摘要:目前用于慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治療的藥物有兩類:干擾素α和核苷(酸)類似物。兩類藥物作用機(jī)制不同,理論上兩類藥物聯(lián)合治療可能提高療效。本文對兩類藥物聯(lián)合/序貫治療的研究結(jié)果予以綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:慢性乙型肝炎;聯(lián)合治療;序貫治療;干擾素;核苷(酸)類似物
聯(lián)合治療方案已成功應(yīng)用于人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)和丙型肝炎病毒感染,療效顯著優(yōu)于單藥治療。聯(lián)合治療方案可能的優(yōu)勢是抗病毒作用相加或協(xié)同,減少或延遲耐藥發(fā)生,缺點(diǎn)是費(fèi)用、不良反應(yīng)增加以及藥物間潛在的相互作用。目前慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)的抗病毒治療藥物主要分為兩類:干擾素α(Interferon-alpha,IFNα)和核苷(酸)類似物[nucleos(t)ides analogues,NAs],兩者作用機(jī)制不同,IFNα具有抗病毒和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用雙重作用[1,2],優(yōu)點(diǎn)是有限療程,無耐藥性,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)治療后的持久免疫應(yīng)答,但有較多副作用,且只有25%~45.3%的患者可獲得持續(xù)應(yīng)答[3-6]。NAs作用于乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)DNA的聚合酶區(qū),阻止HBV DNA鏈的延長以達(dá)到抑制病毒復(fù)制的目的,能強(qiáng)效、快速地抑制病毒復(fù)制,總體安全性和耐受性較好,但需要長期服用,治療5年的HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率低于44%[7],且有耐藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),難以停藥,停藥后24~48w的復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)60%~95%[8-11]。IFNα或NAs單藥治療不能達(dá)到理想的臨床效果,應(yīng)積極探索最佳方案。
由于迄今尚無大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)IFN與NAs聯(lián)合方案的持續(xù)應(yīng)答率優(yōu)于單藥治療,因此,亞太肝臟研究協(xié)會(the Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver,APASL)和美國肝病研究協(xié)會(the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases,AASLD)的最新指南[4,5]均未推薦IFNα與NAs聯(lián)合治療。歐洲肝臟研究學(xué)會(the European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)關(guān)于CHB治療的最新指南(2012更新)[3]不推薦IFNα與拉米夫定(lamivudine,LAM)、替比夫定(telbivudine,LdT)的聯(lián)合治療方案,IFNα與恩替卡韋(entecavir,ETV)、替諾福韋酯(tenofovir,TDF)聯(lián)合治療的有效性和安全性尚待研究。日本病毒性肝炎治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究組[12](the Japanese Study Group of the Standardization of Treatment of Viral Hepatitis)建議35歲以下HBV DNA載量≥7 log10 copies/ml的HBeAg陰性患者,ETV與IFNα的序貫治療方案(ETV治療至HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰,聯(lián)合IFNα 4w,序貫IFNα單藥20w)作為二線治療方案(一線方案為IFNα單藥治療方案)。2010年9月,《中華傳染病雜志》、《中華肝臟病雜志》、《中國病毒病雜志》聯(lián)合召開了聚乙二醇干擾素α(PEG IFN)聯(lián)合NAs治療CHB的研討會。會議提出值得探索的PEG IFN聯(lián)合NAs治療方向:①對于初治患者,PEG IFNα聯(lián)合/序貫治療以提高HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率;②難治性患者包括基線高病毒載量(HBV DNA>1×109copies/ml)、血清丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)正?;蜉p度升高[(1~2)倍正常值上限(the upper limit of normal,ULN)]、治療中應(yīng)答不理想的患者(PEG IFNα治療24w時(shí)HBeAg>100 PEIU/ ml或HBsAg>20,000 IU/ml),部分血清學(xué)應(yīng)答(治療48w時(shí)HBV DNA<1×103copies/ml,但未獲得HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換)、NAs治療24w時(shí)HBV DNA>1×103copies/ml、治療過程中出現(xiàn)病毒學(xué)突破及耐藥患者,可考慮采用PEG IFNα聯(lián)合NAs以提高療效;③NAs治療達(dá)到停藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn),為預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)也可采用聯(lián)合或序貫IFNα治療[13]。
