中圖分類號:R541.75 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1000-503X(2025)03-0452-10
DOI:10.3881/j. issn.1000-503X.16331
Research Progress in Bleeding Risk Assessment of Non- Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant in Atrial Fibrillation
YU Chao 1 ,ZHOU Wei',WANG Tao’,ZHU Lingjuan1,BAO Huihui 1,2 ,CHENG Xiaoshu 1,2 1 Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, 2 Department of Cardiology , TheSecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 33ooO6,China
brresponding author:CHENG Xiaoshu Tel:0791-86296098,E-mail:xiaoshumenfanl26@163.cor
ABSTRACT:The introduction of non- vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC)into clinical use heraldsanewage for anticoagulation therapy in patientswith atrial fibrilltion(AF).However,anticoagulationrelated bleeding is currently a major challenge in the anticoagulation process.Assessing the risk of anticoagulationrelated bleeding isan important part forthe management of patients with AF.Clinical risk factor scores have moderateabilitytopredicttheriskofanticoagulation-relatedbleeding.Toimprovetheanticoagulationsafetyof NOACs,aditional clinical and biological markers and genetic polymorphisms should be considered to enhance thepredictive capability for anticoagulation-related bleeding.This review summarizes the challenges in the management of anticoagulation therapy,with emphases on the bleeding risk scores,biomarkers,clinical indicators, and genetic loci currently used to guide the risk assessment of anticoagulation-related bleeding inAF patients. This review is expected to provide research insightsand reference frameworks for predictingand evaluating the bleeding risk associated with NOACs.
ActaAcadMedSin,2025,47(3):452-461
心房顫動(atrialfibrillation,AF)是臨床最常見的持續(xù)性心律失常,截至2019年,全球AF患者約為5970萬例。AF發(fā)生顯著增加缺血性卒中和體循環(huán)動脈栓塞的風險,其年發(fā)生率分別為1.92%和0.24%[1-2]抗凝治療是目前國內(nèi)外AF預防卒中的首選方法。口服抗凝藥物可將AF患者發(fā)生卒中和栓塞事件的風險降低 60% 以上,并提高患者的總體生存率[3-4]。RE-LY、ROCKET-AF、ARISTOTLE、ENGAGEAF-TIMI4項隨機對照試驗(randomizedcontrolledtrial,RCT)均已證實,對于非瓣膜性心房顫動(nonvalvularatrialfibrilla-tion,NVAF)患者,非維生素K拮抗劑口服抗凝藥物(non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant,NOAC)包括直接凝血酶抑制劑(達比加群酯)及直接Xa因子抑制劑(利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班),在預防腦卒中或體循環(huán)栓塞方面的療效與華法林相當,且出血風險更低,不需要頻繁監(jiān)測凝血功能[5-7]。目前國內(nèi)外指南已將NOAC作為預防NVAF患者腦卒中的首選抗凝劑[8-10]。然而,與華法林相比,NOAC 的胃腸道出血風險明顯增加,尤其是在使用達比加群酯及利伐沙班的患者中[1]。不同NOAC臨床試驗中患者基線腦卒中和出血風險之間的差異可能影響了出血事件的發(fā)生率[5-7,12]。一項 Meta分析顯示 AF 患者使用NOAC后,大出血的年發(fā)生率仍為 2%~4%[11] ,同時還存在與藥物代謝相關的基因多態(tài)性等個體差異以及缺乏有效的抗凝強度評估指標等問題[13-14]。
