Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi,2008,33(17):2146-2150.
[14]Li X,Du JR,Yu Y,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid balloon-injured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2010,129(2):273-279.
[15]Pan YJ,Li XY,Yang GT.Effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the calcineurin activity in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells of rats[J]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi,2009,29(2):133-135.
[16]Luo Y,Xu DQ,Dong HY,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via Akt/Skp2/p27-associated pathway[J].PLoS One,2013,8(2):e56774.
[17]Huang Y,Liu M,Dong M,et al.Effects of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2009,125(3):436-443.
[18]Wang J,Jiang Q,Wan L,et al.Sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate inhibits canonical transient receptor potential expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle from pulmonary hypertensive rats[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2013,48(1):125-134.
[19]Mao S,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Phytoestrogen,tanshinone ⅡA diminishes collagen deposition and stimulates new elastogenesis in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts[J].Exp Cell Res,2014,323(1):189-197.
[20]Liang L,Xie Q,Li WH,et al.The effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the transmembrance action potential of myocardial cells in LQT2 rabbit models[J].Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao,2013,44(5):744-746.
[21]Wei B,You MG,Ling JJ,et al.Regulation of antioxidant system,lipids and fatty acid β-oxidation contributes to the cardioprotective effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats[J].Atherosclerosis,2013,230(1):148-156.
[22]Zhang Y,Zhang L,Chu W,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits miR-1 expression through p38 MAPK signal pathway in post-infarction rat cardiomyocytes[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2011,26(6):991-998.
[23]Jin HJ,Xie XL,Ye JM,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone protect against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in H9c2 cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e51720.
[24]Chan P,Liu JC,Lin LJ,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits angiotensin II-induced cell proliferation in rat cardiac fibroblasts[J].Am J Chin Med,2011,39(2):381-394.
[25]Shang Q,Wang H,Li S,et al.The effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfate and simvastatin on elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2013:756519.
[26]Wang JG,Bondy SC,Zhou L,et al.Protective effect of tanshinone ⅡA against infarct size and increased HMGB1,NFκB,GFAP and apoptosis consequent to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].Neurochem Res,2014,39(2):295-304.
[27]Chen Y,Wu X,Yu S,et al.Neuroprotection of tanshinone ⅡA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rats[J].PLoS One,2012,7(6):e40165.
(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[基金項目] 國家自然科學(xué)基金(81273891,81273993)
[作者簡介] 蔣曉蕊(1987-),女,碩士
▲通訊作者:樊官偉(1977-),男,副研究員
·編讀往來·
“資料與方法”的表述內(nèi)容
應(yīng)具體地描述研究對象的來源和選擇方法,包括觀察對象的基本情況、有無隨機分組(隨機抽樣)、樣本含量估計的依據(jù)等。若進行了隨機化分組,應(yīng)說明具體的隨機化方法(如完全隨機、配對或分層隨機分組等)。對于非隨機化分組的觀察性研究,除要明確說明觀察對象的選擇方法外(如是否配對、隨機抽樣),還應(yīng)給出影響因素(如年齡、性別、病情)的均衡性分析結(jié)果。對于臨床試驗,還需特別說明診斷標準、療效評價標準、病例入選標準、病例剔除標準、有無失訪及失訪的比例、有無“知情同意”、評價療效有無遮蔽(單盲、雙盲或多盲)等,以使讀者確認論文中所有統(tǒng)計分析結(jié)果的可靠性和研究結(jié)論的合理性。