聯(lián)合治療方案包括IFNα與NAs的聯(lián)合以及NAs藥物之間的聯(lián)合。研究表明不同的NAs聯(lián)合治療并不優(yōu)于強(qiáng)效NAs單藥治療[7,14],本文重點(diǎn)介紹國內(nèi)外IFNα與NAs聯(lián)合治療方案的研究結(jié)果。目前聯(lián)合方案主要分為三種:①初始全程聯(lián)合;②NAs序貫IFNα或IFNα序貫NAs;③應(yīng)答指導(dǎo)治療。
1 IFNα與NAs初始全程聯(lián)合
IFNα與LdT同時(shí)使用可能增加周圍神經(jīng)病變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[15],因此應(yīng)避免兩藥聯(lián)合應(yīng)用[3]。
1.1 IFNα與LAM LAM是左旋嘧啶的胞苷類藥,LAM治療1年的HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰率為72%~73%[3],治療1、2、3、4和5年時(shí)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率分別為16%、17%、23%、28%和35%,但隨治療時(shí)間延長,病毒耐藥突變的發(fā)生率增高(第1、2、3、4年分別為14%、38%、49%和66%)[16]。曾有報(bào)道初始PEG IFNα聯(lián)合LAM治療難治性基因D型CHB能提高應(yīng)答率[17],多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明:①病毒抑制方面:IFNα與LAM聯(lián)合治療期間能更強(qiáng)抑制HBV DNA,但治療結(jié)束后持續(xù)應(yīng)答與IFNα單藥治療相比無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[10,18-20];②HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換方面:相比LAM單藥治療,IFNα聯(lián)合LAM可以獲得更高的HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率[21],但并不優(yōu)于IFNα單藥治療[22];③耐藥發(fā)生方面:IFNα聯(lián)合LAM可以降低LAM耐藥的發(fā)生[23-25];④肝組織學(xué)改善方面: PEG IFNα聯(lián)合LAM治療與PEG IFNα單藥治療在肝組織學(xué)改善方面無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[26]。
1.2 IFNα與阿德福韋酯(adefovir,ADV) ADV是嘌呤核苷酸類藥,治療1、2、3年時(shí),HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰率分別為28%、45%、56%,HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率分別為12%、29%、43%,耐藥率分別為0%、1.6%、3.1%[16]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道PEG IFNα聯(lián)合ADV較單用IFNα或NAs治療能更有效地改善病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答、生化學(xué)應(yīng)答及組織學(xué)應(yīng)答,而且耐藥率和復(fù)發(fā)率更低[27,28]。Takkenberg等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PEG IFNα聯(lián)合ADV治療48w可顯著降低肝內(nèi)cccDNA與血清中HBsAg,停藥后隨訪24~192w,治療末、停藥24w時(shí)、停藥192w時(shí)的HBsAg清除率分別為11%、15%、27%。何艷等[30]研究IFNα聯(lián)合不同NAs,其中IFNα聯(lián)合ADV的HBeAg和HBsAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率高于IFNα聯(lián)合LAM或ETV,研究表明IFNα聯(lián)合ADV治療組的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答率[31]、HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰率[32, 33]優(yōu)于單用IFNα。但李文兵等[34]、楊永銳等[35]研究表明聯(lián)合治療的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答優(yōu)于IFNα/ADV單藥,但HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰率與IFNα單藥的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1.3 IFNα與ETV ETV是鳥嘌呤核苷類似物,治療1、2、3、4和5年時(shí)HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰率分別為67%~71%、80%~83%、83%~89%、91%和94%;治療1、2和3年時(shí)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率分別為21%~22%、31%和44%[4]。李勇[36]、李晶[37]的研究顯示IFNα與ETV聯(lián)合治療48w時(shí)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答率、HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率均高于IFNα/ETV單藥治療。Aladag等[38]的研究表明PEG IFNα聯(lián)合ETV的長期療效持久,治療結(jié)束后隨訪4年中HBsAg清除率和HBsAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率逐漸增加。