NOAC是AF預防栓塞的首選藥物,但其較高的出血風險為臨床治療帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。隨著人口老齡化加劇和AF患者臨床復雜性的增加,如能在抗凝治療過程中對患者的出血風險進行早期評估,將為患者選擇更加科學的防治方案具有重要的臨床意義。本文對目前用于指導AF的抗凝出血風險評分系統(tǒng)、生物標志物、臨床指標及基因位點進行了綜述,以期為NOAC抗凝出血風險預測與評估提供研究思路和借鑒。
1NOAC抗凝出血風險評分系統(tǒng)
近年來國外學者針對AF口服抗凝藥物的出血風險及預測價值進行了深入探索,并開發(fā)了一系列出血風險評分系統(tǒng)(表1)[15-22]。多項 Meta分析顯示,與其他評分系統(tǒng)相比,HAS-BLED評分對出血風險的預測能力更強[23-24]。我國2024 年頒布的AF 指南推薦使用HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)來評估抗凝出血風險,但其評分高不是口服抗凝藥物的禁忌證,而是提醒臨床醫(yī)生盡量控制出血危險因素,加強對出血并發(fā)癥的預防和觀察[10]。美國和歐洲2024 年頒布的指南則刪除了舊版本中對于HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)的推薦內(nèi)容,美國指南列出了HAS-BLED、HEMORR2HAGES和ATRIA3種評分系統(tǒng)[8],歐洲指南不推薦使用特定的評分系統(tǒng),而是建議在所有符合口服抗凝藥物治療條件的患者中評估和管理可控的出血危險因素(高血壓、過量飲酒、聯(lián)合使用抗血小板藥物/非甾體類抗炎藥、用藥依從性等),作為共同決策的一部分,以確保安全和防止出血[9]。一項國內(nèi)研究納人12個中心的1496例接受NOAC治療的NVAF患者,比較4種評分系統(tǒng)(HAS-BLED、HEMORR2HAGES、ATRIA和ORBIT)的預測效果,結(jié)果顯示HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)的預測價值最高,曲線下面積(areaunder thecurve,AUC)為O.558,高于HEMORR2HAGES、ATRIA、ORBIT評分系統(tǒng)(AUC分別為0.520、0.513、0.523),然而,所有評分系統(tǒng)的AUC均 ?0.700 ,表明整體預測能力偏低[25]。歐洲一項針對3018例接受NOAC治療的AF患者的研究也證實,HAS-BLED評分對于大出血事件的預測能力僅處于中等水平(AUC為0.653)[26]。對目前主要評分系統(tǒng)的對比研究進行總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),各類AF抗凝出血評分系統(tǒng)并沒有絕對的優(yōu)勢,其在不同驗證隊列中的表現(xiàn)不同,最新提出的DOAC評分系統(tǒng)仍需要與其他評分系統(tǒng)進行比較驗證[17,227-32]??傊?,現(xiàn)有評分系統(tǒng)對出血事件的預測能力均有限,且結(jié)果不一致[25,30,33]。需要從多個維度探索更具特異性的危險因素指標,納人到評分系統(tǒng)中,以提升評分系統(tǒng)的預測性能。
2NOAC抗凝出血相關的生物標志物
當前已有研究報道多種生物標志物可提高AF抗凝出血風險分層的準確性,但其臨床適用性仍存在爭議。ARISTOTLE臨床試驗結(jié)果顯示血液生物標志物(高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T、生長分化因子15和血紅蛋白/紅細胞壓積)與阿哌沙班、華法林出血風險的相關性優(yōu)于大多數(shù)臨床參數(shù)[34]。RE-LY 臨床試驗結(jié)果表明基于高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T、生長分化因子15和血紅蛋白/紅細胞壓積的ABC評分系統(tǒng)比HAS-BLED評分和ORBIT評分系統(tǒng)的預測能力更強[32]。ENGAGE AF-TIMI48臨床試驗結(jié)果同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)高敏心肌肌鈣蛋白T、N末端B型利鈉肽原和生長分化因子15與AF患者出血風險密切相關[35]。一項針對 AF 患者的大型隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在校正臨床危險因素和其他生物標志物后,白細胞介素-6與抗凝出血風險獨立相關[36]。然而,在HAS-BLED評分系統(tǒng)中納入這些生物標志物,對于大出血事件的預測能力僅輕微增加[37]。
表1目前主要的心房顫動抗凝出血評分系統(tǒng)匯總
續(xù)表1
注:NOAC:非維生素K拮抗劑口服抗凝藥物; 1mmHg=0. 133kPa
肝臟和腎臟在調(diào)節(jié)藥物藥代動力學和體內(nèi)凝血過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,其功能異??赡軙鼓幬锵嚓P出血事件的發(fā)生產(chǎn)生影響。一項納入8466例接受維生素K拮抗劑或NOAC治療的AF患者的前瞻性觀察性研究表明,腎功能和肝功能異常均與大出血風險增加相關,該研究將腎功能異常定義為血清肌酐gt;200μmol/L 、既往腎移植或接受慢性透析病史;肝功能異常定義為肝硬化、肝臟轉(zhuǎn)氨酶或堿性磷酸酶超過正常值上限3倍或膽紅素超過正常值上限2倍[38]。另一項納人7141例接受利伐沙班治療的AF患者研究也得出類似的結(jié)論[39]。Banerjee 等[40]對5912 例NVAF患者隨訪2.5年后發(fā)現(xiàn)低腎小球濾過率水平與大出血風險呈正相關。本研究團隊基于中國AF人群的前瞻性研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)腎小球濾過率、膽紅素水平與達比加群酯相關出血風險密切相關[41-42]。
