[摘要]目的:分析雙頜前突患者正畸治療后軟硬組織及牙槽骨的變化。方法:選取2021年4月-2022年4月在筆者醫(yī)院進(jìn)行雙頜前突正畸治療的70例患者納入研究,治療前拍攝錐形束CT(CBCT)片,測(cè)量上頜切牙區(qū)唇腭側(cè)牙槽骨厚度(ABT)、上頜切牙區(qū)唇腭側(cè)牙槽骨面積(ABA)、上頜骨切牙區(qū)唇腭側(cè)釉牙骨質(zhì)界(CEJ)-牙槽嵴頂(ABC)的高度(ABH)以觀察牙槽骨變化;硬組織測(cè)量項(xiàng)目為蝶鞍點(diǎn)-鼻根點(diǎn)-上牙槽座點(diǎn)角(SNA)、蝶鞍點(diǎn)-鼻根點(diǎn)-下牙槽座點(diǎn)角(SNB)、上齒槽座點(diǎn)-鼻根點(diǎn)-下牙槽座點(diǎn)(ANB)、上中切牙長(zhǎng)軸與鼻根點(diǎn)-上牙槽座點(diǎn)連線相交的前下角(U1-NA)、上下切牙唇傾度(U1-SN、L1-MP)、上下切牙交角(U1-L1)、上切牙突距(U1-A)、下切牙突距(LI-A);軟組織測(cè)量項(xiàng)目為上唇厚度(UL-UI)、下唇厚度(LL-LI)、頦厚度(Pos-Po)。結(jié)果:治療后,骨性測(cè)量治療SNA、ANB、SNB較治療前均顯著減?。≒<0.05);上下切牙唇傾度U1-SN、L1-MP顯著減少(P<0.05),上下切牙交角U1-L1顯著增大(P<0.05),U1-NA顯著減?。≒<0.05),以及上下切牙突距U1-A、L1-A較治療前均顯著減?。≒<0.05);患者上下唇厚(UL-UI、LL-LI)以及頦厚(Pos-Po)較治療前均顯著增大(P<0.05)。治療后,患者上頜中切牙唇側(cè)牙根頸部、根中部、根尖部以及上頜側(cè)切牙唇側(cè)根中部、根尖部ABT顯著升高(P<0.05),上頜中切牙腭側(cè)牙根頸部、根中部、根尖部以及上頜側(cè)切牙腭側(cè)頸部、根中部、根尖部ABT水平顯著降低(P<0.05);上頜中切牙、側(cè)切牙唇側(cè)ABA較治療前顯著增加,腭側(cè)ABA較治療前顯著減少;上頜中切牙、側(cè)切牙腭側(cè)以及上頜側(cè)切牙唇側(cè)ABH均顯著增加(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:雙頜前突患者正畸矯治后,上下頜切牙實(shí)現(xiàn)明顯內(nèi)收,改善患者軟組織側(cè)貌,但易導(dǎo)致患者牙槽骨發(fā)生明顯吸收,切牙區(qū)牙槽骨量顯著減少,因此正畸矯治雙頜前突具有一定臨床適用性,但仍需對(duì)牙周組織多加關(guān)注。
[關(guān)鍵詞]雙頜前突;正畸;牙槽骨;軟組織;硬組織;矯治
[中圖分類號(hào)]R783.5" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A" " [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2025)08-0035-04
Study on Changes of Soft and Hard Tissues and Alveolar Bone after Orthodontic Treatment in Patients with Bimaxillary Protrusion
ZHOU Qi, RAN Shaolili, XU Jia, DENG Liangliang
( Dental Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Central Hospital, Enshi 445000, Hubei, China )
Abstract: Objective" To analyze the changes of soft and hard tissues and alveolar bone in patients with bimaxillary protrusion after orthodontic treatment. Methods" From April 2021 to April 2022, 70 patients who underwent bimaxillary anterior protrusion orthodontic treatment in our hospital were included in the study, and cone beam CT (CBCT) films were taken before treatment to measure the thickness of the alveolar bone (ABT) on the labial-palatine side of the maxillary incisor area, the area of the alveolar bone (ABA) on the labial-palate side of the maxillary incisor area, and the height (ABH) of the labial-palate enamel tooth boundary (CEJ)-alveolar crest (ABC) in the maxillary incisor area to observe the changes of the alveolar bone. The hard tissue measurement items were sellar point-nasal root point-upper alveolar site angle (SNA), sellar point-nasal root point-lower alveolar site angle (SNB), upper alveolar site-nasal root-lower alveolar