中圖分類號:S433;S663.1 文獻標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:2097-2172(2025)04-0358-07
doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-2172.2025.04.013
Effects of Intercropping Leguminous Green Manure Hairy Vetch on InsectDiversityin TableVineyards
GUO Jianguo, SUN Zhenyu, ZHANG Dawei,XIE Xiaoli, JIN Shelin (InstituteofPlantProtection,Gansu Academy ofAgricultural Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 73oo7o,China)
Abstract:Thisstudyaimed toclarifytheinsect diversityunderinterplantedleguminous greenmanurein vineyards,providing ascientificbasisforecologicalpestcontroltechniques.UsingMalaynetcolectionandarticialidentification,theeffectof interplanting hairyvetchoninsectdiversityintablegrapevineyardswasinvestigated.Resultsshowedthatatotalof11386pests belngingto6ordersand41familieswerecapturedforleguminousgreenmanurehairyvetchintercroppedintablevineyards, Mycetopteridae,Phoridae and Anthomyiidae in Diptera were the dominant pests,accounting for 3 2 . 7 2 % ,20.97% and 1 6 . 8 5 % , respectively.Atotalof7731naturalenemiesbelongingto5ordersand25familieswerecapturedforleguminousgreemaure hairyvetchintercroppedinablevineyards,DolichopodidaeandSyrphidaeinipterawerethdominantaturalenemies,acoting for 3 5 . 9 5 % and 2 4 . 7 4 % ,respectively.A total of 27 93O pests belonging to 6orders and 44 families were captured for clear-ploughed croping method,Mycetopteridae,PhoridaeandAnthomyiidaeinDiptera werethedominantpests,accountingfor 4 8 . 6 7 % , 1 4 . 3 3 % (20 and 1 1 . 0 0 % ,respectively.A total of 4O77natural enemies belonging to 5ordersand24 families were captured forclear-ploughed cropping methodintablevineyards,DolichopodidaeandSyrphidaeinDipteraandIchneumonidaeinHymenopterawerethe dominant natural enemies, accounting for 3 9 . 9 8 % , 1 5 . 1 1 % and 1 5 . 0 8 % ,respectively. Compared with clear -ploughed cropping method, the number of pests decreased by 5 9 . 2 3 % and the number of natural enemies increased by 8 9 . 6 2 % for leguminous green manurehairyvetchintercroppedinablevineyards.Thediversityidexaalysisshowedthattheinsectdiversityindex(H index (J)anddominanceindex (C)forleguminous gren manurehairyvetchintercroppedintablevineyardweresignificantlyhigher thanthoseforlea-ploughedroppingmethd,andthdiversityidexofaturaleemies(H)andevenessindex(J)foous grenmanurehairyvetch intercroppedintablevineyard werealsosignificantlyhigherthanthoseforclear-ploughedcroping method.Theresultsshowedthatleguminousgrenmanurehairyvetchintercroppedintablevineyardcouldincreasethedivesiesof natural enemies and enhance natural service function in table vineyard ecosystem.