血細胞隨血液的流動遍及全身,其與抗凝出血的關系也被很多研究報道。一項針對RE-LY研究的回顧性分析提示貧血與抗凝出血風險的增加有關[43],其機制可能為血小板聚集功能因紅細胞數(shù)量減少而受到損害[44]。關于血小板數(shù)目對出血的影響目前的證據(jù)是矛盾的。Aulin等[36]研究顯示血小板計數(shù)減少( lt;100× 109/L )與出血的風險之間沒有關聯(lián)。然而,一項納入10978例NVAF患者的大型隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與血小板計數(shù)正常的患者相比,血小板計數(shù) lt;100×109/L 的患者發(fā)生出血事件的風險顯著增加[45]。本團隊在中國人群中也得到類似的結(jié)論[46],且發(fā)現(xiàn)白細胞計數(shù)減少也與達比加群酯相關出血風險有關[47]。
盡管多項研究已證實生物標志物在預測抗凝出血風險中的作用,但由于研究人群的差異以及所使用抗凝藥物的不同限制了這些生物標志物的臨床應用,且目前缺少RCT研究來全面評估這些生物標記物的有效性。
3NOAC抗凝出血相關的臨床指標
多項研究報道年齡、種族、體重等個體特征及酗酒等行為與抗凝出血風險有關,但結(jié)論尚不一致。高齡一直被認為是抗凝相關出血的獨立預測因子,隨著年齡增長,出血風險增加可能與代謝清除能力下降、合并癥增加、退行性血管病變、藥物相互作用和認知能力下降有關[48]。RE-LY研究中對老年AF 患者的分析顯示,達比加群酯治療的老年患者顱外大出血發(fā)生率顯著增加[49],而在阿哌沙班、伊多沙班或利伐沙班的RCT中,各個年齡段患者出血事件的發(fā)生率相近[50-52]。就種族而言,一項大規(guī)模的全球多中心回顧性研究報道,與白種人AF患者相比,黑種人和西班牙裔患者中風的風險較高,且黑人患者出血和死亡的風險更高[53]。非白種人的顱內(nèi)出血風險普遍較高,尤其是亞洲種族,其顱內(nèi)出血風險相較于白種人高了4倍,而一旦發(fā)生顱內(nèi)出血,往往預示著更差的預后和生存[13.54]。體重與抗凝藥物的分布及清除密切相關,抗凝治療在 lt;50kg 或 gt;120kg 患者中的安全性及有效性一直被臨床醫(yī)生關注[55]。ARISTOTLE 臨床試驗事后分析顯示,不同體重患者( lt;60kg 、 60~120kg 、gt;120 kg)中阿哌沙班的出血發(fā)生率無顯著差異[56]此外,酗酒者由于受依從性差、合并肝病、靜脈曲張出血和重大創(chuàng)傷風險等因素影響也會導致出血風險顯著增加[16]。同時使用非甾體類藥物、糖皮質(zhì)激素也會增加抗凝出血的風險[57-58] 。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),合并腫瘤、高血壓、冠心病、出血史等疾病均與抗凝出血風險相關。癌癥患者常合并血小板計數(shù)減少、肝腎功能受損、血管損傷等并發(fā)癥,與抗凝出血風險增加有關[59]。Gitter等[60]研究表明癌癥患者抗凝治療后28個月內(nèi)發(fā)生大出血的風險相較于非癌癥患者增加了4倍。Shah等[6]在一項AF和癌癥患者的注冊登記研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),與使用維生素K拮抗劑的患者相比,接受NOAC治療的患者出血和中風的發(fā)生率更低。因此,除胃腸道腫瘤或活動性消化道潰瘍患者,AF合并癌癥患者均推薦使用NOAC進行抗凝治療。高血壓是引起AF最常見的病因之一,AF合并高血壓患者,尤其是收縮壓控制不佳者,在抗凝治療過程中發(fā)生大出血的風險顯著增加。一項基于日本人群的事后分析研究顯示,高血壓是抗凝出血的危險因素,且收縮壓水平與出血風險呈正相關[62],同時血壓波動同樣會增加抗凝出血的風險[63]。一項基于中國人群的前瞻性研究提示在收縮壓控制良好時,高舒張壓( gt;80mmHg ) 1mmHg=0. 133kPa )水平同樣會引起達比加群酯抗凝出血事件發(fā)生率的增加[64]。AF合并冠心病在臨床實踐中十分常見,多項RCT和Meta分析表明在AF合并急性冠脈綜合征患者中,雙聯(lián)方案( NOAC+P2Y12 抑制劑)與三聯(lián)方案( ΔNOAC+ P2Y12抑制劑 + 阿司匹林)相比可顯著減少大出血事件的發(fā)生,而心血管事件和總死亡率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[65-66]。目前國外普遍將既往出血史作為AF抗凝治療后再次出血的獨立危險因素,盡管NOAC有再出血風險,但觀察性研究提示AF患者接受抗凝治療后仍可能獲益,而不進行抗凝治療可能存在更高的腦卒中和死亡風險[67]。
總之,AF患者服用NOAC抗凝的出血風險與其種族、社會行為特征、多種慢性疾病及既往史關聯(lián)密切,然而,目前尚無出血評分系統(tǒng)研究全面評估這些臨床指標的有效性和出血預測性能。
4NOAC抗凝出血相關的基因位點
關于基因多態(tài)性與NOAC體內(nèi)藥代動力學的研究報道較少。P-糖蛋白是NOAC清除途徑的重要組成部分,而阿哌沙班和利伐沙班需依賴肝臟的細胞色素酶(CYP3A4)參與代謝,因此當基因位點突變引起這兩種蛋白結(jié)構或功能異常會影響NOAC在體內(nèi)的濃度,從而導致出血事件的發(fā)生[68-69](圖1)。全基因組關聯(lián)分析表明,CES1基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性(singlenu-cleotidepolymorphism,SNP) rs2244613 位點的突變與達比加群酯的谷濃度下降相關,每個突變基因能使血漿藥物谷濃度下降 15% ,且突變基因攜帶者的出血風險降低;CES1基因 突變對達比加群酯的谷濃度影響更大,但對出血及栓塞事件的發(fā)生無明顯影響[70]。然而,一項針對中國198例NVAF患者的研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)ABCB1基因SNP rs4148738 和rs1045642與達比加群酯藥代動力學存在顯著相關性[71]。
