摘 要: 膽汁酸是膽固醇代謝的重要產(chǎn)物,分泌到腸道中的膽汁酸可通過殺菌抗炎和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等發(fā)揮改善腸道結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)、維護(hù)腸道屏障完整、調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物區(qū)系平衡以及增強(qiáng)黏膜免疫等功能,利于腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài),促進(jìn)動(dòng)物正常生長(zhǎng)和提高生產(chǎn)性能。本文圍繞膽汁酸的功能,系統(tǒng)綜述其對(duì)動(dòng)物腸道形態(tài)、黏液屏障、微生物屏障和黏膜免疫的調(diào)節(jié)作用及機(jī)制,以期為利用膽汁酸調(diào)節(jié)腸道健康提供理論依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 膽汁酸;腸道形態(tài);微生物屏障;腸道健康
中圖分類號(hào):
S852.2"""" 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A""" 文章編號(hào): 0366-6964(2025)03-1006-13
收稿日期:2024-05-30
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家乳業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中心(2024-JSGG-021);寧夏回族自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2024BBF01006);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(32102570)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:王馨怡(2003-),女,陜西藍(lán)田人,主要從事反芻動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究,E-mail:wxinyi@nwafu.edu.cn
*通信作者:張 俊,主要從事反芻動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究,E-mail:jzhang0701@nwafu.edu.cn
Advances in Effect and Mechanism of Bile Acids Regulating Animal Intestinal Health
WANG" Xinyi1, YAO" Junhu1, ZHANG" Xia2, ZHANG" Jun1,3*
(1.College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Aamp;F University, Yangling 712100,
China;
2.College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Aamp;F University, Yangling 712100," China;
3.National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010100," China)
Abstract: "Bile acids are important products of cholesterol metabolites, and the bile acids secreted into the intestine can improve the structure and morphology of the intestine, maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier, regulate the balance of the intestinal microflora, and enhance the functions of mucosal immunity through bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and signal transduction, which is conducive to the homeostasis of the intestinal environment, promotes the normal growth of animals and improves the production performance. This paper systematically elaborate the regulatory effects and mechanisms of bile acids on intestinal morphology, mucus barrier, microbial barrier and mucosal immunity in animals, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the use of bile acids to regulate intestinal health.