site (ANB), anterior lower angle (U1-NA) where the long axis of the upper middle incisor intersects with the root of the nose point and the upper alveolar site connection, upper and lower incisor lip inclination (U1-SN, L1-MP), upper and lower incisor angle (U1-L1), upper incisor distance (U1-A), lower incisor process distance (LI-A). Soft tissue measurements are upper lip thickness (UL-UI), lower lip thickness (LL-LI), and chin thickness (Pos-Po). Results" After treatment, the skeletology treatment SNA, ANB and SNB were significantly reduced compared with the pre-treatment (P<0.05), the inclination of upper and lower incisor labials U1-SN and L1-MP was significantly reduced (P<0.05), the angle of upper and lower incisors U1-L1 was significantly increased (P<0.05), U1-NA was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the distance between upper and lower incisors U1-A and L1-A was significantly reduced compared with before treatment (P<0.05). (UL-UI, LL-LI) and chin thickness (Pos-Po) were significantly increased compared with before treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the ABT levels of the root neck, root mid-root and root apex of the maxillary middle incisor lip and the middle root and root apex of the maxillary incisors were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ABT levels of the root neck, root mid and root apex of the maxillary middle incisor and palatine side of the maxillary incisors were significantly reduced (P<0.05); the ABA of the upper jaw middle incisor and lateral incisors on the lip side increased significantly compared with before treatment, and the ABA on the palatine side decreased significantly compared with before treatment. The ABH of the maxillary middle incisors, the palatine side of the lateral incisors, and the labial side of the maxillary incisors were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion" After orthodontic correction in patients with bimaxillary protrusion, the upper and lower incisors achieve obvious adduction, which improves the lateral appearance of soft tissues, but it is easy to lead to obvious absorption of the patient's alveolar bone and significantly reduce the amount of alveolar bone in the incisor area, so orthodontic correction of bimaxillary protrusion has certain clinical applicability, but more attention needs to be paid to periodontal tissue.
Key words: bimaxillary protrusion; orthodontics; alveolar bone; soft tissue; hard tissue; correction