圖1參與NOAC活化、轉(zhuǎn)運和代謝的編碼基因
編碼P-糖蛋白的ABCB1基因位于染色體7q21上,有研究報道ABCB1基因SNP rs4148738 和rs1045642的突變會提高達比加群酯的藥物峰濃度,通過影響利伐沙班的代謝過程導致其在體內(nèi)蓄積[72],但在使用阿哌沙班的人群中該位點的突變反而會降低阿哌沙班的峰濃度[73]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩個SNP位點突變型與NOAC的藥物濃度無關,且與出血事件無顯著相關性[74]。
CYP3A4/5作為廣泛參與藥物代謝的關鍵酶,在利伐沙班、阿哌沙班的代謝中起到重要作用。然而,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CYP3A4SNP與利伐沙班血藥濃度無顯著關聯(lián)[75-76]。關于CYP3A5 SNP 對阿哌沙班血藥濃度的影響研究結(jié)論仍存在分歧:Ueshima 等[77-78]研究表明CYP3A5SNP顯著影響阿哌沙班血藥濃度,而其他研究則未發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著相關性[79-80]。
總之,目前對于基因多態(tài)性與NOAC體內(nèi)藥代動力學的研究仍有限,需通過大樣本基因組學研究來進一步闡明基因多態(tài)性對于NOAC體內(nèi)代謝、有效性及安全性的影響機制。
5 總結(jié)與展望
綜上,生物標志物、臨床指標、行為特征及易感基因與NOAC抗凝出血風險密切相關,但現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)論存在差異或不一致,這在某種程度上限制了已經(jīng)或正在探索的各種臨床指標的應用和推廣。目前,亞洲人群中尚缺乏基于大規(guī)模前瞻性的RCT研究來系統(tǒng)評估NOAC預防腦卒中的安全性,不同NOAC之間也缺少頭對頭RCT研究報道,因此無法全面比較不同NOAC在抗凝治療安全性中的優(yōu)劣。此外,現(xiàn)有的抗凝出血評分系統(tǒng)預測出血事件的能力有限,仍需進一步優(yōu)化。而最新發(fā)布的歐洲心臟病學會2024及美國心臟協(xié)會2023AF指南中均明確提出,應根據(jù)多個相關因素對出血事件風險進行綜合評估,這為后續(xù)研究指明了方向。未來可開展多中心、大樣本的前瞻性臨床試驗,通過構建研究隊列探索機器學習模型,結(jié)合AF患者的多維數(shù)據(jù),包括臨床指標、生化標志物及基因信息等,全面評估NOAC的安全性,用于預測出血風險及指導臨床決策,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的危險因素并提高預測模型的準確性和實用性,從而為AF患者提供更個性化和精準的抗凝治療方案,并為臨床實踐及公共衛(wèi)生政策的制定提供可靠依據(jù)。
利益沖突 所有作者聲明無利益沖突
作者貢獻聲明余超:提出研究思路、文獻檢索及文章撰寫;周偉、王濤、祝玲娟:文獻篩選、資料提取與整理;鮑慧慧、程曉曙:論文修訂、質(zhì)量控制及審查、同意對研究工作誠信負責
參考文獻
[1]Cheng S,He J,Han Y,et al.Global burden of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutteranditsattributablerisk factors from1990 to 2021[J].Europace,2024,26(7):euae195.DOI:10. 1093/europace/euae195.
[2]Chugh SS,Roth GA,Gillum RF,et al. Global burden of atrial fibrillation in developed and developing nations[J].Glob Heart,2014,9(1):113-119.D01: 10.1016/j. gheart. 2014. 01. 004.
[3]Banerjee A,Lane DA,Torp-Pedersen C,et al. Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran,rivaroxaban, apixaban)versus no treatment ina‘real world’atrial fibrillationpopulation:a modellinganalysis based onanationwide cohort study[J].Thromb Haemost,2012,107(3):584- 589.DOI:10.1160/TH11-11-0784.
[4]Potpara TS,Mujovic N,Lip GYH. Meeting the unmet needs to improve management and outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation:fittingglobal solutions to local settings[J].Pol Arch Intern Med,2019,129(9):574-576.D0I:10.20452/ pamw.14996.
