摘要:目的" 探究THRIVE技術(shù)用于單人無(wú)面罩全麻誘導(dǎo)對(duì)患者腦氧變化及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響。方法" 選取2021年10月-2022年10月于寶雞市中心醫(yī)院全身麻醉下實(shí)施手術(shù)的患者90例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為HFNO組、NOT組、THRIVE組,每組30例。HFNO組使用加壓面罩進(jìn)行預(yù)充氧,NOT組使用一次性普通吸氧面罩進(jìn)行預(yù)充氧,THRIVE組使用OptiFlowTM高流量經(jīng)鼻導(dǎo)管對(duì)患者進(jìn)行3 min預(yù)充氧。INIRS監(jiān)測(cè)局部腦氧飽和度(rScO2),應(yīng)用MMSE、連線測(cè)試及凹槽拼板測(cè)試評(píng)估患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h的認(rèn)知功能變化。結(jié)果" 三組經(jīng)預(yù)充氧后rScO2均較入室后提升,全麻誘導(dǎo)后rScO2均較預(yù)充氧后下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)中各組患者均未出現(xiàn)rScO2<55%現(xiàn)象。三組術(shù)畢及手術(shù)蘇醒后rScO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。HFNO組與NOT組不同時(shí)期rScO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。THRIVE組麻醉誘導(dǎo)后rScO2高于NOT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),術(shù)畢及蘇醒后rScO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。三組手術(shù)前及術(shù)后各時(shí)段MMSE評(píng)分及認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。三組術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h連線測(cè)試和凹槽拼版測(cè)試時(shí)間比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論" THRIVE技術(shù)用于單人無(wú)面罩全麻誘導(dǎo),能降低麻醉誘導(dǎo)對(duì)腦氧的影響,且未見(jiàn)明顯術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙。
關(guān)鍵詞:?jiǎn)稳藷o(wú)面罩全麻誘導(dǎo);腦氧變化;認(rèn)知功能;THRIVE技術(shù)
中圖分類號(hào):R614.2" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2025.05.022
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2025)05-0132-04
Abstract: Objective" To explore the effect of THRIVE technique on cerebral oxygen changes and postoperative cognitive function in patients with general anesthesia without mask induction by single person. Methods" A total of 90 patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia in Baoji Central Hospital from October 2021 to October 2022 were selected and divided into HFNO group, NOT group and THRIVE group by random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. The HFNO group was pre-oxygenated using a pressurized mask, the NOT group was pre-oxygenated using a disposable ordinary oxygen mask, and the THRIVE group was pre-oxygenated for 3 minutes using an OptiFlowTM high-flow nasal catheter. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) was monitored by INIRS. The changes of cognitive function before and 24 hours after operation were evaluated by MMSE, connection test and groove plate test. Results" The rScO2 of the three groups after pre-oxygenation was higher than that after entering the room, and the rScO2 after induction of general anesthesia was lower than that after pre-oxygenation, the difference was statistically significant (Plt;0.05); there was no phenomenon of rScO2lt;55% in each group during the operation, and there was no significant difference in rScO2 between the three groups after operation and after recovery (Pgt;0.05). There was no significant difference in rScO2 between HFNO group and NOT group in different periods (Pgt;0.05). The rScO2 after anesthesia induction in the THRIVE group was higher than that in the NOT group, and the difference was statistically significant (Plt;0.05), but there was no significant difference in rScO2 between the two groups after operation and after recovery (Pgt;0.05). There was no significant difference in MMSE score and incidence of cognitive impairment among the three groups before and after operation (Pgt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the time of connection test and groove puzzle test among the three groups before and 24 h after operation (Pgt;0.05). Conclusion" THRIVE technology can reduce the effect of anesthesia induction on cerebral oxygen during general anesthesia without mask induction by single person, and there is no obvious postoperative cognitive impairment.