Keywords: bile acid; intestinal morphology; microbial barrier; intestinal health
*Corresponding author:" ZHANG Jun,E-mail:jzhang0701@nwafu.edu.cn
腸道健康對(duì)動(dòng)物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和生產(chǎn)性能至關(guān)重要。腸道不僅是動(dòng)物體內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化吸收的場(chǎng)所,也是最大的免疫器官,是機(jī)體防御體系的第一道屏障。膽汁酸(bile acids, BAs)是一類在肝中由膽固醇合成的生理代謝物,儲(chǔ)存于膽囊中,經(jīng)膽道系統(tǒng)分泌至腸道發(fā)揮作用[1]。BAs除了可以乳化脂肪、間接調(diào)控營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收外,還具有調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體糖脂代謝、抗炎殺菌和參與信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等多種生物學(xué)功能[2-4]。進(jìn)入腸道的BAs與腸道微生物之間具有復(fù)雜互作關(guān)系,BAs可以調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物的生長(zhǎng),反過來腸道微生物也可以參與BAs的合成及分解代謝[5-6]。BAs還通過改善腸道組織形態(tài)、維護(hù)腸上皮細(xì)胞連接完整性、調(diào)節(jié)黏液分泌、增強(qiáng)免疫防御和激活相應(yīng)受體來維護(hù)腸道健康[5-6]。本文綜述了BAs調(diào)控動(dòng)物腸道健康的作用及機(jī)制,旨在為改善腸道健康、明確BAs在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
1 膽汁酸的結(jié)構(gòu)及分類
BAs是一類具有獨(dú)特分子結(jié)構(gòu)的兩性固醇類化合物,側(cè)鏈上的羥基、羧基等偏向一側(cè)形成親水面,若干環(huán)己烷和環(huán)戊烷稠合為環(huán)戊烷多氫菲形成疏水面[7]。動(dòng)物膽汁中的BAs通常以側(cè)鏈的羧基與甘氨酸或?;撬峤Y(jié)合成甘氨膽汁酸或牛磺膽汁酸,并以鈉鹽的形式存在。根據(jù)來源可將BAs分為初級(jí)膽汁酸(primary bile acids, PBAs)和次級(jí)膽汁酸(secondary bile acids, SBAs)。不同類型膽汁酸的形成部位、常見形式等如表1所示。
2 膽汁酸的生物學(xué)功能
BAs是動(dòng)物體內(nèi)重要的代謝物,具有乳化、殺菌、抗炎和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等多種生物學(xué)功能,在維持機(jī)體健康方面具有重要作用。乳化作用是BAs的經(jīng)典功能之一,BAs通過促進(jìn)腸內(nèi)脂肪酶解、脂解產(chǎn)物解離吸收和改變自身濃度等多種方式促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)水解與吸收[8-9]。BAs還具有殺菌抑菌作用,如脫氧膽酸(deoxycholic acid, DCA)通過破壞細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到殺菌效果;而鵝脫氧膽酸(glycochenodeoxycholic acid, CDCA)則通過破壞大腸桿菌的染色質(zhì)DNA起到抑菌作用。但BAs對(duì)微生物并不全是負(fù)面作用,如牛磺膽酸是艱難梭菌芽孢萌發(fā)的強(qiáng)效促進(jìn)劑,可促進(jìn)艱難梭菌快速萌發(fā)增殖[10]。