1.4 IFNα與TDF TDF是一種無環(huán)的5'-單磷酸腺苷類似物,HBeAg陽性患者治療1和3年時(shí)HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰率分別為76%和72%,治療1、2和3年時(shí)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率分別為21%、26%和26%[4]。Ratnam等[39]的研究顯示,PEG IFNα與TDF聯(lián)合治療的安全性和耐受性良好,但治療早期不能達(dá)到HBsAg清除。Lada等[40]研究顯示持續(xù)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答(sustained virological response,SVR)率為23%,HBsAg清除率為19%。IFNα聯(lián)合TDF的療效仍有待臨床研究來驗(yàn)證。
2 IFNα與NAs的序貫治療
2.1先IFNα后NAs的序貫治療 起始IFNα后序貫NAs的治療方案是當(dāng)IFNα治療獲得持續(xù)應(yīng)答的可能性很小時(shí)換用NAs治療,部分研究嘗試短期IFNα治療后序貫NAs治療。Gill等[41]的研究表明,PEG IFNα治療52w時(shí)無應(yīng)答患者序貫NAs治療可顯著降低HBsAg水平。Hasan等[42]的研究,起始IFNα單藥治療4w,IFNα聯(lián)合LAM治療12w,最后LAM單藥治療36w,持續(xù)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率為6.2%,與LAM單藥治療的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能和IFNα療程不足有關(guān)。Chan等[23]的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)起始PEG IFNα治療8w,隨后PEG IFNα聯(lián)合LAM治療24w,最后LAM單藥治療28w,與LAM單藥治療52w相比,序貫治療組病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答率較高,并且較少檢測到HBV 對LAM耐藥突變。本研究的后續(xù)研究[43]表明序貫治療可維持較長期的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答,但該研究的不足是沒有設(shè)置PEG IFNα單藥治療組。
2.2先NAs后IFNα的序貫治療 Serfaty等[44]、Sarin等[45]的研究表明起始LAM然后序貫PEG IFNα治療方案的持續(xù)HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰率高于PEG IFNα單藥治療。Moucari等[46]的研究起始ADV然后序貫IFNα治療,病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答(定義為血清HBV DNA<10,000 copies/ml)率為50%。Boglione等[47]的研究,ETV單藥治療12w,然后ETV和PEG IFNα聯(lián)合治療12w,最后PEG IFNα單藥治療36w,序貫治療的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答率(60%vs.10%)、HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率(76.9%vs.15%)、HBsAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率(20%vs.0%)優(yōu)于PEG IFNα治療。Sonneveld等[48]的研究表明ETV單藥24w后再聯(lián)合PEG IFNα治療24w可提高HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰率。
Manesis等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LAM與IFNα序貫治療的持續(xù)應(yīng)答率只有22%,與單用IFNα治療12個(gè)月的年齡、性別相匹配的歷史對照無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(14%,P=0.36)。Jun等[50]的研究表明,ETV治療12w后序貫PEG IFNα,治療結(jié)束時(shí)HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰率、ALT復(fù)常率、HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰率較PEG IFNα單藥治療組無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。宮航宇等[51]的研究對象為HBeAg陰性患者,起始LAM單藥治療20w,IFNα與LAM聯(lián)合治療4w,最后IFNα單藥治療24w,結(jié)果表明與LAM單藥治療48w相比,序貫治療沒有提高病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答率(56% vs.55%,P>0.05)。希臘的一項(xiàng)研究也獲得相似的結(jié)果(33% vs.17%,P=0.40)[52]。Enomoto等[53]的研究納入24例HBeAg陽性患者,先接受ETV單藥36~52w,隨后ETV聯(lián)合IFNα治療4w,最后IFNα單藥治療20w,研究表明血清HBsAg水平在治療中和結(jié)束后并沒有改變,ETV治療獲得應(yīng)答的患者聯(lián)合IFNα后HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰的比例高于無應(yīng)答患者(P=0.015)。該研究表明,ETV和IFNα序貫治療的應(yīng)答率并不高于LAM和IFNα序貫治療。