KeyWords:Tablegrape;Leguminous greenmanure;Hairyvetch;Interplanting;Pest;Natural enemy;Insectdiversity
以犧牲自然生境為代價,密集投入農(nóng)藥的集約化農(nóng)業(yè)提高了作物產(chǎn)量,滿足了人類食物需求。然而,集約化農(nóng)業(yè)過度消耗了自然資源,造成農(nóng)田生物多樣性喪失,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)自然調(diào)控功能下降。葡萄園是一種相對穩(wěn)定的木本作物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng),間種綠肥不僅可以改善果園土壤質(zhì)量和氣候環(huán)境[1-4],而且可以調(diào)控果園節(jié)肢動物動態(tài)平衡,提高天敵昆蟲種群數(shù)量[5-11],降低害蟲種群密度[12-14]。國外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),葡萄園間種豆科植物如暗紫野豌豆、長柔毛野豌豆、車軸草、箭筈豌豆、南苜蓿和鳥爪豆,禾本科植物如大麥、黑麥、黑麥草、鼠茅、雀麥、鴨茅、燕麥和紫羊茅,菊科植物如黃金菊、苦蒿、金盞花、矢車菊、秋英和萬壽菊,罌粟科植物如花菱草,蓼科植物如蕎麥,紫草科植物如菊蒿葉沙鈴花,薔薇科作物如花楸,松科植物如意大利松,傘形科植物如大阿米芹和野胡蘿卜,十字花科植物如白芥、香雪球、蕓耋和油菜等綠肥作物[15-24],增加了有益節(jié)肢動物(寄生蜂、捕食螨)種群數(shù)量,降低了鱗翅目(花翅小卷蛾)、同翅目(葉蟬和粉蝓)、纓翅目(薊馬)等害蟲種群數(shù)量和危害。然而,國內(nèi)間種豆科綠肥對葡萄園昆蟲多樣性影響的研究鮮見報道。為此,我們開展了間種毛葉苕子對鮮食葡萄園昆蟲多樣性影響的研究,旨為葡萄園害蟲生態(tài)調(diào)控技術(shù)研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1 供試材料
供試葡萄品種為陽光玫瑰,供試毛葉苕子品種為土庫曼毛葉苕子。
1.2試驗設(shè)計
試驗設(shè)在河南省焦作市武陟縣北郭鄉(xiāng)進行。供試葡萄樹齡 5 a ,株行距為 。2023年4月上旬在葡萄園行間人工撒播毛葉苕子
作為處理組(JZ),自然清耕為空白對照( ( c K ) 。2種種植方式水肥管理條件一致,相隔 5 . 0 k m 。毛葉苕子開花期參照農(nóng)田生物多樣性評價技術(shù)規(guī)范[25],按間距 5 0 m 分別安裝Townes型馬來氏網(wǎng)3個,用
9 5 % 乙醇收集瓶采集2種種植方式下的昆蟲,快遞運輸至實驗室,委托甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)王國利教授進行分類鑒定,并統(tǒng)計種群數(shù)量。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析
參照段志龍等[26]的方法將昆蟲種群分為天敵Pre(捕食、寄生、傳粉)和害蟲Phy(植食)兩個功能類群,Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H')、Margalef豐富度指數(shù)(D)、Poelou均勻度指數(shù)(J')和Simpson優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)分析昆蟲多樣性。計算公式如下:
Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(shù): Margalef豐富度指數(shù):
Pielou均勻度指數(shù):
Simpson 優(yōu)勢度指數(shù):
(204號
式中, s 為群落物種數(shù)目, N 為觀察到的個體總數(shù), 為第 i 個物種占群落總數(shù) N 的比例。以個體數(shù)目占總數(shù)的比例判定優(yōu)勢類群,
為優(yōu)勢類群,
為常見類群,
為稀有類群。
MicrosoftOfficeExcel2019軟件整理試驗數(shù)據(jù),DPS數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)V19.05軟件Duncan's新復(fù)極差法進行多重比較分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1不同種植方式下葡萄園害蟲分類單元和數(shù)量特征