近年來,BAs作為信號(hào)分子的功能備受關(guān)注。BAs可結(jié)合組織器官中的特異性受體在全身發(fā)揮代謝調(diào)節(jié)作用。特異性受體包括法尼醇X受體(farnesoid X-receptor, FXR)、G蛋白膽汁酸活化受體1(G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, GPBAR1)、維生素D受體(vitamin D receptor, VDR)等。BAs通過FXR和GPBAR1協(xié)同介導(dǎo)胰高血糖素樣肽-1的釋放,以刺激胰島素釋放、延緩胃排空和抑制胰高血糖素分泌,從而調(diào)節(jié)動(dòng)物體內(nèi)血糖水平[11-12]。GPBAR1活化膽汁酸可將白色脂肪組織轉(zhuǎn)化為米色脂肪組織以促進(jìn)脂肪組織重塑,并通過細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶/動(dòng)力蛋白相關(guān)蛋白1通路促進(jìn)線粒體裂變,進(jìn)而影響能量消耗[13]。同時(shí),BAs通過結(jié)合FXR并依賴下游靶點(diǎn)小異二聚體伴侶(small heterodimer partner, SHP)的方式,抑制脂肪酸和總脂肪合成的主要調(diào)節(jié)因子來抑制脂肪生成;BAs也可以激活FXR-環(huán)磷酸腺苷-蛋白激酶A通路以調(diào)節(jié)能量消耗。
3 膽汁酸對(duì)動(dòng)物腸道健康的調(diào)控作用
腸道健康是指動(dòng)物無腸道異常表現(xiàn)(如腹痛、腹瀉)和疾?。ㄈ缪装Y性腸病、結(jié)腸癌),并且無腸道通透性增加、黏膜炎癥、短鏈脂肪酸缺乏或過量等其他不良局部情況,腸道處于良好的生理狀態(tài)、可發(fā)揮正常功能,并維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)[14]。腸道屏障是一種精確調(diào)節(jié)的半滲透生理結(jié)構(gòu),可吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、保護(hù)內(nèi)部環(huán)境免受病理分子和微生物的滲透,是維持腸道健康的基礎(chǔ)與保障。腸道屏障的完整性需要腸上皮細(xì)胞的不斷更新來維持緊密連接、黏液分泌、有益微生物區(qū)系穩(wěn)定及精細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)的固有層免疫系統(tǒng)。BAs可激活特定的膽汁酸受體或其他下游信號(hào)通路,以調(diào)節(jié)腸道屏障的結(jié)構(gòu)功能,在維持腸道屏障完整性的諸多方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。此外,植物提取物如香蓮?fù)?sup>[15]、小檗堿[16]、人參皂苷[17]和菊粉[18]也能影響腸道微生物與膽汁酸互作以間接達(dá)到治療腸道疾病的目的,但其作用機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索。近年來,將基因組學(xué)、轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)、蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)、代謝組學(xué)、微生物組學(xué)等多種組學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)相結(jié)合的多組學(xué)綜合分析方法應(yīng)用于評(píng)估膽汁酸調(diào)控腸道微生物及腸道健康的作用機(jī)理,日益受到人們的重視,也取得了顯著的成效[19-21]。
3.1 膽汁酸影響腸道物理形態(tài)及緊密連接狀態(tài)
動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)性能和腸道健康與其腸道形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及物理屏障完整性密切相關(guān)[22-23](圖1)。絨毛高度、隱窩深度及兩者比值是表征腸道消化吸收功能及健康狀況的重要指標(biāo)[24-25]。日糧中補(bǔ)充BAs可增加如仔豬、小鼠等動(dòng)物腸細(xì)胞絨毛高度和絨毛高度與隱窩深度的比值(絨隱比),以保護(hù)腸黏膜免受損傷或感染,維持腸道的健康[26-27]。BAs結(jié)合受體FXR不僅促進(jìn)腸細(xì)胞正常增殖,還能抑制腸道異常發(fā)育,在腸黏膜屏障的形成和維持中有重要作用,如激活FXR后可增加小鼠十二指腸絨毛高度、擴(kuò)大小腸吸收面積并增強(qiáng)腸道消化功能[28]。
由ZO-1、Claudins和Occludin三種蛋白質(zhì)組成的細(xì)胞間緊密連接是腸道物理屏障有效阻擋細(xì)菌、病毒及內(nèi)毒素進(jìn)入的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),它們直接作用于腸上皮細(xì)胞,控制細(xì)胞間的分子通透性[29]。膽汁酸與腸道通透性之間存在密切聯(lián)系,利用超生理濃度的DCA和CDCA處理腸上皮細(xì)胞,可觀察到表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)致使Occludin細(xì)胞質(zhì)尾部的下游絲氨酸-蘇氨酸去磷酸化、Occludin-ZO-1復(fù)合物解離和腸道通透性增強(qiáng),在給予EGFR抑制劑后,腸道通透性的變化被逆轉(zhuǎn),表明膽汁酸可通過EGFR信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)腸道上皮細(xì)胞間緊密連接,進(jìn)而影響腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)[30]。