經(jīng)鼻濕化快速充氧通氣交換技術(shù)(transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange, THRIVE)可通過(guò)鼻插管以高流量(40~70 L/min)向患者連續(xù)輸送溫暖加濕的氧氣,在全麻手術(shù)中具有預(yù)加氧的潛力。目前的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),THRIVE技術(shù)具有顯著改善氧合、延長(zhǎng)安全窒息時(shí)間的作用,已經(jīng)作為預(yù)充氧手段廣泛應(yīng)用于重癥醫(yī)學(xué)、呼吸系統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)和圍手術(shù)期醫(yī)學(xué)中,在全麻誘導(dǎo)中也已被證實(shí)安全有效[1-3]。但THRIVE技術(shù)對(duì)患者腦氧變化和術(shù)后短期認(rèn)知功能變化的影響國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)報(bào)道較少。本研究旨在探究應(yīng)用THRIVE技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)單人無(wú)面罩全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)腦氧變化對(duì)患者術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響,進(jìn)一步評(píng)估THRIVE技術(shù)的安全有效性,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2021年10月-2022年10月于寶雞市中心醫(yī)院全身麻醉下實(shí)施手術(shù)的患者90例為研究對(duì)象,其中男56例,女34例;年齡18~60歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):體重指數(shù)(BMI)<30 kg/m2,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)麻醉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí);評(píng)估無(wú)困難氣道,文化程度初中以上,術(shù)前簡(jiǎn)易智力狀態(tài)檢查(MMSE)評(píng)分>24分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患有呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、活動(dòng)性肝病、精神疾病、腦血管疾病患者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為HFNO組、NOT組、THRIVE組,每組30例。三組年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)及受教育時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見(jiàn)表1。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),取得患者知情同意后,簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2方法
患者入室后進(jìn)行常規(guī)生命體征監(jiān)測(cè),建立連續(xù)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓監(jiān)測(cè),術(shù)中常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)患者血壓、心率、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PETCO2)變化。HFNO組使用加壓面罩(河南省宇安醫(yī)療科技開(kāi)發(fā)有限公司)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行預(yù)充氧3 min,氧流量4 L/min;NOT組使用一次性普通吸氧面罩(山東朱氏藥業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司)進(jìn)行預(yù)充氧3 min,氧流量12 L/min;THRIVE組使用OptiFlowTM高流量經(jīng)鼻導(dǎo)管(英華融泰醫(yī)療科技股份有限公司)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行3 min預(yù)充氧,氧流量從30 L/min開(kāi)始,1 min后增加至70 L/min,維持至氣管插管完成。預(yù)給氧結(jié)束后各組均按丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg(浙江上藥九旭藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20084531,規(guī)格:20 ml∶200 mg)復(fù)合芬太尼1 μg/kg[宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20054172,規(guī)格:2 ml∶100 μg(按C22H30N2O2S計(jì))]誘導(dǎo),隨后追加羅庫(kù)溴銨(天津金耀藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20234197,規(guī)格:5 ml∶50 mg)1 mg/kg。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
比較三組不同時(shí)期(入室后、預(yù)充氧后、誘導(dǎo)后、術(shù)畢、蘇醒后)rScO2,認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生情況。采用近紅外線光譜技術(shù)(INIRS)監(jiān)測(cè)局部腦氧飽和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation, rScO2),將探頭置于額部,距冠狀縫前5 cm,距中線3 cm(正常值64%±3.4%),同時(shí)記錄rScO2出現(xiàn)低于55%的患者例數(shù)及百分比。認(rèn)知功能測(cè)試:術(shù)前及術(shù)后4、8、24 h應(yīng)用MMSE評(píng)估患者的認(rèn)知功能變化,MMSE評(píng)分<27認(rèn)定為存在認(rèn)知障礙。同時(shí)于術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h應(yīng)用連線測(cè)試及凹槽拼板測(cè)試評(píng)估患者的認(rèn)知功能變化。若試驗(yàn)期間發(fā)生搶救,則記錄原因及搶救情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或單因素方差分析(oneway ANOVA),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用(n)或(%)表示,組間比較采用?字2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher的確切概率法。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1三組rScO2比較
