中圖分類號:R459.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A文章編號:1000-503X(2025)03-0462-08
DOI:10. 3881/j. issn. 1000-503X.16247
Progress in the Application of Stellate Ganglion Block in Non-Analgesic Fields
YE Pengcheng1,REN Ying2,SU Wenliang',KONG Hao1
1 Department of Anesthesiology,Peking University First Hospital,Beijing 10034,China 2 Departmentof Anesthesiology,Ningxia Womenand Children’s Hospital,Peking UniversityFirst Hospital,Yinchuan 750o,China
Corresponding author:KONG Hao Tel:18611041430,E-mail:konghao2438@126.com
ABSTRACT:Stellate ganglion block(SGB) is a specific type of peripheral nerve block in which local anesthetics and/or steroidsare injected around the stellate ganglia.In the past,SGB was mainlyused to allviate pain-related syndromes. With the development of ultrasound technology,SGB has been widely used in non-analgesic fields,demonstrating significant therapeutic efects on arrhythmias,hot flashes,psychiatric disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, insomnia,and post coronavirus disease-2O19 conditions in recent years.This study reviews the progress in the application of SGB in the non-analgesic fields.
KeyWords:stelateganglion block;arrhythmia;hotflash;psychiatricdisorder;cerebrovasculardisease;insomnia;post coronavirusdisease-2O19 condition
ActaAcadMedSin,2025,47(3):462-469
星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)是由頸下神經(jīng)節(jié)和胸1神經(jīng)節(jié)融合形成的交感神經(jīng)節(jié),位于第6、7頸椎椎體之間,包含支配頭部和頸部的交感神經(jīng)前纖維及支配上肢和心臟的交感后纖維。星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)阻滯(stellateganglionblock,SGB)是將局部麻醉藥和/或類固醇激素注射到星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)周圍區(qū)域的一種特定類型的周圍神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)。
傳統(tǒng)上SGB主要被用來緩解疼痛相關(guān)綜合征[]。這是由于交感神經(jīng)參與維持多種慢性疼痛,因此抑制交感神經(jīng)的過度興奮可提高對疼痛的治療效果,其潛在機(jī)制與交感神經(jīng)參與調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)[2]。近年來隨著超聲引導(dǎo)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,SGB在非疼痛領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用,對心律失常、圍絕經(jīng)期潮熱、精神疾病、腦血管疾病、失眠和新型冠狀病毒感染(coronavirusdisease2019,COVID-19)后遺癥等疾病的治療具有顯著的效果。
1 SGB與心律失常
交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)在室性心律失常的發(fā)生過程中起到關(guān)鍵作用,同時也是重要的治療靶點(diǎn)[3。室性心律失常的臨床治療方法主要包括β受體阻滯劑和其他抗心律失常藥物、機(jī)械循環(huán)支持以及導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)等。然而,這些治療方法對控制心室撲動/心室顫動事件的發(fā)生效果欠佳。在部分臨床情境中,即便已實(shí)施多種治療措施,心律失常仍可能持續(xù)存在。若患者出現(xiàn)血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,諸如導(dǎo)管消融等治療手段的應(yīng)用可能會受到制約。近年來越來越多的證據(jù)表明,SGB能夠降低心肌交感神經(jīng)張力,因此可作為治療室性心律失常和心臟電風(fēng)暴綜合征的一種有效輔助手段[4-8]。