雙頜前突是臨床常見的一種矢狀向錯(cuò)牙合畸形,表現(xiàn)為單純雙牙弓前突或雙牙弓前突伴上下頜骨異常[1-2],主要病理特征為上下牙弓和(或)上下前牙前突,頦部相對(duì)后縮,側(cè)面為凸面型[3]。雙頜前突患者自然狀態(tài)下,上下唇不能閉合,而用力閉合時(shí),會(huì)由于頦部緊張、鼻唇頦不協(xié)調(diào)導(dǎo)致側(cè)貌不美觀,這也是雙頜前突患者尋求矯治的主要原因[4-5]。正畸是目前臨床最常用的牙齒畸形矯治手段[6],正畸矯治雙頜前突常通過拔除4顆第一磨牙并內(nèi)收上下前牙,以糾正牙齒前突,改善上下唇內(nèi)收[7],但矯治過程中,牙槽骨的動(dòng)態(tài)改建能力可能會(huì)隨著正畸牙的移動(dòng)而下降[8],因此不僅要保證達(dá)到最佳矯治效果,還要考慮患者的主訴美觀要求以及口頜系統(tǒng)的健康與穩(wěn)定。本研究通過研究雙頜前突患者正畸后軟硬組織以及牙槽骨的變化,分析正畸治療對(duì)雙頜前突患者軟硬組織與牙槽骨的影響,為臨床正畸治療提供依據(jù)。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:回顧性分析2021年4月-2022年4月筆者醫(yī)院接診的70例進(jìn)行正畸治療的雙頜前突患者,其中男47例,女23例,平均年齡(23.20±1.90)歲。所有患者均拔除4顆第一前磨牙,并采用MBT直絲弓數(shù)據(jù)的主動(dòng)自鎖托槽(美國(guó)Ormco公司)進(jìn)行矯治。治療時(shí)間為24個(gè)月。所有患者治療前后均拍攝CBCT和頭顱側(cè)位片,并記錄頭影測(cè)量相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)已通過筆者醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。所有研究對(duì)象均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①治療前CBCT資料及臨床記錄清晰完整;②尖牙與第一磨牙為Ⅰ類關(guān)系;③治療前X線頭影測(cè)量片上Ls、Li均位于E線之前;④治療前上下切牙交角(U1-L1)<124°;⑤上頜牙列擁擠度<3 mm;⑥全口固定矯治。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①存在正畸治療史;②合并全身重大疾?。虎鄞嬖趪?yán)重外傷史;④唇腭裂、除第三磨牙外的牙齒先天性缺失和埋伏阻生;⑤存在系統(tǒng)性疾病;⑥牙槽骨骨吸收>牙根總長(zhǎng)的20%。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 軟硬組織變化:對(duì)頭影測(cè)量片進(jìn)行描繪、定點(diǎn),硬組織測(cè)量項(xiàng)目為蝶鞍點(diǎn)-鼻根點(diǎn)-上牙槽座點(diǎn)角(SNA)、蝶鞍點(diǎn)-鼻根點(diǎn)-下牙槽座點(diǎn)角(SNB)、上齒槽座點(diǎn)-鼻根點(diǎn)-下牙槽座點(diǎn)(ANB)、上中切牙長(zhǎng)軸與鼻根點(diǎn)-上牙槽座點(diǎn)連線相交的前下角(U1-NA)、上下切牙唇傾度(U1-SN、L1-MP)、上下切牙交角(U1-L1)、上切牙突距(U1-A)、下切牙突距(LI-A);軟組織測(cè)量項(xiàng)目為上唇厚度(UL-UI)、下唇厚度(LL-LI)、頦厚度(Pos-Po)。
1.3.2 牙槽骨變化:所有患者治療前后使用同一臺(tái)機(jī)器拍攝CBCT,拍攝過程中保持患者頭顱矢狀面垂直于地面,F(xiàn)H平面與水平面平行,進(jìn)行三維圖像重建,調(diào)整矢狀縱切面使其經(jīng)過根尖且平行于單個(gè)切牙的牙長(zhǎng)軸。將重建圖像導(dǎo)入Image J 2.0軟件中,沿牙長(zhǎng)軸離釉牙骨質(zhì)界處根方3、6和9 mm處,繪制與FH平面平行的水平線,分別代表牙根頸部、中部和根尖部水平,測(cè)量上頜切牙區(qū)唇側(cè)與腭側(cè)牙槽骨厚度(ABT)、上頜切牙區(qū)唇側(cè)與腭側(cè)牙槽骨面積(ABA)、上頜骨切牙區(qū)唇側(cè)與腭側(cè)釉牙骨質(zhì)界(CEJ)-牙槽嵴頂(ABC)的高度(ABH),具體測(cè)量標(biāo)記點(diǎn)見圖1。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS24.0軟件對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。治療前后測(cè)量結(jié)果均由同一醫(yī)護(hù)人員、同一臺(tái)機(jī)器進(jìn)行測(cè)量,測(cè)量3次,取平均值,最終結(jié)果以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(xˉ±s)表示,治療前后采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析比較,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1 治療前后硬組織的變化:治療后,骨性測(cè)量指標(biāo)SNA、ANB、SNB較治療前均顯著減?。≒<0.05);上下切牙唇傾度U1-SN、L1-MP顯著減少(P<0.05),上下切牙交角U1-L1顯著增大(P<0.05),U1-NA顯著減小(P<0.05),以及上下切牙突距U1-A、L1-A較治療前均顯著減?。≒<0.05)。
2.2 治療前后軟組織的變化:治療后,患者上下唇厚(UL-UI、LL-LI)以及頦厚(Pos-Po)較治療前均顯著增大(P<0.05)。
2.3 牙槽骨的變化