石膽酸還通過緩解腫瘤壞死因子-α誘導(dǎo)的ZO-1、Occludin和Claudin-1蛋白表達(dá)和分布的降低,改善腸道物理屏障完整性,促進(jìn)動(dòng)物腸道健康[31]。肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶(myosin light-chain kinase, MLCK)是緊密連接蛋白表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵酶,DCA能夠激活MLCK以增加緊密連接蛋白表達(dá)量,同時(shí)?;切苋パ跄懰嵋部赏ㄟ^FXR/GPBAR1-MLCK通路逆轉(zhuǎn)脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的緊密連接蛋白ZO-1及Claudins的降低,改善腸道上皮屏障的損傷[32-34]。某些植物提取物如姜黃素通過改變雞微生物組和調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸代謝也能逆轉(zhuǎn)LPS誘導(dǎo)的ZO-1和Occludin轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)降低,并減輕黏膜急性炎癥[35],維持腸道的健康。仔豬早期斷奶會(huì)導(dǎo)致腸道黏膜萎縮和腸道功能障礙,外源補(bǔ)充鵝去氧膽酸可增強(qiáng)參與仔豬遠(yuǎn)端小腸黏膜保護(hù)和屏障功能基因如ZO-1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)仔豬腸道健康[36]。此外,斷奶仔豬日糧中補(bǔ)充CDCA除了能有效提高斷奶仔豬空、回腸絨隱比,也可促進(jìn)空腸中ZO-1、Occludin等緊密連接蛋白的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)腸道消化能力,并顯著提高斷奶仔豬末重和平均日增重,大幅提高生產(chǎn)性能[37]。綜上所述,BAs對(duì)腸道黏膜屏障具有潛在保護(hù)作用,進(jìn)而維持動(dòng)物腸道的健康。
3.2 膽汁酸對(duì)腸道黏液屏障的影響
覆蓋腸上皮表面的黏液是腸道屏障完整性的關(guān)鍵組成部分之一(圖2)。黏蛋白2(mucin 2, MUC2)是腸道中最具代表性的分泌黏蛋白,是黏液的主要結(jié)構(gòu)和功能成分,對(duì)保護(hù)腸道屏障至關(guān)重要。腸炎小鼠補(bǔ)充DCA和LCA后,MUC2表達(dá)量顯著增加,其中DCA通過EGFR通路、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B通路等多條信號(hào)通路上調(diào)MUC2轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá),最終促進(jìn)腸道黏液屏障的穩(wěn)固[38-39],表明BAs對(duì)黏液屏障有恢復(fù)作用。黏液中存在的消化酶、溶菌酶、黏多糖、抗菌肽和消化道分泌的其他成分同樣作為腸道屏障的重要組成成分。?;撬崦撗跄懰峥娠@著提高高脂飲食飼喂小鼠回腸中溶菌酶和腸堿性磷酸酶的表達(dá)水平,繼而溶菌酶高親和力結(jié)合LPS、腸堿性磷酸酶致使LPS去磷酸化,最終維護(hù)腸道屏障的完整性[40]。黏液屏障根據(jù)其緊密程度可分為內(nèi)黏液層和外黏液層,內(nèi)黏液層不斷被MUC2黏蛋白填充而較為緊密,可抵抗腸腔內(nèi)有害菌及有毒物質(zhì)進(jìn)入上皮組織和血液;外黏液層較為疏松,許多微生物棲息于此,這些微生物的代謝產(chǎn)物參與形成黏液的主要成分,表明腸道各個(gè)屏障之間相互聯(lián)系、密不可分。綜上所述,BAs對(duì)黏液屏障的建立、維持和修復(fù)具有積極作用。
3.3 膽汁酸與宿主腸道微生物互作以調(diào)控腸道健康
動(dòng)物腸道內(nèi)棲息著多種共生微生物,主要包括黏膜微生物和腸腔微生物,分布在黏膜層和腸腔內(nèi)部,形成一個(gè)多層次的微生物屏障系統(tǒng)(圖2),通過宿主-微生物互作在維持腸道結(jié)構(gòu)、維護(hù)黏液穩(wěn)定和調(diào)節(jié)黏膜免疫功能等方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[41-42]。腸道微生物與BAs之間存在復(fù)雜的互作關(guān)系。一方面,腸道微生物能夠?qū)BAs轉(zhuǎn)化為SBAs,調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸的代謝。另一方面,腸道微生物具有高度可塑性,BAs可通過直接或間接方式改變腸道微生物的種類和組成等。