Meng等9對3374篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述,根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選取1976至2016年發(fā)表的23項(xiàng)研究中的38例患者進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)SGB可顯著降低電風(fēng)暴患者的室性心律失常發(fā)作頻率以及體外和植入式心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)除顫器的電擊次數(shù)。另一項(xiàng)薈萃分析也顯示,SGB顯著降低頑固性室性心律失?;颊?24h 室性心律失常的發(fā)作次數(shù)和電復(fù)律的次數(shù)[10]。對心臟監(jiān)護(hù)室中罹患電風(fēng)暴的患者進(jìn)行SGB后, 90% 的患者在 6h 內(nèi)未再出現(xiàn)需要治療的室性心律失常[5]。SGB 治療電風(fēng)暴的機(jī)制可能與延長動作電位時程和減少復(fù)極化異質(zhì)性從而改善心室顫動閾值有關(guān)[11]。在心房顫動治療方面,SGB可使冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)后心房顫動的發(fā)生率降低 1/3[12] ;單側(cè) SGB可有效延長陣發(fā)性心房顫動患者心房傳導(dǎo)的有效不應(yīng)期,降低心房起搏誘發(fā)心房顫動的概率和縮短其發(fā)生持續(xù)時間[3;在肺葉切除時行右側(cè)SGB,可使術(shù)后心房顫動發(fā)生率從 10% 降低至 3% ,其他房性心律失常發(fā)生率從 38% 降低至20%[14] ;胸腔鏡手術(shù)中,SGB可降低術(shù)后室上性心律失常的發(fā)生率和延長術(shù)后第1天N2期睡眠時間[5]。在兔心肌梗死模型中,左側(cè)SGB可延長動作電位時程,降低受累心肌各層的復(fù)極異質(zhì)性,延長有效不應(yīng)期,并緩解心室顫動閾值降低的程度[]。在犬心肌梗死模型中,SGB通過抑制兒茶酚胺的釋放,可減輕受累心肌有效不應(yīng)期縮短的程度,并降低兒茶酚胺誘導(dǎo)的心律失常的發(fā)生率[1]。SGB還可能有助于抑制左側(cè)星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)的突發(fā)放電活動,在缺血性心肌病的犬模型中,SGB已被證實(shí)對于大多數(shù)室性心動過速和心源性猝死具有顯著療效[16-18]。
研究表明,大部分支配心臟的交感神經(jīng)纖維在星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)進(jìn)行換元,而來自其他神經(jīng)節(jié)的節(jié)后纖維也可通過星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)以上傳或下傳的方式到達(dá)頸中神經(jīng)節(jié)和心臟神經(jīng)叢[19]。這提示星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)是靶向激活心臟腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元的關(guān)鍵位點(diǎn),同時也可對其他全身效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生影響。此外,交感神經(jīng)節(jié)后軸突釋放多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),其中神經(jīng)肽Y和甘丙肽等在心肌水平參與調(diào)節(jié)腎上腺素能信號傳導(dǎo)[20-21]。這也進(jìn)一步說明在某些情況下β-腎上腺素能阻滯劑、抗心律失常藥物和導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)等傳統(tǒng)治療方法并不能完全阻止心室撲動或心室顫動事件的發(fā)生。而針對星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)的干預(yù)措施不僅能夠有效抑制去甲腎上腺素信號傳導(dǎo),還會減弱多種神經(jīng)肽介導(dǎo)的信號通路。因此,SGB在治療頑固性室性心律失常和預(yù)防房性心律失常方面具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。
2 SGB與潮熱
潮熱是圍絕經(jīng)期常見的臨床癥狀,影響約 90% 的圍絕經(jīng)期婦女。圍絕經(jīng)期雌激素分泌減少,神經(jīng)生長因子濃度增加,導(dǎo)致大腦皮層中的交感神經(jīng)活化和腦去甲腎上腺素濃度增加,是誘發(fā)潮熱發(fā)生的可能機(jī)制[22]。激素替代療法是治療潮熱的一線治療方法。2005年,Lipov等[23提出采用SBG可以有效緩解與圍絕經(jīng)期相關(guān)的嚴(yán)重潮熱。隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(randomizedcontrolledtrial,RCT)顯示SGB可以顯著降低女性圍絕經(jīng)期潮熱的發(fā)生和改善睡眠[24-25]。除圍絕經(jīng)期婦女,潮熱也是大多數(shù)乳腺癌患者的常見癥狀之一,但乳腺癌術(shù)后患者通常禁忌使用激素替代療法。