楊芬,王幸雙,魏磊,趙建華,方志源
(蘇州市立醫(yī)院本部麻醉科,江蘇蘇州215002)
不同鎮(zhèn)痛方法對全膝置換術(shù)后疼痛控制和炎性細(xì)胞因子反應(yīng)的影響
楊芬,王幸雙,魏磊,趙建華,方志源
(蘇州市立醫(yī)院本部麻醉科,江蘇蘇州215002)
目的:比較硬膜外、靜脈和關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)3種鎮(zhèn)痛方法,對減輕全膝置換術(shù)后疼痛和調(diào)控炎性細(xì)胞因子反應(yīng)趨向平衡的效果差異。方法:將60例擇期接受全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者隨機(jī)分成3組,每組20例。硬膜外組:硬膜外腔推注負(fù)荷量嗎啡,術(shù)畢接硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛泵;靜脈組:靜脈滴注負(fù)荷量曲馬朵,術(shù)畢接靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵;關(guān)節(jié)腔組:關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射鎮(zhèn)痛混合液,回病房后,按需靜脈滴注阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥。記錄3組患者術(shù)后6,18,24 h的視覺模擬疼痛評分(VAS)值。雙抗夾心ELISA法檢測麻醉開始即刻,術(shù)后6 h,18 h,24 h細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的濃度。結(jié)果:硬膜外組術(shù)后6,18 h的VAS評分明顯低于其他兩組,而靜脈組又低于關(guān)節(jié)腔組。術(shù)后各組TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8濃度均升高,但術(shù)后6、18 h硬膜外組明顯低于其他兩組,且靜脈組又明顯低于關(guān)節(jié)腔組。術(shù)后24 h上述指標(biāo)間無明顯差異。結(jié)論:3種鎮(zhèn)痛方法對全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛的控制和炎性因子反應(yīng)的調(diào)控均有一定效果,其中硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛較其他兩組效果更明顯,靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛優(yōu)于關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛。
硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛;靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛;關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛;膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);炎性細(xì)胞因子
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換是治療膝關(guān)節(jié)炎的常用方法。手術(shù)會觸發(fā)人體的心理和生理應(yīng)激反應(yīng),其中包括通過免疫機(jī)制調(diào)控的全身炎癥反應(yīng)[1]。TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8為參與炎癥反應(yīng)重要步驟的促炎性細(xì)胞因子,能誘導(dǎo)周圍和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)性增高,導(dǎo)致痛覺增敏[2]。關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的術(shù)后疼痛和炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放[3]。由于疼痛會抑制免疫效應(yīng),所以控制疼痛能調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)。在傳統(tǒng)的硬膜外和靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛的基礎(chǔ)上,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛已逐漸被應(yīng)用于臨床。但關(guān)于這3種鎮(zhèn)痛方法對炎性細(xì)胞因子反應(yīng)影響的研究還較少見。我們近年來,對接受全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的病例分別應(yīng)用以上3種鎮(zhèn)痛方法,并對鎮(zhèn)痛效果進(jìn)行了比較,希望能為今后完善術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法提供可靠的理論依據(jù)。
1.1 病例
選擇在2009年1月至2013年9月60例在我院擇期接受全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者,其中男30例,女30例,年齡50~85歲,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級。篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前未接受放、化療,心、肺功能基本正常,無感染、免疫、內(nèi)分泌、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病,肝腎功能無明顯異常,無服用阿片類藥物及載體類激素史,圍術(shù)期無輸血。所有患者隨機(jī)分為3組:硬膜外組、靜脈組和關(guān)節(jié)腔組。3組患者在年齡、體質(zhì)量、性別、ASA分級、手術(shù)時間、失血量等臨床指標(biāo)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
1.2 麻醉和術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法
所有患者在腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉(蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔推注0.5%羅哌卡因10~15 mg,1.5 h后硬膜外腔追加0.5%羅哌卡因20~25 mg)下行全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)。術(shù)中平均動脈壓上下波動不超過基礎(chǔ)值的20%,嚴(yán)密監(jiān)護(hù)心電、脈氧,保持患者體溫在37℃。所有患者分別接受3種不同的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法。硬膜外組:術(shù)中血壓向上波動超過基礎(chǔ)值的10%時,硬膜外腔推注負(fù)荷量嗎啡1~2 mg,術(shù)畢接硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛泵(泵入嗎啡3~4 mg,羅哌卡因75 mg),鎮(zhèn)痛泵的背景輸注量2mL/h,單次自控劑量0.5mL/次,鎖定時間15 min。靜脈組:縫合皮膚時,靜脈滴注負(fù)荷量曲馬朵100~200 mg,術(shù)畢接靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵(泵入芬太尼0.5~0.6 mg,曲馬朵400~700 mg),鎮(zhèn)痛泵的背景輸注量2mL/h,單次自控劑量0.5mL/次,鎖定時間15 min。關(guān)節(jié)腔組:關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射鎮(zhèn)痛混合液100 mL(嗎啡5 mg,0.75%羅哌卡因150 mg,地塞米松5 mg,1∶300 000腎上腺素0.33 mg),其中,人工膝關(guān)節(jié)固定前,關(guān)節(jié)腔后部注射20 mL;縫合前,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)肌腱、組織、滑膜、脂肪墊等逐層注射80 mL;回病房后,按需靜脈滴注阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥5~10 mg。