[5]Patel MR,Mahaffey KW,Garg J,et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarininnonvalvularatrial fibrillation[J].NEnglJMed, 2011,365(10):883-891. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1009638.
[6]Granger CB,Alexander JH,McMurray JJ,et al.Apixaban versuswarfarin inpatientswithatrial fibrillation[J].NEngl J Med,2011,365(11):981-992.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1107039.
[7]Giugliano RP,Ruff CT,Braunwald E,et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin inpatients with atrial fibrillation[J].NEngl J Med,2013,369(22):2093-2104.D0I:10.1056/NEJMoa 1310907.
[8]Joglar JA,Chung MK,Armbruster AL,etal.2023 ACC/ AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Managementof Atrial Fibrillation:areport of the American Colege of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [J]. Circulation,2024,149(1): e1-e156. DOI:10.1161/CIR. 000000000001193.
[9]Van Gelder IC,Rienstra M,Bunting KV,et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)[J].Eur Heart J,2024,45(36): 3314-3414. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176.
[10]Ma CS,Wu SL,Liu SW,et al.Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation[J].JGeriatr Cardiol,2024,21(3):251-314.DOI:10.26599/1671-5411. 2024. 03. 009.
[11]RuffCT,Giugliano RP,Braunwald E,et al.Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients withatrial fibrillation:a meta-analysis of randomised trials[J].Lancet,2014,383(9921):955-962.DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62343-0.
[12]Connolly SJ,Ezekowitz MD,Yusuf S,et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients withatrial fibrilltion[J].NEngl J Med,2009,361(12):1139-1151.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0905561.
[13]Shen AY,Yao JF,Brar SS,et al. Racial/ethnic differences in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage among patients with atrial fibrillation[J].JAm Coll Cardiol,2007,50(4):309- 315.DOI:10.1016/j jacc.2007.01. 098.
[14]Klatsky AL,F(xiàn)riedman GD,Sidney S,et al.Risk of hemorrhagic stroke in Asian American ethnic groups[J].Neuroepidemiology,2005,25(1) :26-31.D01:10.1159/000085310.
[15]Fang MC,Go AS,Chang Y,et al.A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage:The ATRIA(Anticoagulationand Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation)Study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(4):395-401.DOI:10.1016/ j. jacc. 2011. 03. 031.
[16]Pisters R,Lane DA,Nieuwlaat R,et al.A novel userfriendly score(HAS-BLED)to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding inpatients withatrial fibrillation:theEuro Heart Survey[J]. Chest,2010,138(5):1093-1100.DOI:10.1378/ chest. 10-0134.
[17]Benz AP,Hijazi Z,Lindback J,et al. Biomarker-based risk prediction with the ABC-AF scores in patients with atrial fibrillation not receiving oral anticoagulation [J]. Circulation, 2021,143(19):1863-1873. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 120. 053100.
[18]Gage BF,Yan Y,Milligan PE,etal. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage:results from the National Registryof Atrial Fibrillation(NRAF)[J].AmHeartJ, 2006,151(3) :713-719.D0I:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.04.017.
[19]Aggarwal R,RuffCT,Virdone S,et al. Development and validation of theDOAC Score:anovelbleeding risk prediction tool for patients with atrial fibrillation on direct-actig oral anticoagulants[J]. Circulation,2023,148(12):936-946. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 123.064556.
[20]Shireman TI,Mahnken JD,Howard PA,et al. Development of a contemporary bleeding risk model for elderly warfarin recipients[J].Chest,2006,130(5):1390-1396.DOI:10. 1378/chest. 130.5.1390.
[21]Fox K,Lucas JE,Pieper KS,etal. Improved risk stratificationof patientswithatrial fibrllation:anintegrated GARFIELD-AF toolforthe predictionof mortality,stroke andbleed in patients withandwithout anticoagulation[J].BMJ Open, 2017,7(12):e017157. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017157.
[22]O’Brien EC,Simon DN,Thomas LE,et al. The ORBIT bleeding score:a simple bedside score to assess bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation[J].Eur HeartJ,2015,36(46):3258- 3264.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv476.
[23]Chang G,XieQ,Ma L,et al. Accuracy of HAS-BLED and other bleeding risk assessment tools in predicting major bleeding events in atrial fibrillation:a network meta-analysis [J]. J Thromb Haem0st,2020,18(4):791-801.D0I:10.1111/ jth. 14692.
[24]Singer DE.Methodologic problems in the assessmentof bleed scores[J].JAm Coll Cardiol,2013,61(4):481.DOI:10. 1016/j jacc. 2012. 09. 052.
[25]丁聰聰,詹碧鳴,周偉,等.四種評分系統(tǒng)對服用達比 加群的心房顫動患者出血風險的預測價值比較[J].中華 心血管病雜志,2020,48(9):748-752.D0I:10.3760/ cma. j.cn112148-20200617-00492.
