美國航天港，新墨西哥州，美國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：福斯特及合伙人事務(wù)所

ARCHITECTS: Foster + Partners

1 從“王者之道”進(jìn)入航天港/Approach from El Camino Real.

航天港坐落在新墨西哥州沙漠般的地景中，它將成為世界上第一座航天港建筑。設(shè)計(jì)意圖為首批太空旅行者傳達(dá)出太空旅行激動(dòng)人心的感受，并同時(shí)將建筑物對環(huán)境造成的影響減到最小。從空中俯瞰，航天港使人們聯(lián)想起維京銀河集團(tuán)眼球狀的商標(biāo)，它猶如一枚變得狹長的瞳孔，周圍的停機(jī)坪構(gòu)成了它的虹膜。若從“王者之道”的歷史公路進(jìn)入，航天港有機(jī)的建筑造型在沙漠景觀中看起來顯得十分低緩。

航天港的平面功能組織得高效且設(shè)計(jì)合理，它的設(shè)計(jì)也必須適應(yīng)宇宙飛船的尺度。交通的便利性與空間的私密性也在深思熟慮后達(dá)到了平衡。宇航員所在的區(qū)域和游客的空間完全整合在建筑物的某一部分之中，而其他如控制室等對安全性更為敏感的區(qū)域，盡管公眾可以見到，卻對出入權(quán)限有所控制。游客和宇航員都經(jīng)由一條深嵌在地下的隧道進(jìn)入建筑物。隧道的擋土墻形成的展示空間記錄了太空探索的歷史，它也記錄了本地區(qū)及其最早定居者的故事。隧道形成了十分明確的建筑軸線，進(jìn)入太空港建筑之后，繼續(xù)延伸至帶有長廊的樓層，從這里通往容納太空飛船和模擬艙室的超大飛船庫。面向跑道的玻璃幕墻立面則在建筑室內(nèi)的一側(cè)圍合形成一層平臺，在這里可以觀察到外面太空飛船的起降，這是人們夢寐以求的景象。

設(shè)計(jì)為了達(dá)到享有盛譽(yù)的“LEED金級”認(rèn)證，采用了最少隱含碳的方案，同時(shí)也滿足了其他附加能源要求。建筑物造型平緩、深入地下，目的是為了利用建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的蓄熱性能，由此對新墨西哥的極端氣候條件形成緩沖，并獲得西向風(fēng)力用于通風(fēng)；由天窗進(jìn)入的光線也得到了最有效的利用。建筑有意采用本土材料和當(dāng)?shù)氐氖┕ぜ夹g(shù)，既是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性，也是為了對周圍環(huán)境作出敏銳的反應(yīng)?！酰ㄐ熘m 譯）

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Grant Brooker, Antoinette Nassopoulos, Joon Paik, Kristine Ngan, Hiroyuki Sube, See Teck Yeo, Merino Ranallo, Vera Kleesattel,Adeline Morin, Marta Paz Vitorio, Hiroko Uchino,Rafaelle Gavassa

結(jié)構(gòu)/Structural: URS Corporation

造價(jià)/Cost: Balis and Company

機(jī)電工程/ME: URS Corporation, PHA Consult

攝影/Photos: Nigel Young/Foster Partners

2 航天港和停機(jī)坪鳥瞰/Aerial view of the spaceport and apron

3 從高空看飛機(jī)跑道效果圖/Visualization showing runways from high above.

4 早期效果圖：航天港在沙漠中低調(diào)的形象/Early visualisation showing the low profile of the spaceport within the desert.

Located in the desert-like landscape of New Mexico, Spaceport will be the first building of its kind in the world. Its design aims to articulate the thrill of space travel for the first space tourists while making a minimal impact on the environment.Viewed from space, the terminal evokes Virgin Galactic's brand logo of the eye, and is suggestive of an elongated pupil, with the apron completing the iris. Approached from the historic El Camino Real trail, the terminal's organic form appears as a subtle rise in the landscape.

Organised into a highly efficient and rational plan, Spaceport has been designed to relate to the dimensions of the spacecraft. There is also a careful balance between accessibility and privacy.The astronauts' areas and visitor spaces are fully integrated with the rest of the building, while the more sensitive zones－such as the control room－are visible, but have limited access. Visitors and astronauts enter the building via a deep channel cut into the landscape. The retaining walls form an exhibition space that documents a history of space exploration alongside the story of the region and its settlers. The strong linear axis of the channel continues into the building on a galleried level to the super hangar－which houses the spacecraft and the simulation room－through to the terminal building. A glazed facade on to the runway establishes a platform within the terminal building for coveted views out to arriving and departing spacecraft.

With minimal embodied carbon and few additional energy requirements, the scheme has been designed to achieve the prestigious LEED Gold accreditation. The low-lying form is dug into the landscape to exploit the thermal mass, which buffers the building from the extremes of the New Mexico climate as well as catching the westerly winds for ventilation; and maximum use is made of daylight via skylights. Intended to be built using local materials and regional construction techniques, it aims to be both sustainable and sensitive to its surroundings.□

5 圖解：深入地下的底層、中間層和上方漂浮的屋頂/Diagramatic visualization showing the lower level sunk into the ground, with the mezzanine above and flowing roof canopy above that.

6 圖解：闡釋環(huán)境策略和自然通風(fēng)的利用/Diagram illustrating the environmental strategy and use of natural ventilation.

7 屋頂和立面材料的設(shè)計(jì)與沙漠景觀中的顏色相協(xié)調(diào)/The roof and facade materials are designed to harmonise with the colours found in the desert landscape.

8 三層平面/Third floor plan

9 屋頂平面/Roof plan

10 建筑將乘客、控制設(shè)備與一個(gè)巨大的容納飛船的飛機(jī)庫結(jié)合/The building integrates passenger and control facilities with a large hangar space for the SpaceshipTwo vehicles.

11 中間公共層剖面/Section through the public mezzanine levels.

12 入口與候機(jī)樓剖面/Long section through the entrance and terminal.

13 從停機(jī)坪看航天港/View of the spaceport from the apron.

14 飛機(jī)庫剖面：飛機(jī)從航天港的兩側(cè)進(jìn)入庫房/Hangar section. The vehicles enter into the hangar space from either side of the spaceport.

15 航天港中心剖面：上層前后設(shè)施之間的連接橋和左側(cè)入口層/Section through centre of Spaceport showing the upper level bridge between the front and rear facilities and entrance road level to the left.