三組經(jīng)預(yù)充氧后rScO2均較入室后提升,全麻誘導(dǎo)后rScO2均較預(yù)充氧后下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)中各組患者均未出現(xiàn)rScO2<55%現(xiàn)象。三組術(shù)畢及手術(shù)蘇醒后rScO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。HFNO組與NOT組不同時(shí)期rScO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。THRIVE組麻醉誘導(dǎo)后rScO2高于NOT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),術(shù)畢及蘇醒后rScO2比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2三組圍手術(shù)期認(rèn)知功能比較
三組手術(shù)前及術(shù)后各時(shí)段MMSE評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);NOT組2例患者術(shù)后4 h評(píng)估存在認(rèn)知障礙,其中1例于術(shù)后8 h恢復(fù),但三組間認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。各組術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h連線測(cè)試和凹槽拼版測(cè)試時(shí)間比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
3討論
全麻術(shù)后常見(jiàn)的副反應(yīng)有不同類型的認(rèn)知缺損,臨床表現(xiàn)有記憶下降、執(zhí)行功能改變等,除了與年齡、手術(shù)類型、麻醉用藥有關(guān)外,圍術(shù)期的腦供氧變化是重要影響因素[4]。因此,圍術(shù)期對(duì)腦灌注情況進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)可以幫助早期識(shí)別和預(yù)防腦缺氧。
有研究指出,在全麻過(guò)程中,氧氣濃度與人體氧氣儲(chǔ)備量呈正相關(guān)[5],高濃度吸氧能夠減慢動(dòng)脈血紅蛋白分解速率。氧氣每增加10 L/min,平均增加1.16 cmH2O氣道壓力[6-8],產(chǎn)生的氣道正壓有助于擴(kuò)張肺泡,防止肺不張,從而改善氧合。本研究中利用INIRS技術(shù)對(duì)患者rScO2進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)三組患者在全麻誘導(dǎo)后,rScO2均較預(yù)充氧后下降,提示麻醉狀態(tài)下腦血流量減少。但麻醉誘導(dǎo)后THRIVE組rScO2高于NOT組,并且始終維持在較高水平,能夠滿足患者腦氧的供應(yīng)需求[9-11]。在全麻誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程中,維持腦氧供需平衡是至關(guān)重要的。腦氧供需平衡的破壞可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生。THRIVE技術(shù)通過(guò)精確控制麻醉藥物的輸注速度和濃度,能夠更好地維持患者的氧供需平衡,從而減少因缺氧引起的腦損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12,13]。此外,THRIVE技術(shù)還能夠根據(jù)患者的個(gè)體差異和手術(shù)需求,靈活地調(diào)整麻醉深度和麻醉藥物的用量,有助于減少麻醉藥物的用量和副作用的發(fā)生。雖然與HFNO組相比,THRIVE組對(duì)腦氧改善未見(jiàn)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),但應(yīng)用HFNO技術(shù)時(shí),患者因吸入大流量的干燥氧氣,常出現(xiàn)黏膜干燥、額部疼痛、搏動(dòng)性頭痛等不適,以至于最大輸送速率嚴(yán)重受限,常限制在15 L/min以下。THRIVE技術(shù)通過(guò)先進(jìn)的制氧和溫濕化技術(shù),將高濃度的溫濕氧氣持續(xù)供應(yīng)給鼻咽和支氣管黏膜,使其始終保持濕潤(rùn)狀態(tài)。這不僅能有效避免黏膜干燥等不適感,更能提高黏膜纖毛的清除功能,從而保持患者的舒適度[14,15]。
術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙受多種因素影響,如年齡、麻醉藥物、麻醉深度、術(shù)前認(rèn)知等,其中腦灌注不足是常見(jiàn)誘因。本研究中雖然三組之間沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但HFNO組和THRIVE組均顯示良好的MMSE評(píng)分,且均未出現(xiàn)術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙??赡苡捎谕馄陂g氧合提高,減少解剖死腔、促進(jìn)二氧化碳排出、改善肺順應(yīng)性和減少肺部炎癥介質(zhì)釋放相關(guān)[16,17]。HFNO作為一種新型的通氣模式,能夠改善氧合和通氣,減少肺損傷。而THRIVE則是一種新型的麻醉方法,旨在減少患者的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和炎癥反應(yīng)。這兩種方法均能夠改善患者的生理狀態(tài),從而可能降低術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另外,術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生可能與麻醉管理有關(guān),在手術(shù)過(guò)程中,麻醉藥物的用量、種類以及給藥方式均可能對(duì)患者的認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生影響[18]。采用更為先進(jìn)的麻醉管理技術(shù),如靶控輸注等,有助于減少麻醉藥物的用量,降低患者術(shù)中的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而減少了術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,與傳統(tǒng)吸氧面罩高流量氧合技術(shù)相比,THRIVE技術(shù)能降低麻醉誘導(dǎo)對(duì)腦氧的影響,且未見(jiàn)明顯術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙。與雙人輔助加壓面罩輔助通氣技術(shù)相比,THRIVE技術(shù)可以節(jié)約麻醉人力資源,且高流量溫濕潤(rùn)氧氣可以給患者帶來(lái)更好的舒適度。
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收稿日期:2024-01-17;修回日期:2024-02-20
編輯/肖婷婷
基金項(xiàng)目:陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2023-JC-YB-652)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:蔡?。?992.2-),男,陜西周至縣人,本科,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事小兒麻醉與骨科麻醉相關(guān)工作
通訊作者:閔昱源(1983.9-),男,陜西西安人,碩士,副主任醫(yī)師,從事麻醉科的臨床、教學(xué)和科研工作