[26]Proieti M,Romiti GF,Vitolo M,et al. Comparison of HASBLED and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation patients treated with non- vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants:a repor from the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General LongTerm Registry[J]. Eur Heart JQual Care Clin Outcomes, 2022,8(7) :778-786.D01:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab069.
[27]Lip GY,F(xiàn)rison L,Halperin JL,et al. Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension,Abnormal Renal/Liver Function,Stroke,Bleeding History or Predisposition,Labile INR,Elderly,Drugs/ Alcohol Concomitantly) score[J].JAm Coll Cardiol,2011, 57(2):173-180. DOI:10.1016/j. jac 2010. 09. 024.
[28]Esteve-Pastor MA,Rivera-Caravaca JM,Roldan V,et al. Long-term bleeding risk prediction in’real world’patients with atrial fibrillation:comparison of the HAS-BLED and ABC-Bleedingrisk scores.TheMurcia Atrial FibrillationProject[J].Thromb Haemost,2017,117(10):1848-1858. DOI:10.1160/TH17-07-0478.
[29]Berg DD,Ruff CT,Jarolim P,et al. Performance of the ABC Scores for assessing the risk of stroke or systemic embolism and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation in ENGAGEAF-TIMI 48[J]. Circulation,2019,139(6):760- 771. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118. 038312.
[30]Apostolakis S,Lane DA,Guo Y,et al. Performance of the HEMORR (2) HAGES,ATRIA,and HAS-BLED bleding risk-prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation:the AMADEUS (evaluating the use of SR34006 compared to warfarin or acenocoumarol in patients with atrial fibrillation)study[J].JAm Coll Cardiol,2012, 60(9) :861-867. DOI:10.1016/j. jacc.2012.06.019.
[31]Proieti M,Rivera-Caravaca JM,Esteve-Pastor MA,et al. Predicting bleding events in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation:a comparison between the HAS- BLED and GARFIELD- AF bleeding scores[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2018,7(18) :e009766.DOI:10.1161/JAHA.118.009766.
[32]Hijazi Z,Oldgren J,Lindback J,etal. The novel biomarker-based ABC(age,biomarkers,clinical history)-bleeding risk score for patients with atrial fibrillation:a derivation and validation study [J].Lancet,2016,387(10035): 2302- 2311. DOI:10. 1016/S0140-6736(16)00741-8.
[33]DonzeJ,Rodondi N,Waeber G,et al.Scores topredict major bleeding risk during oral anticoagulation therapy :a prospective validation study[J].Am JMed,2012,125(11): 1095-1102. D0I:10. 1016/j. amjmed. 2012. 04.005.
[34]Hohnloser SH,Hijazi Z,Thomas L,et al. Efficacy of apixabanwhen compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrilation:insights from the ARISTOTLE trial[J].Eur Heart J,2012,33(22):2821-2830.DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs274.
[35]Oyama K,Giugliano RP,Berg DD,et al.Serial assessment of biomarkers and the risk of stroke or systemic embolism and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(17):1698- 1706.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab141.
[36]Aulin J,Siegbahn A,Hijazi Z,et al. Interleukin-6 and Creactive protein and risk for death and cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Am Heart J,2O15,170(6): 1151-1160. DOI:10. 1016/j. ahj. 2015. 09. 018.
[37]Rivera-Caravaca JM,Marin F,Vilchez JA,et al. Refining strokeandbleedingprediction inatrialfibrilation byadding consecutive biomarkers to clinical risk scores[J].Stroke, 2019,50(6):1372-1379. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118. 024305.
[38]Rohla M,Weiss TW,PecenL,et al.Risk factors for thromboembolic and bleeding events in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrilltion:heprospecive,multicentreobservatioal PREvention oF thromboembolic events—European Registry in Atrial Fibrilltion (PREFER in AF)[J].BMJOpen,2019, 9(3):e022478. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022478.
[39]Sakuma I, Uchiyama S,Atarashi H,et al. Clinical risk factors of stroke and major bleeding in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation under rivaroxaban:the EXPAND Study subanalysis[J].HeartVessels,2019,34(11):1839-1851. DOI:10. 1007/s00380-019-01425-x.
[40]Banerjee A,F(xiàn)auchier L,Vourc’HP,et al.A prospective study of estimated glomerular filtration rate and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation:theLoire Valley Atrial Fibrillation Project[J]. Chest,2014,145(6):1370-1382. DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2103.
[41]石雨蒙,周偉,李明輝,等.服用達比加群的老年高血 壓伴非瓣膜性心房顫動患者估算腎小球濾過率與出血的 相關性[J].中國循環(huán)雜志,2020,35(10):967-972.DOI: 10.3969/j. issn.1000-3614.2020.10.005
[42]Xiong Y,Hu L,Zhou W,et al.Association between the change n total bilirubin and risk of bleeding among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation taking dabigatran[J]. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost,2020,26:1146424392.DOI:10.1177/ 1076029620910808.