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SGB能夠緩解乳腺癌患者術(shù)后12周內(nèi)的潮熱癥狀,對睡眠的改善作用可持續(xù)到術(shù)后24周[26-27]。上肢淋巴水腫是乳腺癌術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥之一,一旦發(fā)生較難治愈。病例報(bào)道顯示SGB還可以改善乳腺癌術(shù)后頑固性淋巴水腫患者的腫脹和疼痛感[28]。近期研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌患者接受SGB治療可顯著改善術(shù)后的恢復(fù)質(zhì)量、睡眠質(zhì)量和促進(jìn)胃腸道功能恢復(fù)29」。但關(guān)于SGB治療潮熱的臨床RCT研究有限,且大多數(shù)為病例報(bào)告,因此臨床證據(jù)水平不高[30]。SGB預(yù)防和治療潮熱的機(jī)制尚未闡明。Lipov等[31]研究表明SGB治療潮熱的機(jī)制在于阻斷中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)之間的連接。Freedman[32]認(rèn)為絕經(jīng)期女性中樞體溫調(diào)節(jié)熱中性帶變窄是導(dǎo)致體溫升高的主要原因,而腦內(nèi)去甲腎上腺素水平升高與雌激素戒斷也可能引發(fā)潮熱癥狀。SGB可以降低交感神經(jīng)興奮性和去甲腎上腺素水平,從而使熱中性帶恢復(fù)正常。此外,SGB的治療作用還可能涉及降低神經(jīng)生長因子水平、抑制大腦皮層中的交感神經(jīng)活化和降低腦去甲腎上腺素濃度等方面[22]。
3SGB與精神疾病
SGB是治療創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(post-traumaticstressdisorder,PTSD)的輔助治療方法之一。2010年,Mulvaney等[33]報(bào)道了兩例患有PTSD患者在接受SGB治療后癥狀迅速得到顯著且持久的緩解,并安全停用抗精神類藥物治療。隨后,一項(xiàng)RCT研究顯示,經(jīng)過2 次 SGB 治療后 PTSD 的癥狀改善明顯[34]。Mulvaney等[5]對166例患有PTSD的現(xiàn)役軍人的隊(duì)列研究顯示,SGB治療后超過 70% 的患者癥狀得到改善,持續(xù)時間3~6個月。近期的一項(xiàng)RCT研究也證實(shí)患有PTSD的現(xiàn)役軍人經(jīng)過2次右側(cè)SGB治療,其癥狀在第8周時仍有顯著減輕[36]。SGB治療PTSD的潛在機(jī)制可能是由于其降低了神經(jīng)生長因子水平,從而減少去甲腎上腺素釋放和抑制交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的過度激活狀態(tài)[22]。盡管這一機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,但現(xiàn)有研究表明SGB治療作用主要源于其對交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活動的整體調(diào)控,從而抑制許多精神疾病中存在的交感神經(jīng)慢性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。
近1/3重度抑郁癥患者對現(xiàn)有的抗抑郁藥存在耐藥性,有必要為這一人群開發(fā)新的治療方法。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SGB能夠改善焦慮患者的癥狀,實(shí)施SGB1周后, 79.6% 的焦慮患者的癥狀可達(dá)臨床意義的緩解;1個月后,75.5%患者癥狀可達(dá)臨床意義的緩解[37]在治療抑郁方面,一項(xiàng)針對難治性抑郁癥的小樣本研究顯示,進(jìn)行2次右側(cè)SGB后,患者抑郁評分明顯低于基線值[38]。國內(nèi)也有研究報(bào)道 SGB可減少產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后抑郁的發(fā)生[39]。研究顯示 SGB可能通過降低去甲腎上腺素水平和調(diào)節(jié)交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)來發(fā)揮其對PTSD的治療作用[22]。由于重度抑郁癥與慢性應(yīng)激和交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)激活有關(guān),因此SGB可能也對重度抑郁癥具有潛在治療價值[40]。研究表明,SGB可改善PTSD與重癥抑郁癥重疊的癥狀,如易激惹、睡眠障礙、記憶和注意力不集中等[41-42]。動物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,SGB可降低慢性壓力導(dǎo)致的去甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素增加的程度,并減少抑郁樣行為的發(fā)生[43]。此外,星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)與杏仁核之間的異常連接和功能活動失調(diào)也被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致重度抑郁癥的原因之一,這進(jìn)一步支持了SGB對于重度抑郁癥治療的有效性[31,44-45]。盡管現(xiàn)階段仍缺乏SGB治療精神分裂癥患者的隊(duì)列研究證據(jù),但已有個案報(bào)道精神分裂癥患者在接受SGB治療頸肩部疼痛后,其精神分裂癥狀也得到顯著改善,這可能與SGB增加注射側(cè)的腦血流量從而改善精神分裂癥相關(guān)癥狀有關(guān)[46]。目前關(guān)于SGB在焦慮、抑郁和精神分裂癥方面的研究仍較少,需要更多證據(jù)證明其有效性。