3.3.1 腸道微生物修飾以擴(kuò)大膽汁酸譜
BAs作為信號(hào)分子可參與全身代謝調(diào)節(jié),但其形成及功能受腸道微生物區(qū)系組成的影響[43]。質(zhì)譜分析表明由肝產(chǎn)生的PBAs經(jīng)腸道微生物的水解、羥基化和氧化等多種轉(zhuǎn)化過程(表2)可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镾BAs及其衍生物,從而擴(kuò)大膽汁酸種類的多樣性[44]。膽鹽水解酶(bile salt hydrolase, BSH)是一種由腸道微生物編碼的酶,可水解共軛PBAs的酰胺鍵,從偶聯(lián)的PBAs中去除?;撬峄蚋拾彼?,將PBAs轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭杀恢匚盏腟BAs[45]。BSH是負(fù)責(zé)關(guān)鍵解偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的唯一酶,對(duì)該酶的調(diào)控將對(duì)膽汁酸代謝調(diào)控起到?jīng)Q定性作用[45]?;诤昊蚪M學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)厚壁菌門、擬桿菌門和放線菌門可編碼BSH[45],其中影響B(tài)SH活性的主要菌包括梭狀芽孢桿菌屬、乳酸桿菌屬、雙歧桿菌屬、擬桿菌屬和腸球菌屬。不同微生物編碼的具有不同特異性的BSH均可限制艱難梭菌的定植,同時(shí)微生物衍生的CDCA、LCA及其差向異構(gòu)體同樣抑制艱難梭菌的生長(zhǎng),某些PBAs還可直接作用艱難梭菌毒素,防止毒素與受體結(jié)合而損傷腸道內(nèi)組織細(xì)胞,從而維持腸道健康[46-47]。腸道微生物中含有的羥基類固醇脫氫酶(hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, HSDH)也能夠催化BAs上特定羥基的氧化、還原和異構(gòu)化[48],將肝來源的PBAs轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲⑸飦碓吹腟BAs,從而增加BAs組成的多樣性。
腸道微生物還可通過酰胺化作用將宿主來源BAs與多種氨基酸如丙氨酸、脯氨酸和酪氨酸偶聯(lián)生成新型氨基酸偶聯(lián)膽汁酸[49],也稱微生物偶聯(lián)膽汁酸。目前在小鼠等動(dòng)物糞便中已發(fā)現(xiàn)多達(dá)118種新型氨基酸偶聯(lián)膽汁酸[45]。微生物偶聯(lián)膽汁酸也能結(jié)合FXR和GPBAR1并選擇性地調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),促進(jìn)腸道干細(xì)胞增殖分化、加速腸上皮細(xì)胞更新和修復(fù)腸道損傷,維護(hù)腸道健康。微生物組學(xué)和代謝組學(xué)分析表明,患結(jié)腸炎及結(jié)直腸癌的動(dòng)物糞便中BAs含量顯著增多,提示腸道BAs組成的調(diào)節(jié)可能成為結(jié)腸炎及結(jié)直腸癌的一種新型治療方法[50-51]。不同類別的BAs對(duì)受體具有不同的親和力、發(fā)揮不同的功能。因此,破壞動(dòng)物腸道微生物區(qū)系會(huì)導(dǎo)致BAs代謝紊亂,引發(fā)腸道疾病、損害腸道健康。日糧補(bǔ)充丁酸梭菌可改變仔豬腸道微生物區(qū)系組成,促進(jìn)有益微生物定植,同時(shí)降低動(dòng)物腸道內(nèi)編碼BSH的微生物的豐度,增加共軛膽汁酸含量并改變回腸BAs譜,利于腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)的構(gòu)建[52]。此外,應(yīng)激會(huì)改變家禽腸道菌群組成,引發(fā)膽汁酸代謝紊亂,影響禽類尤其肉禽的抗應(yīng)激能力,因而日糧添加膽汁酸能夠有效緩解肉禽熱應(yīng)激,提高肉禽產(chǎn)肉性能[53]。
3.3.2 膽汁酸可改變腸道微生物組成結(jié)構(gòu)
BAs主要通過三種路徑改變腸道微生物區(qū)系組成。高濃度的疏水性BAs通過改變膜脂質(zhì)組成、解離膜蛋白等膜損傷方式抑制病原微生物,促進(jìn)腸道有益微生物區(qū)系建立并維持腸道健康與穩(wěn)定。革蘭陰性菌尤其是擬桿菌對(duì)游離膽汁酸十分敏感[69-70]。BAs還可通過BAs受體,特別是核受體FXR的間接作用來改變腸道微生物的組成。FXR激活后抑制腸道微生物過度增殖導(dǎo)致的腸上皮損傷,缺乏FXR的小鼠回腸有害細(xì)菌大量增殖、上皮屏障受損[71]。BAs結(jié)合受體FXR還可調(diào)節(jié)成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子的表達(dá)來調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸組成、提高腸道有益微生物豐度并抑制腸道炎癥[72],促進(jìn)動(dòng)物腸道健康。