[43]Westenbrink BD,Alings M ,Connolly SJ,etal. Anemia predicts thromboembolic events,bleeding complications and mortalityin patientswithatrial fibrilation:insights from the RE-LY trial[J].JThromb Haemost,2015,13(5):699-707. DOI:10.1111/jth.12874.
[44]Weiss HJ,Lages B,Hoffmann T,et al. Correction of the platelet adhesion defect in delta-storage pool deficiency at elevated hematocrit—possible role of adenosine diphosphate[J]. Blood,1996,87(10) : 4214-4222.D01:10.1182/blood. V87.10.4214. bloodjournal87104214.
[45]Park J,Cha MJ,Choi YJ,et al.Prognostic efficacy of platelet count in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrilation[J]. Heart Rhythm,2019,16(2):197-203.D0I: 10.1016/j. hrthm. 2018.08.023.
[46]Xiong Y,Zhou W,Li M,et al. Association between platelet count and the risk of bleeding among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation taking dabigatran after radiofrequency ablation:a cohort study[J]. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther,202O,10(5): 1175-1183. DOI:10.21037/cdt-20-645.
[47]Zhou W,Wang T, Zhu L,et al Peripheral leukocyte count andrisk of bleeding in patientswith non-valvularatrial fibrillation taking dabigatran:a real-world study[J]. Chin Med J(Engl),2019,132(18): 2150-2156.D0I:10.1097/CM9. 0000000000000423.
[48]Hughes M,Lip GY.Risk factors for anticoagulation- related bleeding complications in patients with atrial fibrillation:a systematic review[J]. QJM,2007,100(10):599-607.DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcm076.
[49]Eikelboom JW,Wallentin L,Connolly SJ,etal.Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation:ananalysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Long- Term Anticoagulant Therapy(RE-LY)trial[J].Circulation,2011,123(21): 2363-2372. DOI:10. 1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110. 004747.
[50]Kato ET,Giugliano RP,Ruff CT,et al. Eficacy and safety ofEdoxabanin elderlypatientswith atrial fibrillationinthe ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial [J].JAm Heart Assoc,2016, 5(5):e003432.DOI:10.1161/JAHA.116.003432.
[51]Piccini JP,Hellkamp AS,Washam JB,et al.Polypharmacy and the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation,2016,133(4):352-360.DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115. 018544.
[52]Halvorsen S,Atar D,Yang H,et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to age for stroke preventioninatrial fibrilltion:observations from the ARISTOTLE trial[J].Eur Heart J,2014,35(28):1864-1872. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu046.
[53]Essien UR,Chiswell K,Kaltenbach LA,et al. Association of race and ethnicity with oral anticoagulation and associated outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation:findings from the Get With TheGuidelines-Atrial Fibrilltion RegistryJ]. JAMA Cardiol,2022,7(12):1207-1217.D0I:10.1001/jamacardio.2022.3704.
[54]Ayala C,Greenlund KJ,Croft JB,et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in mortality by stroke subtype in the United States, 1995-1998[J].Am J Epidemiol,2001,154(11):1057-1063. DOI:10.1093/aje/154.11. 1057.
[55]Patel JP,Roberts LN,Arya R. Anticoagulating obese patients in the modern era[J].BrJHaematol,2011,155(2): 137-149. DOI:10.111/j. 1365-2141.2011.08826. x.
[56]Hohnloser SH,F(xiàn)udim M,AlexanderJH,et al.Efficacy and safety of apixaban versus warfarin in patients withatrial fibrillation and extremes in body weight[J]. Circulation,2019, 139(20): 2292-2300 . DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 118. 037955.
[57]Dans AL,Connolly SJ,Wallentin L,et al. Concomitant use of antiplatelet therapy with dabigatran or warfarin in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE LY)trial[J].Circulation,2013,127(5):634-640.DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115386.
[58]Chao TF,Chan YH,Chiang CE,et al Stroke prevention with direct oralanticoagulants inhigh-risk elderlyatrial fibrillation patients at increased bleeding risk[J].Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes,2022,8(7):730-738.DOI:10. 1093/ehjqcco/qcab076.
[59]StefelJ,Verhamme P,Potpara TS,et al. The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation:executive summary[J]. Europace,2018, 20(8):1231-1242. D0I:10. 1093/europace/euy054.
[60]Gitter MJ,Jaeger TM,Petterson TM,et al. Bleeding and thromboembolism during anticoagulant therapy:a populationbased study in Rochester,Minnesota[J].Mayo Clin Proc, 1995,70(8) :725-733. D0I:10.4065/70.8. 725.
[61]Shah S,Norby FL,Datta YH,et al.Comparative efectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with cancer and atrial fibrilltion[J].Blood Adv,2018,2(3): 200-209.DOI:10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010694.
