中圖分類號R969.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼A 文章編號 1001-0408(2025)13-1648-07
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2025.13.16
Literatureanalysisofclinical featuresand risk factorsof drug-induced hypofibrinogenemia
WEN Xiao,CAI Le,GAO Ao,ZHU Man(Dept. of Pharmacy,Medical Support Center,PLA General Hospital. Beijing 100853,China)
ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo exploreclinicalcharacteristics andrisk factorsof drug-induced hypofibrinogenemia,providinga referenceforrationalclinicaldruguse.METHODSRetrospectivecaseanalysesliteratureondrug-iducedhypofibrnogenemiawere collected fromdomesticandinternationaldatabases fromtheirinceptiontoDecember31,2024.Thepatients’gender,age, fibrinogen(FIB)levelsbeforeandaftertreatment,drug types,theincidenceof drug-inducedhypofibrinogenemia,timeof occurrence,bleedingrates,clinicalmanifestations,riskfactors,andprotectivefactorswereallanalyzedRESULTSAtotalf40 retrospectivecaseanalysisstudieswereincluded,involving17313patients.Patient agerangedfromO.83to78.4Oyears,with males accounting for 16.90%81.00% .The involved drugs comprised 5 categories and 13 specific agents,including tigecycline, snakeveomhemocoagulase,tocilizumab,andalteplase,etc.Theincidenceofdrug-induced hypofibrinogenemiarangedfromOto 100% ,occurring between 2 hours and9months after drugadministration,andFIB levelsrebounded inmost patientsafterdrug discontinuation. The bleeding rate varied from 0% to 91.30% ,including epistaxis,airway bleeding,gastrointestinal bleeding,and cerebralhemorhage.Riskfactors includedhighdrugdosage,prolongedtreatmentdurationabdominalinfection,advancedage, andlowbaselineFIBlevels.Protectivefactors wereonlymentioned in studieson tigecycline,including skinandsofttisue infectionsandhighbaselineFIBlevels.CONCLUSIONSDrug-inducedhypofibrinogenemiaiscommonlyassociatedwith tigecycline,hemocoagulase,andtocilizumab.Itsclinicalfeaturesvarydependingonthedrug,andriskfactorsincludehighdrug dosage,prolonged treatment,lowbaselineFIBlevels,andadvancedage.Forhigh-riskmedications,individualizedmedication management and monitoring of FIB levels are recommended.
KEYWORDShypofibrinogenemia;drug-induced;fibrinogen;adversedrugreactions;clinical features;riskfactors;literature analysis
纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB)是一種僅在肝臟合成的血漿糖蛋白,在血栓的形成與穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮著核心作用。在健康人體中,血漿FIB水平低于 2.0g/L 時可被診斷為低纖維蛋白原血癥,而嚴(yán)重低纖維蛋白原血癥C FIBlt;1.0g/L )可能引起嚴(yán)重的出血性疾病,如肺出血、胃腸道出血和腦出血,甚至危及生命。
