未來(lái)屋，圣莫里茨，瑞士

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：福斯特及合伙人事務(wù)所

ARCHITECTS: Foster + Partners

1 山坡上的未來(lái)屋西側(cè)外景/Chesa Futura on the hillside seen from the west.

2 諾曼·福斯特的草圖：強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑如何輕輕地落在斜坡上/Norman Foster’s sketch emphasizes how the building“l(fā)ightly touches down”on its sloping site.

未來(lái)屋將最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)工具與悠久的建造工藝相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造出對(duì)環(huán)境敏感的公寓大樓。盡管建筑外形新穎，但是它的結(jié)構(gòu)和圍護(hù)使用的都是木材——一種最古老、最可持續(xù)的建筑材料。木建筑尤其適宜于在瑞士建造，因?yàn)檫@里有木建筑的傳統(tǒng)并經(jīng)歷了幾百年的發(fā)展和完善。建筑表面的落葉松木不加修飾地暴露在大自然環(huán)境中，隨著時(shí)間的推移，木材顏色變成銀灰色，而且可以持續(xù)上百年不需要維護(hù)。

建筑由3層公寓和兩層的地下停車(chē)場(chǎng)、設(shè)備間和儲(chǔ)存間組成。場(chǎng)地位于一個(gè)陡峭的斜坡邊緣，盡管用地狹小，但面向湖泊俯瞰圣莫里茨的位置相當(dāng)引人入勝。建筑泡沫一般的外形對(duì)其所在的位置和恩格丁峽谷的氣候特色作出回應(yīng)，南向的陽(yáng)臺(tái)能夠充分暴露在陽(yáng)光下，而北向的立面則較為封閉，穿插了恩格丁傳統(tǒng)的深窗口。在圣莫里茨，積雪在地面上能停留數(shù)月，因此這里有將建筑抬高的傳統(tǒng)，以免木材長(zhǎng)期暴露在潮濕的環(huán)境中腐爛。建筑以底層架空的形式對(duì)傳統(tǒng)作出重新闡釋?zhuān)孛鎸涌臻g連續(xù)流通，此舉使低層的公寓也能享受到以其他方式可能被遮擋的視野。

總體而言，未來(lái)屋可以被視作一個(gè)微型的建筑宣言，不僅在恩格丁，在世界其他地區(qū)亦是如此。與許多社區(qū)以蔓延的方式擴(kuò)展突破社區(qū)邊緣的情況相反，未來(lái)屋表明新建筑可以通過(guò)提升密度的方式插入既有的環(huán)境中，同時(shí)維持本土建筑技術(shù)并保護(hù)自然環(huán)境。□（項(xiàng)琳斐 譯）

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Norman Foster, Graham Phillips, Stefan Behling, Matteo Fantoni, Sven Ollmann,Kate Carter, Jooryung Kim, Judit Kimpian, Tillmann Lenz, Cristiana Paoletti, Stefan Robanus, Carolin Schaal, Horacio Schmidt, Thomas Spranger, Anna Sutor,Michele Tarroni, Hugh Whitehead, Francis Aish

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineers: Edy Toscano AG (St Moritz), Ivo Diethelm GmbH (Gommiswald), Arup(London)

機(jī)電工程/Mechanical and Electrical Engineers: EN/ES/TE AG (Zrich), R & B Engineering GmbH (Sargans)聲學(xué)工程/Acoustic Engineers: Edy Toscano AG (Chur)工程估算/Quantity Surveyor: Davis Langdon &Everest (London)

外墻顧問(wèn)/Cladding Consultant: Emmer Pfenninger Partner AG (Mnchenstein)

照明/Lighting: Reflexion AG (Zrich)

攝影/Photos: Nigel Young/Foster Partners

3 建筑坐落在度假小鎮(zhèn)邊緣附近的圣莫里茨密集的街區(qū)中/The building nestles into the dense fabric of San Moritz near the edge of the resort town.

4 建筑坐落在度假小鎮(zhèn)邊緣附近的圣莫里茨密集的街區(qū)中/The building nestles into the dense fabric of San Moritz near the edge of the resort town.

5 在凹進(jìn)的陽(yáng)臺(tái)眺望圣莫里茨/Looking out across St Moritz from oneof the deeply recessed balconies.

Chesa Futura ('house of the future' in Romansch)fuses state-of-the-art computer design tools with centuries-old construction techniques to create an environmentally sensitive apartment building.Although its form is novel, it is framed and clad in timber－one of the oldest and most sustainable building materials. In Switzerland, building in timber is particularly appropriate in that it follows traditions developed and refined over centuries.The building's larch shingles respond naturally to exposure to the elements, changing colour over time to a silver-grey, and should last for a hundred years without the need for maintenance.

The building consists of three storeys of apartments and two underground levels of car parking, plant and storage. Although small, the site is spectacularly located on the edge of a steep slope that looks down over St Moritz towards the lake.Responding to this location and to weather patterns in the Engadin Valley, the building's bubble-like form allows balconies on the southern side to open up to sunlight and views, while the north facade is more closed, punctuated with deep window openings in the Engadin tradition. In St Moritz, where snow lies on the ground for months at a time, there is a tradition of elevating buildings to avoid the danger of wood decaying due to prolonged exposure to moisture. That tradition is reinterpreted here by raising the building on pilotis and allowing the ground plane to flow uninterrupted beneath ita move that also allows the lower apartments to enjoy views that would otherwise be denied.

6 外墻細(xì)部：落葉松木瓦會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移變成銀灰色，并持續(xù)上百年不需要維護(hù)/Cladding detail. The larch shingles will eventually change colour to a silver-grey and will last for a hundred years without the need for maintenance.

Taken overall, Chesa Futura might be regarded as a mini manifesto for architecture, not just in Engadin but in other parts of the world too. Contrary to the pattern of sprawl that disfigures the edges of so many expanding communities, it shows how new buildings can be inserted into the existing grain at increased densities, while sustaining indigenous building techniques and preserving the natural environment. □

7 總平面/Site plan

8 公寓樓西側(cè)與遠(yuǎn)山的特寫(xiě)/Close-up view of the apartment building from the west, with the mountains beyond.

9 公寓層平面：起居空間和凹入的陽(yáng)臺(tái)布置在平面大曲線(xiàn)的一側(cè)，面向山谷/Apartment level plan, showing the living spaces and deep balconies in the wide curve of the floor plate facing the valley.

10 建筑下方的入口，在挑出的陽(yáng)臺(tái)的庇護(hù)下/Entrance underneath the building, sheltered by the deep overhang of the balconies.

11 木瓦外墻細(xì)部/ Shingle cladding detail.

12 公寓橫剖面。建筑升起在兩層地下停車(chē)場(chǎng)之上/Cross-section through the apartments. The building is elevated above two levels of subterranean parking.

13 建筑底層架空，以防木材受潮腐朽，同時(shí)抬高了較低層的公寓使其獲得最佳視野/The building is raised on pilotis to prevent the build up of moisture that causes the wood to decay and to elevate the lower level apartments, thus maximizing views.