從表1可以看出,葡萄園間種毛葉苕子種植方式下共捕獲害蟲11386只,隸屬于6目41科,其中雙翅目眼蕈蚊科、蚤蠅科、花蠅科為優(yōu)勢類群,占比分別為 3 2 . 7 2 % 、 2 0 . 9 7 % 、 1 6 . 8 5 % ;膜翅目癭蜂科,雙翅目癭蚊科、潛蠅科、蠓科、果蠅科、黃潛蠅科為常見類群,占比分別為 3 . 1 9 % 、7 . 3 0 % 、 4 . 2 9 % 、 3 . 4 8 % 、 1 . 7 3 % 、 1 . 6 0 % ;半翅目、鱗翅目、鞘翅目、纓翅目為稀有類群。葡萄園自然清耕(CK)種植方式下共捕獲害蟲27930只,隸屬于6目44科,其中雙翅目眼蕈蚊科、蚤蠅科、花蠅科為優(yōu)勢類群,占比分別為 4 8 . 6 7 % 、 1 4 . 3 3 % 、
1 1 . 0 0 % ,膜翅目癭蜂科,雙翅目癭蚊科、潛蠅科、黃潛蠅科、糞蚊科為常見類群,占比分別為1 . 8 9 % 、 7 . 1 3 % 、 9 . 6 0 % 、 1 . 3 1 % 、 1 . 1 2 % ;半翅目、鱗翅目、鞘翅目、纓翅目為稀有類群。除半翅目盲蝽科、葉蟬科,鱗翅目菜蛾科,鞘翅目竊蠹科、谷盜科,雙翅目蠓科、麻蠅科、麗蠅科、糞蠅科外,間種毛葉苕子種植方式較自然清耕(CK)有效地降低了半翅目、鱗翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、雙翅目、纓翅目害蟲的種群數(shù)量,害蟲數(shù)量合計降幅為 5 9 . 2 3 % 。
2.2不同種植方式下葡萄園天敵分類單元和數(shù)量特征
從表2可以看出,間種毛葉苕子種植方式下葡萄園共捕獲天敵7731只,隸屬于5目25科,其中雙翅目長足蛇科、食蚜蠅科為優(yōu)勢類群,占比分別為 3 5 . 9 5 % 、 2 4 . 7 4 % ;膜翅目小蜂科、姬蜂科、姬小蜂科、蜜蜂科、金小蜂科、繭蜂科、纓小蜂科,鞘翅目隱翅蟲科,雙翅目舞虻科為常見類群,占比分別為 8 . 3 9 % 、 5 . 7 8 % 、 4 . 0 4 % !3 . 2 9 % 、 2 . 4 1 % 、 2 . 0 7 % 、 1 . 8 5 % 、 3 . 2 2 % 、 4 . 4 4 % :其他科為稀有類群,占比均小于 1 % 。自然清耕(CK)種植方式下葡萄園共捕獲天敵4077只,隸屬于5目24科,其中膜翅目姬蜂科和雙翅目長足虻科、食蚜蠅科為優(yōu)勢類群,占比分別為 1 5 . 0 8 % 73 9 . 9 8 % 、 1 5 . 1 1 % ;膜翅目小蜂科、金小蜂科、繭蜂科、纓小蜂科、腫腿蜂科,鞘翅目隱翅蟲科,雙翅目舞虻科、寄蠅科為常見類群,占比分別為3 . 2 6 % 、 6 . 5 0 % 、 5 . 7 9 % 、 5 . 5 4 % 、 1 . 1 3 % 、 2 . 4 3 % 、2 . 2 1 % 、 1 . 3 5 % ;脈翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、雙翅目其他科均為稀有類群,占比均小于 1 % 。除膜翅目姬蜂科、金小蜂科、繭蜂科、纓小蜂科、腫腿蜂科、蛛蜂科外,間種毛葉苕子種植方式下較自然清耕(CK)增加了半翅目、脈翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、雙翅目的天敵種群數(shù)量,天敵合計數(shù)量增幅為 8 9 . 6 2 % 。
2.3不同種植方式下葡萄園昆蟲科級分類單元的多樣性
從表3可以看出,間種毛葉苕子種植方式下葡萄園害蟲、天敵、昆蟲的多樣性指數(shù)(H)分別為1.48、1.00、2.48,豐富度指數(shù)(D)分別為3.04、1.62、4.77,均勻度指數(shù)(J')分別為0.46、0.37、0.67,優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)分別為0.92、0.95、0.86;自然清耕(CK)方式下葡萄園害蟲、天敵、昆蟲的多樣性指數(shù)(H')分別為1.53、0.51、2.04,豐富度指數(shù)(D)分別為3.11、1.68、4.91,均勻度指數(shù)(J')分別為0.46、0.18、0.54,優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)分別為0.78、0.99、0.77。方差分析結(jié)果顯示,間種毛葉苕子種植方式下葡萄園害蟲的優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C),天敵的多樣性指數(shù)(H)、均勻度指數(shù)(J'),昆蟲的多樣性指數(shù)(H')均勻度指數(shù)(J'、優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)顯著高于清耕(CK)種植方式,但天敵的優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)顯著低于清耕(CK)種植方式。