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)前訪視時由麻醉醫(yī)生讓患者熟悉100 mm長的疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS,0 mm表示沒有疼痛,100mm表示最劇烈疼痛)。手術(shù)結(jié)束后麻醉醫(yī)生指導(dǎo)患者鎮(zhèn)痛泵的自控方法。手術(shù)結(jié)束后6,18,24 h,患者用VAS評估靜息時和咳嗽后疼痛的強(qiáng)度。3組患者分別于麻醉開始即刻(0 h),術(shù)后6 h,18 h以及24 h 4個時間點(diǎn)抽取靜脈血,離心分離血清后,-80℃冷凍保存統(tǒng)一檢測。采用雙抗夾心ELISA法測血清中細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8濃度。ELISA試劑盒購自美國ADL公司國內(nèi)分公司,實(shí)驗(yàn)操作按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行分析,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差±s)表示。多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組內(nèi)兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
硬膜外組術(shù)后6,18 h VAS評分明顯低于其他兩組,而靜脈組又明顯低于關(guān)節(jié)腔組。見表2。各組患者術(shù)后TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8濃度均較麻醉開始即刻明顯升高,其中術(shù)后6、18h上述炎性因子,硬膜外組明顯低于其他兩組,而靜脈組又明顯低于關(guān)節(jié)腔組。術(shù)后24hVAS評分和上述炎性因子濃度均無明顯差異(P>0.05)。見表3。
表2 3組患者術(shù)后6,18和24h的VAS評分 ±s
a:P<0.05,與硬膜外組比較;b:P<0.01,與靜脈組比較
組別 術(shù)后6h 術(shù)后18h 術(shù)后24h靜息 咳嗽 靜息 咳嗽 靜息 咳嗽硬膜外組 3.63±0.28 3.99±0.12 2.74±0.26 3.14±0.19 1.88±0.17 2.44±0.22靜脈組 4.48±0.42a 4.80±0.36a 3.09±0.17a 3.55±0.32a 2.05±0.25 2.59±0.48關(guān)節(jié)腔組 5.22±0.37a,b 5.58±0.34a,b 3.76±0.19a,b 4.23±0.21a,b 2.23±0.27 2.87±0.17 F值0.65 0.05 0.78 0.31 0.46 0.03 P值 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 >0.05 >0.05
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后恢復(fù)的關(guān)鍵是功能鍛煉,但手術(shù)引起的組織和周圍神經(jīng)損傷致使局部促炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放,誘發(fā)周圍和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)增敏,導(dǎo)致痛覺過敏[4],且疼痛經(jīng)常伴隨著炎癥反應(yīng)[5]。因此,術(shù)后疼痛的存在嚴(yán)重妨礙膝關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉。硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛、靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛、膝關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛是目前臨床上常用的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方法,本研究比較它們對全膝置換術(shù)后疼痛控制和炎性細(xì)胞因子反應(yīng)的影響。本文參照文獻(xiàn)[3]和臨床上0.5%羅哌卡因聯(lián)合麻醉的消除半衰期,且考慮到麻醉方法本身影響免疫反應(yīng),所以選擇麻醉開始即刻和手術(shù)后6,18,24h檢測炎性因子的濃度。
TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6均為白細(xì)胞釋放的促炎性細(xì)胞因子[6-7],可促進(jìn)局部或全身炎癥反應(yīng)的擴(kuò)大[8]。手術(shù)后TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量的增高已被證實(shí)為組織損傷的標(biāo)志[9]。免疫細(xì)胞的促疼痛作用主要?dú)w因于促炎性細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6[10-11]。且損傷神經(jīng)的位點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)有TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA或蛋白[10]。IL-6的血漿濃度隨著手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷性和組織損傷程度增加而升高,致使痛覺過敏[4]。IL-8是激發(fā)交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)痛覺過敏的第一種內(nèi)生性介質(zhì),由激活的巨噬細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放,且IL-8可能是組織損傷和交感神經(jīng)痛覺過敏的體液連接[12]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)手術(shù)后6 h細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的血漿濃度及VAS評分明顯高于麻醉開始即刻,表明全膝置換手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和手術(shù)后的疼痛刺激觸發(fā)了患者機(jī)體的全身炎癥反應(yīng)。
有報(bào)道顯示,腰椎間盤切除術(shù)患者血漿中的促炎性細(xì)胞因子的濃度受麻醉方法的影響,特別是全憑靜脈麻醉的手術(shù)患者術(shù)后血漿中促炎性細(xì)胞因子的濃度明顯低于吸入麻醉[13]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛組促炎性細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8血漿濃度最低,靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛組其次,說明手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛可以抑制血漿中促炎性細(xì)胞因子的釋放,且硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛對炎癥反應(yīng)的抑制程度強(qiáng)于其他兩種鎮(zhèn)痛方法,靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛較關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛更能抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。結(jié)合VAS評分,硬膜外組鎮(zhèn)痛效果最佳,靜脈組其次,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛組則差于其他兩組,表明鎮(zhèn)痛作用伴隨著抑炎效應(yīng),且鎮(zhèn)痛效果越佳,抑炎效應(yīng)越強(qiáng)。術(shù)后24 h患者感覺到的疼痛較輕微,所以3組的炎癥反應(yīng)在這個時段已無明顯差異。由此可見,疼痛與炎癥反應(yīng)呈正相關(guān),疼痛程度越劇烈,炎癥級聯(lián)反應(yīng)越強(qiáng)。