藥物是導(dǎo)致低纖維蛋白原血癥的主要原因之一。近些年,藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的報道逐漸增多,涉及的藥物主要有替加環(huán)素、托珠單抗、丙戊酸和抗腫瘤藥物等[2-4]。然而,這些藥物中絕大部分的說明書中并未明確標(biāo)注其不良反應(yīng)包括低纖維蛋白原血癥,這可能導(dǎo)致臨床對于這一不良反應(yīng)的關(guān)注度不足。目前,藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥還沒有特異性的治療方法,可通過停用可疑藥物和補充FIB替代物來改善。然而,有研究表明,常用的補救措施(包括維生素K1、血漿、冷沉淀或FIB濃縮物)并不能顯著縮短FIB正常水平的恢復(fù)時間。因此,探究可能引起低纖維蛋白原血癥的藥物,是預(yù)防和警示嚴(yán)重低纖維蛋白原血癥的關(guān)鍵。本文對現(xiàn)有藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的相關(guān)藥物、發(fā)生特征、潛在機制、預(yù)防及干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行匯總分析,旨在為藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的臨床識別、風(fēng)險管理、預(yù)警、治療提供理論支撐,為臨床合理用藥提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1資料來源
以“drug induced hypofibrinogenemia”\"fibrinogenemiadeficiency”“hypofibrinogenemia drug adverse reaction\"“hypofibrinogenemiadrugsideeffect”為關(guān)鍵詞,檢索PubMed、WebofScience數(shù)據(jù)庫中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn);以“藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥”“纖維蛋白原降低”“低纖維蛋白原血癥藥物不良反應(yīng)”“低纖維蛋白原血癥藥物副作用”為關(guān)鍵詞,檢索中國知網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),按“1.2\"項下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行篩選。為避免遺漏,對于文獻(xiàn)中提及的高頻藥品,分別以“低纖維蛋白原血癥‘藥品名’”為關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行重復(fù)檢索。
1.2文獻(xiàn)篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
本研究的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥回顧性病例分析文獻(xiàn);(2)發(fā)表時間自建庫起至2024年12月31日。
本研究的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)綜述;(2)數(shù)據(jù)缺失及基線FI Blt;2.0g/L ;(3)以非中文或英文的其他語言發(fā)表及無法獲取全文的文獻(xiàn)。對數(shù)據(jù)庫中無法獲取全文的文獻(xiàn),本研究通過圖書館文獻(xiàn)傳遞服務(wù)、Sci-Hub及聯(lián)系作者等方式嘗試獲取全文;若摘要中提供了足夠信息,則納入摘要數(shù)據(jù);若不滿足上述情況,則排除該研究。
1.3 研究方法
本研究采用回顧性研究方法,對藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥相關(guān)藥物和患者性別、年齡、低纖維蛋白原血癥發(fā)生時間、給藥前后FIB水平、低纖維蛋白原血癥嚴(yán)重程度、出血率、臨床表現(xiàn)、轉(zhuǎn)歸、危險因素及保護(hù)因素等信息進(jìn)行整理,采用Excel軟件進(jìn)行歸納分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 納入文獻(xiàn)及患者情況
共納入回顧性病例分析文獻(xiàn)40篇,涉及患者17313例。各研究納入患者的年齡范圍較廣 (0.83~78.40 歲),性別分布差異顯著(男性占比 16.90%~81.00% ),詳見表1。
2.2 藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥涉及藥物種類
藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥主要涉及的藥物包括:抗感染藥物(替加環(huán)素、托珠單抗)、血液系統(tǒng)藥物(rt-PA、蛇毒血凝酶)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)藥物(丙戊酸)抗腫瘤藥物(門冬酰胺酶)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)藥物(糖皮質(zhì)激素),詳見表1。
2.3 藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生特征
藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生率為 0~100% ,發(fā)生時間在給藥后 2h~9 個月,大多數(shù)患者FIB降低至1.0~2.0g/L ,部分患者FIB水平在停藥后恢復(fù)正常。該病癥的臨床表現(xiàn)為不同程度的出血,包括瘀斑、鼻黏膜出血、消化道出血、肺出血、氣道出血等,嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)腦出血(尤見于阿替普酶)。雖然同樣會導(dǎo)致腦出血,但現(xiàn)有研究未觀察到阿替普酶的衍生物替奈普酶與藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的相關(guān)性。不同藥物所致出血發(fā)生率差異顯著,以蛇毒血凝酶最高 (21.30%~91.30% ),其次為rt-PA( 8.60%~51.28% ),詳見表1。
2.4藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素
藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素研究多集中于替加環(huán)素、托珠單抗、蛇毒血凝酶及rt-PA。相關(guān)性分析顯示,替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素包括年齡 gt;80 歲、基線 FIB?3.5g/L 、高劑量治療持續(xù) gt;6 d、低劑量治療持續(xù) gt;11 d、維持劑量為 100mg/q12h. 累積劑量 ?1000mg 、接受CRRT治療、基線 PTgt;14 s、基線總膽紅素 gt;21μmol/L 、蛋白C水平 gt;25mg/dL 以及腹腔感染等;皮膚和軟組織感染以及高基線FIB水平被認(rèn)為是其保護(hù)因素,詳見表1。
在類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中,血小板分布寬度 lt; 16.25fL、甲狀旁腺激素 lt;31.05pg/mL 、低骨密度或重度骨質(zhì)疏松、壓痛關(guān)節(jié)計數(shù) ?1 和腫脹關(guān)節(jié)計數(shù) lt;1 是托珠單抗相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素,詳見表1。
對于蛇毒血凝酶,年齡(老年人和兒童)長療程、靜脈給藥、低基線FIB水平、高藥物總劑量、女性、低白蛋白水平和使用白眉蛇毒血凝酶與藥源性低纖維蛋白血癥的發(fā)生高度相關(guān),詳見表1。
rt-PA相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素包括高藥物劑量和低基線FIB水平。除此之外,對于IVT患者,高齡和高基線NIHSS評分同樣是其危險因素;心房顫動病史會增加患者癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險,詳見表1。
3討論
3.1藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生機制
炎癥因子白細(xì)胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)能夠上調(diào)FIB基因表達(dá),在炎癥反應(yīng)期間,血清FIB水平可超過7.0g/L[42] 。托珠單抗是IL-6受體抑制劑,可能通過阻斷IL-6信號通路抑制FIB合成。目前,替加環(huán)素對IL-6水平影響的研究結(jié)果存在矛盾一一有病例報道發(fā)現(xiàn),使用替加環(huán)素(負(fù)荷劑量 100mg ,維持劑量 50mg,q12h) 后,患者血清IL-6水平顯著降低(但由于該患者同時使用了哌拉西林他唑巴坦,無法排除聯(lián)合用藥對IL-6水平的潛在影響)[43];另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在肺炎支原體感染模型小鼠中,未觀察到治療濃度及超治療濃度的替加環(huán)素對IL-6分泌的抑制作用44]。因此,替加環(huán)素導(dǎo)致低纖維蛋白原血癥的分子機制仍需進(jìn)一步闡明。
3.2藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生特征分析
目前針對藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥發(fā)生特征的研究,涉及較多的藥物有替加環(huán)素、托珠單抗及蛇毒血凝酶。藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生率可能存在種族差異,在國內(nèi)回顧性研究中,接受替加環(huán)素治療的患者低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生率為 50.5%~95.0%[4-5,10-11,14] 但在國外研究中的發(fā)生率僅為 5% 和 19.4%[16,45] 。對于其他四環(huán)素類藥物,已有6例依拉環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的病例報道[4]。奧馬環(huán)素安全性較高,長達(dá) 30d 的治療并未引起FIB水平下降或出血事件[47]。雖同為四環(huán)素類藥物,制備工藝或化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)差異可能顯著影響奧馬環(huán)素對FIB的作用。托珠單抗誘導(dǎo)低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生率為 38.6%~76.5% ,在大動脈炎和風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中最為常見[3.6-8]。臨床常用蛇毒血凝酶包括巴曲酶、矛頭蝮蛇血凝酶、白眉蛇毒血凝酶、蝰蛇血凝酶及尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶,其中白眉蛇毒血凝酶發(fā)生低纖維蛋白原血癥的概率最高,為 4.59% ;尖吻蝮蛇血凝酶、矛頭蝮蛇血凝酶和蝰蛇血凝酶的發(fā)生率分別為 0.97%.0.44% 和 0.12%[40] ;臨床表現(xiàn)主要為手術(shù)或傷口部位出血[]。在藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥患者中,血清FIB降低幅度與出血嚴(yán)重程度并非完全一致,患者的臨床表現(xiàn)除了與FIB水平相關(guān)外,可能還與自身生理、病理狀況相關(guān),中度FIB降低也可能發(fā)生嚴(yán)重出血表現(xiàn),同樣需要引起重視。
3.3藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素分析
