齊淑媛,田 穎,周 旭,尹先東,石 亮,王彥江,楊新春,劉興鵬
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年齡對陣發(fā)性心房顫動終止后長間歇患者竇房結(jié)功能的影響
齊淑媛,田 穎,周 旭,尹先東,石 亮,王彥江,楊新春,劉興鵬*
(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院心臟中心,北京 100020)
探討年齡對陣發(fā)性心房顫動(房顫)終止后出現(xiàn)長間歇的患者竇房結(jié)功能的影響。連續(xù)入選2011年5月至2013年5月于我院就診的358例接受射頻消融術(shù)的陣發(fā)性房顫患者,年齡(63±11)歲,男220例,女138例。根據(jù)年齡將其分為兩組:即非老年組(年齡<65歲,=177)及老年組(年齡≥65歲,=181)。比較兩組患者術(shù)前長間歇的檢出率及術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能的恢復率。老年陣發(fā)性房顫患者術(shù)前更易出現(xiàn)提示竇房結(jié)功能障礙的房顫終止后長間歇,其檢出率顯著高于非老年組(14.4%5.6%,<0.01)。術(shù)后隨訪(15.0±8.7)個月,非老年組的竇房結(jié)功能障礙檢出率顯著低于術(shù)前(1.1%5.6%,<0.05),而老年組僅有降低趨勢(9.4%14.4%,>0.05)。老年患者術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能的好轉(zhuǎn)率顯著低于非老年患者(34.6%80.0%,<0.05)。年齡對陣發(fā)性房顫終止后出現(xiàn)長間歇患者的竇房結(jié)功能評價具有重要價值。老年房顫患者經(jīng)射頻消融術(shù)治療后,多數(shù)竇房結(jié)功能無明顯改善,常須植入永久起搏器治療。
心房顫動;年齡因素;導管消融術(shù);竇房結(jié)功能障礙
陣發(fā)性心房顫動(房顫)發(fā)作終止后出現(xiàn)長間歇的患者在臨床上較為常見。但這些患者是否存在器質(zhì)性竇房結(jié)功能障礙目前尚存爭議。有研究表明,大部分合并陣發(fā)性房顫終止后長間歇的患者在經(jīng)過成功的射頻消融治療后,其長間歇可消失,從而無需植入永久起搏器治療[1,2]。然而,臨床實踐表明,陣發(fā)性房顫發(fā)作后的長間歇在病理生理層面具有非均質(zhì)性,部分患者即使在成功消融房顫后,其竇房結(jié)功能障礙未見改善,仍需植入永久起搏器,且多見于老年人。鑒于此,本研究旨在探討年齡對陣發(fā)性房顫終止后長間歇患者竇房結(jié)功能的影響。
連續(xù)入選2011年5月至2013年5月就診于首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院房顫中心明確診斷為陣發(fā)性房顫的患者358例,年齡(63±11)歲,其中男性220例(61.5%),女性138例(38.5%),239例(66.8%)合并高血壓,80例(22.3%)合并器質(zhì)性心臟病。依據(jù)年齡,將入選患者分為兩組:非老年組(年齡<65歲,=177)及老年組(年齡≥65歲,=181)?;颊呔蟹款澤漕l消融治療。房顫終止后長間歇的定義:經(jīng)動態(tài)心電圖或其他心電監(jiān)測手段證實,在房顫發(fā)作終止后隨之出現(xiàn)≥3s的RR長間歇;或雖無心電學證據(jù),但患者在房顫終止瞬間出現(xiàn)暈厥或者幾乎暈厥者。術(shù)前在兩次房顫發(fā)作間期已經(jīng)被診斷為病態(tài)竇房結(jié)綜合征的患者除外。詳細基線資料見表1,表2。
房顫患者均在三維電解剖標測(CARTO)系統(tǒng)指導下行環(huán)肺靜脈電隔離術(shù)。消融終點為兩側(cè)肺靜脈電學隔離。完成預設(shè)消融線后采用環(huán)狀標測導管(LassoTM,Biosense-Webster,USA)分別驗證各肺靜脈是否達到電學隔離,必要時補充消融,直至肺靜脈完全隔離。隔離肺靜脈并至少觀察20min后,先后靜脈注射異丙腎上腺素和腺苷三磷酸誘發(fā)肺靜脈外局灶觸發(fā)的房顫,并評估肺靜脈電傳導恢復率。對于誘發(fā)陽性者給予補充消融,直至誘發(fā)試驗陰性。
術(shù)后對所有患者行心電遙測至少24h,同時繼續(xù)服用一種Ⅲ類或者Ⅰc類抗心律失常藥物(antiarrhythmic drug,AAD)3個月。出院后所有患者定期于第1,3,6個月時復查24h動態(tài)心電圖,之后每隔半年復查1次。對于術(shù)前即存在陣發(fā)性房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的患者同時應用觸發(fā)式電話心電圖進行為期3個月的隨訪。在隨訪過程中若患者出現(xiàn)心悸、頭暈、黑矇、暈厥等不適癥狀時亦及時復查動態(tài)心電圖。器質(zhì)性竇房結(jié)功能障礙定義為竇性心律時,停用AAD后動態(tài)心電圖仍提示有竇性停搏RR間期>3s。房顫復發(fā)定義為術(shù)后3個月停用AAD后,記錄到持續(xù)時間≥30s的快速性房性心律失常。
比較非老年組及老年組患者的臨床資料、術(shù)前陣發(fā)性房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的檢出率、術(shù)后器質(zhì)性竇房結(jié)功能障礙陽性率、術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能好轉(zhuǎn)率等。對兩組患者術(shù)前與術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能障礙的陽性率亦分別進行組內(nèi)比較。
表1 入選358例房顫患者的基線資料
AF: atrial fibrillation; SHD: structural heart disease, including hypertrophiccardiomyopathy and coronaryatheroscleroticcardiopathy; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.Compared with older group,*<0.05,***<0.001
表2 術(shù)前合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇患者的基線資料