4 SGB與腦血管疾病
血管張力是指血管的緊張程度,主要由血管平滑肌的收縮與舒張來調(diào)控,其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制包括自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)、激素調(diào)節(jié)以及局部因素調(diào)節(jié)。由于SGB具有阻滯頸交感神經(jīng)的特性,因此可以用于降低腦血管阻力。蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后的腦血管痙攣是導(dǎo)致不良神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)局的重要因素,一項(xiàng)RCT研究顯示,早期使用SGB可使蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后腦血管痙攣的發(fā)生率降低50% ,3個月后新發(fā)腦梗死的概率顯著降低( 26.7% 比 53.5% )[47]。對進(jìn)行顱內(nèi)動脈瘤夾閉術(shù)的患者實(shí)施SGB后,經(jīng)顱超聲檢查顯示大腦中動脈峰值收縮速度降低、平均流速減慢和 Lindegaard 比率顯著降低[48]。另有病例報(bào)道SGB可用于腦血管收縮綜合征患者的治療[49]。Gupta等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SGB可以顯著降低腦血管張力,有助于改善蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血早期的微循環(huán)狀態(tài),同時SGB可明顯減輕腦水腫,提高腦組織內(nèi)源性超氧化物歧化酶的生物活性,降低丙二醛含量,具有明顯的抗腦缺血再灌注損傷的作用[50]。Toll樣受體4是蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血中神經(jīng)炎癥的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控分子,在損傷相關(guān)分子模式中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[51]。動物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,SGB可作用于Toll樣受體4,抑制核因子 κB 信號通路介導(dǎo)的炎癥,從而有效減少急性腦卒中小鼠的腦梗死體積,并防止缺血性損傷和氧化應(yīng)激[52]。此外,在動物實(shí)驗(yàn)中SGB也被證實(shí)可以提高學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力和改善術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙,其機(jī)制可能與抑制海馬組織中磷酸化 tau蛋白的表達(dá)有關(guān)[53-54]。然而,SGB在腦血管疾病方面的研究仍需要更多的RCT研究來驗(yàn)證其有效性。
5 SGB與失眠
自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與睡眠調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)。在接受胃腸道惡性腫瘤根治術(shù)的患者中,SGB治療后的患者術(shù)后第1、2天的睡眠效率、總睡眠時間和睡眠持續(xù)狀態(tài)得到改善,睡眠周期變化指數(shù)、覺醒次數(shù)和體動次數(shù)減少,匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)評分和術(shù)后睡眠障礙發(fā)生率均降低[55]。研究表明,SGB可改善乳腺、脊柱、子宮以及胸科手術(shù)患者的術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量[15.56-58]。此外,SGB 還被廣泛用于失眠患者的治療[59-60]。與未接受SGB 治療的患者相比,接受SGB治療的患者術(shù)后褪黑素的水平更高,這與SGB糾正由交感神經(jīng)張力增加引起的褪黑激素節(jié)律紊亂有關(guān)[61-62]。睡眠障礙的可能機(jī)制涉及多種因素,包括嚴(yán)重的焦慮和抑郁、免疫應(yīng)答障礙和晝夜節(jié)律紊亂等[63]。SGB可以通過減少交感神經(jīng)活動來緩解睡眠障礙,有利于手術(shù)患者術(shù)后的快速康復(fù)。SGB參與睡眠調(diào)節(jié)的機(jī)制還涉及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、穩(wěn)態(tài)睡眠驅(qū)動和晝夜節(jié)律之間的平衡[64]。根據(jù)全腦功能連接網(wǎng)絡(luò),睡眠質(zhì)量相關(guān)的腦區(qū)與星狀神經(jīng)節(jié)存在廣泛連接[65]。此外,褪黑素是人體內(nèi)一種調(diào)節(jié)睡眠的激素,SGB能夠介導(dǎo)由交感神經(jīng)張力增加引起的褪黑激素節(jié)律紊亂,并迅速提升血清中褪黑素的濃度[62,66] 。
6 SGB與COVID-19后遺癥