3討論與結(jié)論
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)集約化和農(nóng)田景觀同質(zhì)化是全球生物多樣性逐漸喪失的主要驅(qū)動因素,如何維護規(guī)?;a(chǎn)田物種多樣性和景觀異質(zhì)性是綠色有機生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)亟需破解的科學(xué)難題。葡萄園巷道間隙人工種植豆科綠肥作物,可以人工創(chuàng)造出二元化異質(zhì)性生境,為天敵昆蟲提供“衣、食、住、行”生活資料,增加葡萄園節(jié)肢動物的種類和豐度,提高天敵對害蟲自然調(diào)控作用「27],降低葡萄害蟲防治對殺蟲劑的依賴性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),間種毛葉苕子種植方式下共捕獲到害蟲和天敵分別為11386、7731只,分別隸屬于6目41科和5目25科,其中眼蕈蚊科、蚤蠅科、花蠅科為優(yōu)勢害蟲類群,占比分別為 3 2 . 7 2 % 、 2 0 . 9 7 % 、 1 6 . 8 5 % 長足虻科、食蚜蠅科為優(yōu)勢天敵類群,占比分別為 3 5 . 9 5 % 、 2 4 . 7 4 % 。對照自然清耕種植方式下共捕獲到害蟲和天敵分別為27930、4077只,分別隸屬于6目44科和5目24科,其中眼蕈蚊科、蚤蠅科、花蠅科為優(yōu)勢害蟲類群,占比分別為4 8 . 6 7 % 、 1 4 . 3 3 % 、 1 1 . 0 0 % ;長足虻科、食蚜蠅科、姬蜂科為優(yōu)勢天敵類群,占比分別為 3 9 . 9 8 % !1 5 . 1 1 % 、 1 5 . 0 8 % 。這一研究結(jié)果與歐美有機葡萄園節(jié)肢動物分類單元部分相似[28-29],但天敵種類略少于歐美有機葡萄園,其原因可能與本試驗應(yīng)用毛葉苕子與葡萄組成的二元化景觀結(jié)構(gòu)異質(zhì)性低于歐美有機葡萄園有關(guān),相關(guān)原因有待進一步研究。
生境管理是降低農(nóng)田景觀簡約性、提高生物多樣性的有效手段[30]。果園人工種植\"推拉\"作用的陷阱作物或涵養(yǎng)哺育天敵的庇護所作物,有利于繁衍天敵昆蟲,提高害蟲的生物防治效果[31-32]本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):葡萄園巷道間隙人工種植間種毛葉苕子顯著增加了鮮食葡萄園天敵昆蟲的多樣性、降低害蟲種群數(shù)量。間種毛葉苕子種植方式下葡萄園昆蟲的多樣性指數(shù)(H)、均勻度指數(shù)(J)、優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)均顯著高于自然清耕,天敵的多樣性指數(shù)(H')、均勻度指數(shù)(J')也顯著高于自然清耕。這一研究結(jié)果與歐美葡萄園增加地被作物覆蓋、提高果園植被多樣性,增加天敵種群數(shù)量,增強害蟲生態(tài)防治功能的結(jié)果部分相似[17-24]。說明,葡萄園間種豆科綠肥作物與葡萄園間種禾本科、菊科、罌粟科、廖科、紫草科、薔薇科、松科,傘形科和十字花科等綠肥作物,均可以實現(xiàn)相同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能。
間種毛葉苕子種植方式下害蟲數(shù)量較對照自然清耕種植方式降低了 5 9 . 2 3 % ,而天敵數(shù)量卻較對照自然清耕種植方式增加了 8 9 . 6 2 % 。間種毛葉苕子和對照自然清耕種植方式下均以雙翅自眼蕈蚊科、蚤蠅科、花蠅科為優(yōu)勢害蟲,但是間種毛葉苕子種植方式下以雙翅目長足虻科、食蚜蠅科為優(yōu)勢天敵,而對照自然清耕種植方式下卻以雙翅目長足虻科、食蚜蠅科、膜翅目姬蜂科為優(yōu)勢天敵,2種種植方式下的優(yōu)勢天敵組成存在一定程度差異,需要進一步研究。
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