AF: atrial fibrillation; SHD: structural heart disease, including hypertrophiccardiomyopathy and coronaryatheroscleroticcardiopathy ; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide
入選的358例房顫患者中,與非老年組比較,老年組中女性患者更多(<0.05),合并高血壓及器質(zhì)性心臟病的比例更高(均<0.001),心房腦鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)水平亦明顯升高(<0.001;表1)。兩組患者的房顫病史、左房內(nèi)徑及左室射血分數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。導管消融術(shù)前,共有36例(10.1%)患者檢出房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇,其中老年組26例,非老年組10例,兩組患者比較,除年齡外基線資料差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05;表2)。
術(shù)前合并和不合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的患者比較,前者首次消融后的復發(fā)率顯著高于后者(47.2%29.8%,<0.05)。36例合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的患者中,老年和非老年患者術(shù)后的房顫復發(fā)率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。出院時,兩組患者分別有21例(80.8%)和9例(90%)口服AAD,兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(>0.05)。
術(shù)前合并房顫終止后長間歇的10例非老年患者經(jīng)射頻消融術(shù)后,隨訪期間8例患者的竇房結(jié)功能恢復正常,僅有2例(20.0%)存在竇房結(jié)功能障礙,其中1例植入永久起搏器。然而,26例術(shù)前合并房顫終止后長間歇的老年患者在消融術(shù)后仍有17例(65.4%)出現(xiàn)竇房結(jié)功能障礙,其中6例植入永久起搏器治療,6例因存在與竇性停搏、逸搏心律相關(guān)的癥狀亦有永久起搏器植入指征,余5例行動態(tài)心電圖提示有>3s的RR長間歇,但無明顯心動過緩相關(guān)的臨床癥狀。綜上所述,與非老年組比較,老年組患者術(shù)前合并房顫終止后長間歇的比例(14.4%5.6%,<0.01)與術(shù)后器質(zhì)性竇房結(jié)功能障礙的陽性率(9.4%1.1%,<0.001)均顯著增高。與術(shù)前比較,非老年患者術(shù)后仍有竇房結(jié)功能障礙的比例顯著降低(5.6%1.1%,<0.05);而在老年患者中,術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能障礙的陽性率較術(shù)前僅有降低趨勢,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(14.4%9.4%,>0.05)。老年組術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能的好轉(zhuǎn)率顯著低于非老年組(34.6%80.0%,<0.05;表3)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)老年患者合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的比例顯著高于非老年患者;(2)術(shù)前合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的患者消融術(shù)后房顫復發(fā)率較高;(3)與術(shù)前相比,非老年房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能明顯改善,而老年患者多合并有器質(zhì)性竇房結(jié)功能障礙,術(shù)后改善不明顯,多數(shù)仍有植入永久起搏器的指征。
Inada等[3]報道,37例術(shù)前合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的患者(平均年齡62歲)經(jīng)多次導管消融治療后,34例患者的房顫和竇性長間歇均被消除,僅有3例因竇房結(jié)功能進行性下降最終植入起搏器治療。既往亦有研究證實房顫對竇房結(jié)功能的可逆性影響[4],經(jīng)起搏誘發(fā)犬房顫模型后可出現(xiàn)竇房結(jié)功能障礙,而房顫終止1周內(nèi)竇房結(jié)功能恢復正常。Hadian等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),對竇房結(jié)功能正常者快速起搏右心房10~15min后即可引起竇房結(jié)傳導時間及恢復時間明顯延長,表明短時間心房起搏即可使竇房結(jié)發(fā)生重構(gòu)??焖俜啃孕穆墒СR鸶]房結(jié)重構(gòu)的機制可能與直接下調(diào)竇房結(jié)細胞離子通道的表達、降低竇房結(jié)細胞的自律性有關(guān)[6,7]。此外,房顫發(fā)作時,亦可導致竇房結(jié)細胞缺血及自主神經(jīng)改變,從而影響竇房結(jié)的自律性。但是,前述研究均未探討年齡對合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇患者消融術(shù)后竇房結(jié)功能的影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的非老年患者出現(xiàn)的竇房結(jié)功能障礙與房顫發(fā)作相關(guān),多為功能性改變,消除房顫后多數(shù)患者的竇房結(jié)功能即可恢復正常。然而,合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的老年患者不同,行射頻消融治療后竇房結(jié)功能改善不明顯,提示老年患者可能合并潛在的器質(zhì)性竇房結(jié)病變。老年人的竇房結(jié)病變可能與增齡本身所致的心房肌纖維化及器質(zhì)性心臟病相關(guān)。