隨著COVID-19在全球的流行,其后遺癥引起了廣泛關(guān)注。COVID-19后遺癥的癥狀復(fù)雜多樣,包括疲勞、直立性不耐受、腦霧、嗅覺缺失和味覺障礙等[67]。COVID-19 的嗜神經(jīng)性和組織損傷的后遺癥都會導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)高反應(yīng)性、血管舒縮功能障礙以及慢性神經(jīng)炎癥,這可能與COVID-19后促炎細(xì)胞因子導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)與副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)失衡,引起自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙有關(guān)[68-69]。SGB可阻斷頸交感神經(jīng)鏈活動,使區(qū)域自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)“重新啟動”。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)SGB可用于治療COVID-19誘導(dǎo)的嗅覺和味覺障礙[70-72]。腦血流受損是自主神經(jīng)功能障礙患者的常見原因,在血壓正常情況下SGB可增加腦血流量,從而改善與嗅覺相關(guān)的腦皮質(zhì)區(qū)或面部區(qū)域相關(guān)外周受體的血流灌注情況,這可能是SGB治療COVID-19誘導(dǎo)的嗅覺和味覺障礙的機(jī)制[73]。
7 SGB與其他疾病
雷諾綜合征是由于交感神經(jīng)過度活躍,導(dǎo)致去甲腎上腺素和其他化學(xué)介質(zhì)(P物質(zhì)和白細(xì)胞介素-6)生成增加,引起血管神經(jīng)功能紊亂的肢端小動脈痙攣性疾病[74]。SGB 是一種已知治療雷諾綜合征的方法[75]。一項(xiàng)納入40 例雷諾綜合征患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SGB干預(yù)后,在5、15、30、60、 120min 測量的灌注指數(shù)與基線灌注指數(shù)相比均顯著增加[76]。SGB 能夠抑制雷諾綜合征患者的交感神經(jīng)活動,增加上肢外周血流量,從而有效緩解癥狀[77]。Leng等[78]報(bào)道1例采用SGB治療繼發(fā)于亞臨床甲狀腺功能減退癥的嚴(yán)重雷諾綜合征患者,為復(fù)雜雷諾綜合征患者的治療提供了新的選擇。在突發(fā)性耳聾患者中,SGB通過調(diào)節(jié)下丘腦自主神經(jīng)來降低交感神經(jīng)興奮性,從而擴(kuò)張外周血管,抑制去甲腎上腺素和神經(jīng)肽的釋放,并阻斷交感神經(jīng)的節(jié)后纖維;同時SGB還能增加顱內(nèi)動脈血流量,改善內(nèi)耳微循環(huán)灌注,促進(jìn)組織對營養(yǎng)的吸收,從而有助于聽力的恢復(fù)[79-80]。此外,SGB 也用于頑固性呃逆的治療,這與阻斷呃逆反射弧中傳人神經(jīng)的交感神經(jīng)支配有關(guān)[81]。由于SGB 能夠調(diào)節(jié)下丘腦自主神經(jīng)及免疫系統(tǒng),例如抑制白細(xì)胞介素- 1β 、白細(xì)胞介素-6和腫瘤壞死因子- α?∝ 的分泌等,因此在治療過度嗜睡、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、難治性嗜酸性肉芽腫伴多血管炎等疾病中,均可見SGB 成功治療的相關(guān)報(bào)道[82-84]。
8 總結(jié)與展望
SGB可以通過糾正自主神經(jīng)功能失衡及調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),恢復(fù)自主神經(jīng)功能的平衡,改善機(jī)體的應(yīng)激狀態(tài),從而達(dá)到治療的目的。SGB在非疼痛領(lǐng)域,包括心律失常、圍絕經(jīng)期潮熱、腦血管疾病、精神疾病、失眠和COVID-19后遺癥等疾病中均具有顯著的治療效果。由于SGB具有創(chuàng)傷小、患者依從性好、臨床實(shí)踐易于實(shí)施等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可作為上述疾病的有效治療方案或補(bǔ)充。但目前除在潮熱、PTSD、失眠等領(lǐng)域有RCT研究外,SGB在其他疾病的治療多見于隊(duì)列研究或個案報(bào)道,因此有必要開展更多的RCT研究來證實(shí)SGB臨床應(yīng)用的有效性。同時,SGB作用機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究,以便為其更廣泛的臨床應(yīng)用提供更多的理論依據(jù)。
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作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明野鵬程:文章選題、文獻(xiàn)篩選、文章撰寫;任穎:文章選題、文獻(xiàn)篩選及補(bǔ)充;蘇文良:文章選題、文獻(xiàn)篩選、按編輯部的修改意見進(jìn)行文章修改、文獻(xiàn)補(bǔ)充;孔昊:文章選題、文獻(xiàn)篩選、對學(xué)術(shù)問題進(jìn)行解答、文章修訂、質(zhì)量控制及定稿、同意對研究工作誠信負(fù)責(zé)
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(收稿日期:2024-06-28)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2025年3期