起始NAs序貫IFNα治療的目的是通過IFNα的使用減少NAs治療停藥后的復(fù)發(fā),治療后復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能由于肝臟中cccDNA持續(xù)存在,表現(xiàn)為血清中的HBV抗原水平的持久性。Enomoto等[53]的研究使用HBsAg和乙肝核心相關(guān)抗原(HBcrAg)的水平,提出了一個(gè)預(yù)測NAs停藥后復(fù)發(fā)模型,ETV治療中僅有少數(shù)患者HBsAg或HBcAg下降的水平滿足NAs安全停藥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對NAs治療獲得病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答的患者,序貫IFNα的HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率為40%左右[54-56],對部分患者而言,序貫IFNα治療改善血清學(xué)應(yīng)答,有助于NA治療的安全停藥,但存在病毒學(xué)反彈、肝炎發(fā)作(hepatitis flare)甚至肝衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3應(yīng)答指導(dǎo)治療(response guided therapy,RGT)
應(yīng)答指導(dǎo)治療是根據(jù)療程中有意義的指標(biāo)變化適時(shí)地調(diào)整方案,通過延長IFNα和(或)聯(lián)合NAs療程提高持久應(yīng)答。對NAs治療獲得HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰的HBeAg陽性患者,聯(lián)合IFNα可提高HBeAg轉(zhuǎn)陰率[55,57]。Ning等[56]的研究納入ETV治療獲得病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答但未獲得HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換的患者,與繼續(xù)單用ETV治療相比,ETV序貫PEG IFNα治療可獲得更高的HBsAg清除率和HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率。Wu等[58]的研究顯示NAs治療獲得病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答的CHB患者聯(lián)合PEG IFNα可顯著降低HBsAg水平,甚至獲得HBsAg清除/轉(zhuǎn)換。Chen等[59]的研究僅納入ALT>10倍ULN的患者,起始ETV單藥治療,待ALT降至(5~10)×ULN,ETV聯(lián)合PEG IFN治療2w,最后PEG IFN單藥治療22~46w,HBeAg陽性患者的病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答(HBV DNA < 10,000 copies/ml)率為69%。Huang等[60]的研究納入HBeAg陽性患者32例,PEG IFNα治療52w,治療12w時(shí)HBV DNA≥1.0×104 copies/ml并且HBeAg陽性,加LAM治療12w,治療結(jié)束時(shí)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率為47%。Wang等[61]采用個(gè)體化的治療方案,根據(jù)治療基線特征及治療反應(yīng)給予PEG IFNα單藥或聯(lián)合ADV治療,個(gè)體化治療組和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療組聯(lián)合應(yīng)答率分別為46.25%和30%(P=0.034),復(fù)發(fā)率和不良事件無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Cao等[62]的研究將IFNα與NAs聯(lián)合療程延長至96w,HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率為74.5%。
4結(jié)論
由于當(dāng)前可用的抗病毒治療方案應(yīng)答不佳,如何優(yōu)化治療方案提高抗病毒療效并減少耐藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是目前研究重點(diǎn),多種IFNα與NAs聯(lián)合/序貫的治療方案正在進(jìn)行不同階段的研究,目前的研究結(jié)果尚不明確聯(lián)合/序貫治療能否獲得疊加作用或協(xié)同作用,尚需大樣本隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證,且治療機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。不同藥物之間的聯(lián)合可能會涉及到體內(nèi)藥物之間的相互作用,因此需要關(guān)注聯(lián)合治療的安全性。如果使用兩種或兩種以上的藥物,費(fèi)用的增加是顯而易見的。因此,也必須對聯(lián)合治療方案的藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)進(jìn)行評估。
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編輯/申磊