目前,替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素研究較為透徹。多中心回顧性研究顯示,高齡、低基線FIB水平、長療程、高單日劑量及累積劑量、基線 PTgt;14 S、基線總膽紅素 gt;21μmol/L 、蛋白C水平 gt;25mg/dL 及腹腔感染等是替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素[,10.16-17]。然而,有研究認(rèn)為皮膚及軟組織感染是替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的保護(hù)因素5,但該研究并未對這一矛盾結(jié)果的可能原因進(jìn)行闡述。替加環(huán)素的血藥濃度與低纖維蛋白原血癥具有相關(guān)性,給藥后 6n 血藥濃度 (c1/2)?0.645mg/L 可能是預(yù)測藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的最佳閾值4]。腎功能衰竭可能是替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的另一因素,但目前的研究結(jié)果存在矛盾之處——Zhang等4認(rèn)為,腎功能衰竭(無論是否需要透析)是替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素;而Campany-Herrero等[未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間存在顯著相關(guān)性。但由于后一項研究樣本量較小(僅60例),不能排除由此可能產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果偏倚。Leng等發(fā)現(xiàn),接受CRRT治療而非慢性腎病或血清肌酐升高是替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素。但由于CRRT膜對FIB具有吸附作用,可能給研究結(jié)果帶來偏倚。藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥與肝功能間的相關(guān)性同樣尚未明確。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),重度肝功能損傷患者使用替加環(huán)素可達(dá)到更高的藥動學(xué)/藥效學(xué)目標(biāo)水平[49],這與低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[48。然而,由于臨床對重度肝功能損傷患者使用肝毒性藥物較為謹(jǐn)慎,現(xiàn)有回顧性研究納入的此類患者數(shù)量較少,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)替加環(huán)素相關(guān)低纖維蛋白原血癥與肝功能損傷之間的相關(guān)性[12]。樣本量方面的局限性可能影響了研究結(jié)果的代表性,故有待開展大樣本前瞻性研究來明確兩者之間的關(guān)系。
3.4藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的干預(yù)措施
目前關(guān)于藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的預(yù)防及干預(yù)措施尚未形成相關(guān)指南或?qū)<夜沧R。研究證實,F(xiàn)IB替代療法適用于先天性和獲得性低纖維蛋白原血癥的預(yù)防和出血治療[]??捎糜谔娲委煹难褐破钒‵IB濃縮物、冷沉淀物和新鮮冰凍血漿。FIB濃縮物具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的FIB濃度且經(jīng)過病毒滅活,可實現(xiàn)快速給藥并能最大限度地降低病毒傳播風(fēng)險。冷沉淀物中FIB的濃度并未標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化且未經(jīng)過病毒滅活,輸注前需要匹配血型。在無法獲得上述血液制品時,可輸注新鮮冰凍血漿,但其FIB含量較低,大量輸注可能增加輸血相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(如輸血相關(guān)肺功能損傷、病毒傳播)的發(fā)生風(fēng)險。
在使用可能引起低纖維蛋白原血癥的藥物前,應(yīng)評估患者的基線FIB水平及出血風(fēng)險,對于高風(fēng)險患者,考慮使用替代藥物以避免不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,用藥期間還應(yīng)定期監(jiān)測FIB水平。根據(jù)意大利成人血液病工作組LAL1913臨床試驗建議,對于急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病患者,當(dāng)FIB水平 lt;1.0g/L 時,可考慮輸注冷沉淀物或FIB濃縮物以預(yù)防出血[32]。若不能排除藥物影響,當(dāng)患者FIB水平顯著降低(如 lt;1.0g/L 或出現(xiàn)出血癥狀時,應(yīng)立即停用或減少可疑藥物劑量并給予替代治療;針對自發(fā)性出血患者,在止血過程完全穩(wěn)定之前,應(yīng)將FIB水平維持在 1.0g/L 以上[38]
4結(jié)語
近年來,藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的相關(guān)報道逐漸增多,其臨床影響不容忽視。本研究表明,藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥主要涉及替加環(huán)素、蛇毒血凝酶、托珠單抗、阿替普酶等藥物,不同藥物低纖維蛋白原血癥的發(fā)生率及臨床特征差異較大。藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的危險因素主要包括高藥物劑量、長療程、低基線FIB水平及高齡等。臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)提高對藥源性低纖維蛋白原血癥的警惕性,在使用高風(fēng)險藥品時,制訂個體化治療方案并監(jiān)測患者FIB水平,一旦發(fā)生嚴(yán)重低纖維蛋白原血癥或出血事件,應(yīng)及時停用可疑藥物并積極對癥處理。
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(收稿日期:2025-02-18修回日期:2025-05-20)