因?yàn)閱岱鹊钠鹦r間較長,不但會影響麻醉和術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的銜接,而且會引起血壓下降,因此硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛須把握好負(fù)荷量給予時間。靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛具有比硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛更舒適的鎮(zhèn)痛條件(患者背后無異物感),但會出現(xiàn)明顯的頭暈、惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)。本研究中關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛是單次給藥,維持時間短,需輔助其他途徑的鎮(zhèn)痛。設(shè)想在關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)留置一根導(dǎo)管以供維持術(shù)后持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)痛之需,如此將大大提升關(guān)節(jié)腔鎮(zhèn)痛的優(yōu)越性。
綜上所述,本研究顯示,3種鎮(zhèn)痛方法在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后均能達(dá)到一定的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,尤以硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛在調(diào)控炎性因子反應(yīng)和控制疼痛方面的作用更加持久而明顯,靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛其次,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛效果則遜于其他兩種方法。本研究為今后臨床上實(shí)施有效的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛提供參考了依據(jù),但術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛對炎癥反應(yīng)其他方面的影響還需進(jìn)一步的觀察。
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Effects of different analgesia protocols on postoperative pain control and inflammatory cytokine response after total knee replacement
YANG Fen,WANG Xing-shuang,WEILei,ZHAO Jian-hua,F(xiàn)ANG Zhi-yuan
(Department of Anesthesia,Suzhou Municipal Hospital,Suzhou Jiangsu 215002,China)
Objective:To compare the effects of epidural analgesia,intravenous analgesia and intra-articular analgesia on reducing postoperative pain and modulating the inflammatory cytokine response to tend to balance after total knee replacement.M ethods:A total of sixty patientswere randomly divided into three groups(n=20).Epidural group:loading dose(morphine)was administrated by epidural injection,and patients controlled epidural analgesia after operation;intravenous group:loading dose(tramadol)was administrated by intravenous drop,and patients controlled intravenous analgesia after operation;intra-articular analgesia group:amixed solution was injected into articular cavity.When patientswent back to theward,opioids were administrated by intravenous drop as required.Visual analogue pain scale(VAS)scoreswere recorded at6,8 and 24 h postoperation.Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1β、IL-6 and IL-8 weremeasured immediately at anesthesia and 6,18,24 h postoperation.Results:Compared with the other two groups,VAS pain scores at 6 and 18 h postoperation were significantly lower in the epidural analgesia group.Compared with the intra-articular analgesia group,VASpain scores at6 and 18 h postoperation were obviously lower in the intravenous analgesia group.In the three groups,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-8 levels increased significantly at 6,18,24 h postoperation compared with immediately at anesthesia,and the epidural analgesia group had significantly lower levels of the inflammatory cytokines compared with other two groups;the intravenous analgesia group had obviously lower levels of the inflammatory cytokines compared with intra-articular analgesia group.Therewas no difference at24 h postoperation.Conclusion:Three anal-gesia protocols all reduced postoperative pain and attenuated TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-8 production 24 h after total knee replacement surgery,but epidural analgesia was better than the other two protocols,and intravenous analgesia was better than intra-articular analgesia.
epidural analgesia;intravenous analgesia;intra-articular analgesia;knee replacement;the inflammatory cytokine response
R614
A
1671-7783(2014)05-0437-04
10.13312/j.issn.1671-7783.y140081
楊芬(1981—),女,江蘇蘇州人,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事臨床麻醉學(xué)研究。
2014-03-31 [編輯] 陳海林
江蘇大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2014年5期