2.3.1 上頜中切牙、側(cè)切牙唇腭側(cè)ABT的變化:治療后,患者上頜中切牙唇側(cè)牙根頸部、唇側(cè)根中以及唇側(cè)根尖部ABT水平顯著升高(P<0.05),腭側(cè)牙根頸部、腭側(cè)根中以及腭側(cè)根尖部ABT水平顯著降低(P<0.05);上頜側(cè)切牙唇側(cè)根中部與根尖部ABT水平顯著升高(P<0.05),頸部存在升高趨勢(shì),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),上頜側(cè)切牙腭側(cè)頸部、根中以及根尖部ABT水平顯著降低(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.3.2 上頜中切牙、側(cè)切牙唇腭側(cè)ABA的變化:治療后,患者上頜中切牙、側(cè)切牙唇側(cè)ABA較治療前顯著增加,腭側(cè)ABA較治療前顯著減少,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.3.3 上頜中切牙、側(cè)切牙唇腭側(cè)ABH的變化:治療后,上頜中切牙腭側(cè)ABH均顯著增加(P<0.05);上頜中切牙唇側(cè)ABH有增加趨勢(shì)但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);上頜側(cè)切牙唇側(cè)與腭側(cè)ABH均顯著增加(P<0.05)。見表5。
3" 討論
雙頜前突是一種以上、下前牙唇傾與嘴唇突出為特征的錯(cuò)牙合畸形[9],流行病學(xué)研究認(rèn)為其具有明顯的種族傾向與家族傾向,且多發(fā)于亞洲人群,少發(fā)于歐洲[10]。雙頜前突患者常表現(xiàn)為上下頜前牙明顯唇傾、唇功能不良,有些患者還會(huì)伴有骨性前突等情況[11]?;颊吲c正畸醫(yī)生在正畸矯治中的共同目標(biāo)為改善牙齒前突、協(xié)調(diào)面貌[12]。
雙頜前突正畸矯治的目的不僅是為了獲得整齊的牙齒,更主要的是為了患者獲得協(xié)調(diào)美觀的面型[13]。面型是由骨骼支架、軟組織以及牙齒位置三個(gè)基本因素決定[14],國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究表明[15-16],雙頜前突患者拔牙正畸矯治后顱頜面軟硬組織會(huì)發(fā)生明顯變化。Yoshiko Y等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過拔除前磨牙內(nèi)收前牙可在一定程度上減小唇傾度,改善面型。本研究結(jié)果顯示,雙頜前突患者治療后骨性指標(biāo)SNA、ANB、SNB均顯著減小,上下切牙唇傾度也顯著減小,U1-L1顯著增加,表明上下前牙大量?jī)?nèi)收,切牙突度明顯減小。軟組織測(cè)量指標(biāo)上下唇厚與頦厚明顯增加,表明前牙內(nèi)收后,對(duì)上下唇張力的緩解作用加強(qiáng),誘導(dǎo)軟組織改建。這與Kapoor S等[18]研究結(jié)果一致,隨著上下前牙的大量?jī)?nèi)收,切牙明顯內(nèi)移,突度減小,降低上下唇張力,改善面型。
正畸矯治過程中,牙移動(dòng)常伴隨牙槽骨的改建,即牙齒在受到合適的正畸力時(shí),牙槽發(fā)生“壓力側(cè)骨吸收,張力側(cè)骨沉積”等過程[19-20]。目前,雙頜前突正畸治療中需要拔除4顆前磨牙以內(nèi)收切牙,但若切牙過度內(nèi)收,可能會(huì)引起牙根突破極限導(dǎo)致牙槽骨吸收,出現(xiàn)骨開窗、骨開裂等并發(fā)癥,損害牙周健康[21-22]。另外有研究表明[23],由于雙頜前突患者牙槽骨厚度要比正常人群更薄,過度內(nèi)收前牙,容易導(dǎo)致牙槽骨厚度顯著減少,導(dǎo)致正畸過程中牙周出現(xiàn)問題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。本研究結(jié)果顯示,正畸治療后,雙頜前突患者上下切牙均實(shí)現(xiàn)明顯內(nèi)收,但患者上頜中切牙唇腭側(cè)、側(cè)切牙唇腭側(cè)牙槽骨厚度、面積出現(xiàn)明顯減少,牙槽骨高度明顯增加,這表明,在正畸牙移動(dòng)過程中,牙齒發(fā)生穿骨移動(dòng),導(dǎo)致牙槽骨吸收增加。這一結(jié)果提示正畸醫(yī)生在雙頜前突患者矯治過程中,為避免并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,在制定計(jì)劃時(shí)需將正畸牙移動(dòng)情況、牙槽骨改建以及牙周系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定情況考慮在內(nèi)。
綜上所述,本研究通過分析雙頜前突患者正畸治療后軟硬組織與牙槽骨的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)正畸治療可明顯改善上前牙唇傾,治療后患者上下切牙唇傾度減小,切牙突度減小,患者側(cè)貌明顯改善,說明正畸矯治對(duì)于雙頜前突患者具有良好的治療效果。但本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)上下切牙在牙根頸部、根中部、根尖部均發(fā)生了明顯吸收,因此,在正畸治療過程中,我們應(yīng)將正畸對(duì)牙槽骨的影響納入考慮,再行雙頜前突治療計(jì)劃。
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[收稿日期]2023-11-28
本文引用格式:周奇,冉紹力立,徐佳,等.雙頜前突患者正畸治療后軟硬組織及牙槽骨的變化研究[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2025,34(8):35-39.