表3 導管消融術(shù)前、后患者竇房結(jié)功能障礙的比較
CA: catheter ablation; SND: sinus node dysfunction; SNFR: sinus node functional restoration; AAD: antiarrhythmicdrugs; NA: there is no significant difference. Positive ones were patients with prolonged sinus pauses before CA. Compared with older group,*<0.05,**<0.01,***<0.001; compared with patients with prolonged sinus pauses before CA,#<0.05
本研究針對合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的不同年齡患者,比較了年齡對陣發(fā)性房顫終止后長間歇患者竇房結(jié)功能的影響,初步分析了房顫與竇房結(jié)功能障礙的關(guān)系。本研究提示,非老年患者陣發(fā)性房顫發(fā)作后的長間歇多繼發(fā)于房顫本身,治療的關(guān)鍵在于消除房顫,可首選導管消融術(shù),因術(shù)后多數(shù)患者的竇房結(jié)功能可顯著改善,無需植入起搏器。而合并房顫發(fā)作終止后長間歇的老年患者多存在潛在的竇房結(jié)病變,即使消除房顫后,多數(shù)患者仍可能會出現(xiàn)竇房結(jié)功能的進行性減退,須密切隨訪,必要時植入永久起搏器治療。
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(編輯: 張青山)
Impact of age on sinus node function in patients with prolonged sinus pauses after termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
QI Shu-Yuan, TIAN Ying, ZHOU Xu, YIN Xian-Dong, SHI Liang, WANG Yan-Jiang, YANG Xin-Chun, LIU Xing-Peng*
(Center of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China)
To determine the impact of age on the sinus node function in the patients with prolonged sinus pauses after termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF).A total of 358 consecutive PAF patients with age of (63±11) years (220 males and 138 females) who received radiofrequeney ablation in our department from May 2011 to May 2013 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 2 groups: older group (=181, ≥65 years old) and non-older group (=177, <65 years old). The prevalence of prolonged sinus pauses before the ablation and the rate of sinus node functional restoration after procedure were compared between the 2 groups.The older patients tended to have higher prevalence of prolonged sinus pauses after termination of PAF (indicating sinus node dysfunction) than non-older patients (14.4%5.6%,<0.01). After the follow-up of (15.0±8.7) months, the prevalence of sinus node dysfunction was significantly lower than before catheter ablation in non-older group (1.1%5.6%,<0.05). But there was only a decreasing trend in older patients (9.4%14.4%,>0.05). The rate of sinus node functional restoration was significantly lower in older patients than in non-older ones, (34.6%80.0%,<0.05).Age plays an important role in the evaluation of sinus node function in patients with prolonged sinus pauses after termination of PAF. For the elderly patients with PAF, radiofrequency ablation exerts no obvious effect on sinus node function, and permanent pacemaker implantation is recommended in this situation.
atrial fibrillation; age factors; catheter ablation; sinus node dysfunction
(81100125)(81370293, 81070146).
R541.75
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2014.00002
2013?12?02;
2014?01?05
國家自然科學基金青年基金(81100125); 國家自然基金面上項目(81370293, 81070146)
劉興鵬, E-mail: xpliu71@vip.sina.com