熊去氧膽酸通過誘導(dǎo)M2巨噬細(xì)胞極化、結(jié)合受體FXR來減少炎性細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[73],顯著緩解移植低初生重仔豬糞菌小鼠的腸道炎癥,維護(hù)腸道健康[73]。外源給予BAs也能改變腸道微生物的組成,補(bǔ)充CA或DCA均會(huì)增加小鼠腸道擬桿菌門相對(duì)豐度,而降低厚壁菌門相對(duì)豐度,促進(jìn)腸道有益微生物區(qū)系的建立[74-75]。日糧中補(bǔ)充BAs也能改變奶山羊腸道微生物組成,促進(jìn)腸道有益微生物群定植,維護(hù)腸道健康,提高產(chǎn)奶量[76]。斷奶仔豬日糧添加CDCA會(huì)增加其腸道內(nèi)Prevotella 9和Prevotellaceae TCG-001的相對(duì)豐度,而降低Dorea屬相對(duì)豐度,顯著降低腹瀉發(fā)生率,改善腸道健康,從而提高最終體重和平均日增重[37]。對(duì)于難以提取膽汁酸的動(dòng)物如家禽,外源補(bǔ)充其它動(dòng)物膽汁酸也可發(fā)揮積極作用,如日糧中補(bǔ)充豬膽汁酸可豐富蛋雞腸道中的益生菌如乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌,促進(jìn)腸道健康、改善蛋雞的血清脂質(zhì)代謝,并且提高蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋性能[77]。綜上所述,膽汁酸與腸道微生物之間相互作用,共同維持動(dòng)物腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)與健康。
3.4 膽汁酸調(diào)節(jié)動(dòng)物腸道免疫系統(tǒng)
腸道免疫屏障是動(dòng)物抵抗有害病原體的第一道防線,最先且持續(xù)接觸各種病原微生物及其代謝產(chǎn)物,發(fā)揮監(jiān)測(cè)和清除有害病原微生物、維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要作用(圖3)。腸道內(nèi)連接免疫系統(tǒng)與其他成分的信號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)于腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)及健康的維持極為重要。肝產(chǎn)生的PBAs和腸道微生物衍生的SBAs均作為信號(hào)分子發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用以維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)。
固有免疫系統(tǒng)具有檢測(cè)內(nèi)外源微生物群和宿主全身代謝物的能力,同時(shí)啟動(dòng)免疫反應(yīng)消除有害病原體[78],腸道免疫結(jié)構(gòu)多屬于固有免疫系統(tǒng)。生理水平的DCA和CDCA直接結(jié)合并激活線粒體融合蛋白2(mitochondrial fusion protein, MFN2),促進(jìn)MFN2介導(dǎo)的線粒體融合來增強(qiáng)對(duì)病原體入侵的固有免疫反應(yīng)[79]??咕氖悄c道免疫監(jiān)測(cè)的重要介質(zhì),主要由回腸中的潘氏細(xì)胞表達(dá),直接殺死或阻礙病原微生物生長(zhǎng),保護(hù)宿主腸道免受損傷。特異性敲除小鼠腸道中的膽汁酸依賴性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子會(huì)使其黏膜組織中的抗菌肽濃度降低[80],影響腸道免疫功能。CDCA和CA可激活FXR以上調(diào)小鼠回腸中的α-防御素[81];DCA也可激活FXR信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)抑制回腸潘氏細(xì)胞的功能[82]。
固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫細(xì)胞均可表達(dá)BAs受體。其中FXR和GPBAR1與BAs高親和力結(jié)合并轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)一系列抗炎和免疫信號(hào)通路。GPBAR1和FXR能夠抑制NOD樣受體熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3)的激活,提高腸道免疫力,維持腸道健康。DCA和LCA首先激活GPBAR1,活化的GPBAR1增加環(huán)磷酸腺苷的含量以激活蛋白激酶A,誘導(dǎo)NLRP3泛素化,抑制NLRP3炎癥小體激活[83]。FXR通過依賴或不依賴下游靶點(diǎn)SHP的方式,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制NLRP3,阻止完整炎癥小體組裝[84]。