[62]Kodani E,Otsuka T,Tomita H,et al. Impact of blood pressure controlon thromboembolism and major hemorrhage in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:a subanalysis of the J-RHYTHM Registry[J].JAm Heart Assoc,2016,5(9): e004075.DOI:10.1161/JAHA.116.004075.
[63]Kodani E,Inoue H,Atarashi H,et al.Impact of blood pressure visit-to-visit variability onadverse events in patients withnonvalvular atrial fibrillation:subanalysis of the JRHYTHM Registry[J]. J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(1): e018585.DOI:10.1161/JAHA.120. 018585.
[64]Yu Y,Li M,Zhou W,et al.Diastolic blood pressure achieved at target systolic blood pressure(120-140 mmHg) anddabigatran-related bleding inpatientswith nonvalvular atrial fibrilltion:areal- world study[J].AnatolJCardiol, 2020,24(4):267-273. DOI:10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2020. 11823.
[65]Lopes RD,Heizer G,Aronson R,et al.Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or PCI in atrial fibrillation[J].N Engl JMed,2019,380(16):1509-1524.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1817083.
[66]Gibson CM,Mehran R,Bode C,et al. Preventionof bleeding in patients with atrial fibrilltion undergoing PCI[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(25):2423-2434.DOI:10.1056/ NEJMoa1611594.
[67]Staerk L,Lip GY,Olesen JB,et al.Stroke and recurrent haemorrhage associatedwith antithrombotic treatment after gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation:nationwide cohort study[J].BMJ,2015,351: h5876. DOI: 10. 1136/bmj. h5876.
[68]Raymond J,Imbert L,Cousin T,et al. Pharmacogenetics of direct oral anticoagulants:a systematic review[J].JPers Med,2021,11(1) :37.DOI:10.3390/jpm11010037.
[69] Steffel J,CollinsR,AntzM,et al.2O21 EuropeanHeart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Europace,2021,23(10):1612-1676.DO1:10. 1093/europace/euab065.
[70] ParéG,ErikssonN,Lehr T,et al.Genetic determinants of dabigatran plasma levels and their relation to bleeding[J]. Circulation,2013,127(13):1404-1412.D0I:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001233.
[71]JiQ,Zhang C,Xu Q,et al. The impact of ABCB1 and CES1 polymorphisms on dabigatran pharmacokineticsand pharmacodynamics in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Br J Clin Pharmacol,2021,87(5): 2247-2255.DOI:10.1111/ bcp.14646.
[72] Sennesael AL,Larock AS,DouxfilsJ,et al.Rivaroxaban plasma levels in patients admitted for bleeding events:insights from a prospective study[J].Thromb J,2018,16:28. DOI:10.1186/s12959-018-0183-3.
[73] Dimatteo C,D'AndreaG,VecchioneG,et al.ABCB1 SNP rs4148738modulation ofapixabaninterindividual variability[J]. Thromb Res,2016,145:24-26.D01:10.1016/j. thromres. 2016. 07. 005.
[74] RosianAN,Iancu M,Trifa AP,etal.AnExploratory association analysis of ABCB(1)rs1O45642 and ABCB(1) rs4148738with non-majorbleedingrisk inatrial fibrillation patients treated with dabigatran or apixaban[J].JPers Med, 2020,10(3):133.D0I:10.3390/jpm10030133.
[75] SychevD,MinnigulovR,BochkovP,etal.Effect ofCYP3A4, CYP3A5,ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing total hip and knee replacement surgery [J].High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev, 2019,26(5) :413-420.D0I:10.1007/s40292-019-00342-4.
[76] Nakagawa J,Kinjo T,lizuka M,et al. Impact of gene polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters on troughconcentrations of rivaroxabanin patientswith atrial fibrillation[J]. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol,2021,128(2): 297-304. DOI:10.1111/bcpt.13488.
[77]Ueshima S,HiraD,F(xiàn)uji R,et al. Impact of ABCB1,ABCG2, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on plasma trough concentrations of apixaban in Japanese patientswith atrial fibrillation[J]. Pharmacogenet Genomics,2017,27(9):329-336.DOI:10. 1097/FPC. 0000000000000294.
[78]Ueshima S,HiraD,Kimura Y,et al.Population pharmacokineticsand pharmacogenomics of apixaban in Japanese adult patients with atrial fibrillation [J].BrJClin Pharmacol, 2018,84(6):1301-1312.D0I:10.1111/bcp.13561.
[79] Gulilat M,Keller D,LintonB,et al.Drug interactions and pharmacogenetic factors contribute to variation in apixaban concentration inatrial fibrillation patients inroutine care[J]. JThromb Thrombolysis,2020,49(2):294-303.DO1:10. 1007/s11239-019-01962-2.
[80]KryukovAV,SychevDA,AndreevDA,et al.Influence of ABCBl and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms on pharmacokineticsofapixaban in patientswith atrial fibrillation and acute stroke[J].Pharmgenomics PersMed,2018,11:43-49.DOI: 10.2147/PGPM. S157111.
(收稿日期:2024-08-23)