巨噬細(xì)胞是腸道中重要的免疫細(xì)胞之一,BAs可激活受體GPBAR1減少M(fèi)1巨噬細(xì)胞中促炎因子TNF、IL-6和IL-1β的分泌并促進(jìn)分泌抗炎因子IL-10的M2巨噬細(xì)胞分化,以抵抗腸道炎癥、提高腸道免疫力[85]。巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)源FXR被BAs激活后可調(diào)節(jié)腸道巨噬細(xì)胞的募集、極化以及與輔助性T細(xì)胞17(T helper cell 17, Th17)的串?dāng)_,并改善腸道炎癥、維持腸道健康[86]。LCA可增強(qiáng)豬腸上皮細(xì)胞中白細(xì)胞抗原的表達(dá),同時(shí)與FXR受體結(jié)合招募更多的細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)抗流行性腹瀉病毒感染[87],增強(qiáng)腸道免疫力并維持腸道甚至整個(gè)機(jī)體健康。高脂低蛋白(LPHL)日糧會(huì)抑制草魚的生長(zhǎng)性能和腸道發(fā)育,日糧補(bǔ)充BA可顯著改善LPHL飼喂草魚的采食量、飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率,增加有益細(xì)菌乳酸菌和雙歧桿菌的數(shù)量,顯著提高補(bǔ)體蛋白和免疫球蛋白M的含量,同時(shí)顯著下調(diào)了腫瘤壞死因子-α、干擾素-γ2的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá),從而改善草魚生長(zhǎng)和增強(qiáng)腸道免疫功能[88]。
生理水平的BAs有益于腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)及機(jī)體健康,但高濃度BAs具有細(xì)胞毒性作用。因此,動(dòng)物體內(nèi)還含有額外的低親和力膽汁酸受體,保護(hù)腸道等器官組織免受BAs毒性損傷。LCA結(jié)合VDR可降低小鼠結(jié)腸炎導(dǎo)致的炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和杯狀細(xì)胞丟失[89],以緩解腸道炎癥損傷、促進(jìn)腸道的健康。Th17和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs)群之間的平衡對(duì)于維持腸道免疫系統(tǒng)至關(guān)重要[90],眾多次級(jí)膽汁酸如LCA和DCA及其衍生物在輔助性T細(xì)胞的分化中起關(guān)鍵作用。3-臨氧膽酸(3-oxocholic acid)可直接結(jié)合視黃酸受體相關(guān)孤兒核受體γt(retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt, RORγt)并降低其活性,從而抑制Th17細(xì)胞分化[90];異石膽酸通過促進(jìn)線粒體活性氧的產(chǎn)生和Treg細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志性蛋白叉頭框蛋白P3的表達(dá)來增加Treg細(xì)胞的分化[90]。SBAs也可以激活VDR來調(diào)節(jié)RORγt進(jìn)而調(diào)控Treg細(xì)胞[67]。綜上所述,由腸道微生物衍生的SBAs對(duì)腸道免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)至關(guān)重要,并且腸道各種屏障之間相互依賴、密不可分。
4 小 結(jié)
現(xiàn)已證明膽汁酸可通過改善腸道結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)、維護(hù)腸道屏障完整、調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物區(qū)系平衡及增強(qiáng)黏膜免疫等維持腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定、保護(hù)腸道健康,從而提高動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)性能。但膽汁酸改善腸道健康的分子機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步解析,尤其是宿主-膽汁酸-腸道微生物互作的研究仍不全面,膽汁酸影響腸道免疫功能的研究不夠深入。未來應(yīng)采用多種動(dòng)物模型和多組學(xué)技術(shù)方法全面解析膽汁酸調(diào)節(jié)動(dòng)物腸道健康、改善生產(chǎn)性能的機(jī)制,為膽汁酸在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
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(編輯 范子娟)