Nature大自然

To go into solitude， a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write， though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone， let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds， will sep-arate between him and what he touches. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design， to give man， in the heavenly bodies， the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities， how great they are！ If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years， how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown！ But every night come out these envoys1 of beauty， and light the universe with their admonishing smile.

獨(dú)自修行，須遠(yuǎn)離家門(mén)，遠(yuǎn)離社會(huì)。我讀書(shū)、寫(xiě)作，形單影只，但內(nèi)心并不孤獨(dú)。假如一個(gè)人渴望獨(dú)處，不妨仰首眺望星空——那天堂之光會(huì)把他跟周?chē)乃孜锝厝环珠_(kāi)。但見(jiàn)天空一片透明，令人遐想不已：天體萬(wàn)道光芒，昭示著上帝無(wú)時(shí)不在。站在城里的大街上放眼望去——群星璀璨！如果那些星星千年一現(xiàn)，讓我們一睹其風(fēng)采，定會(huì)激發(fā)我們的信仰、贏得我們的崇拜——人類(lèi)千秋萬(wàn)代都將把“上帝之城”銘刻在記憶里。更何況那些“美”的使者夜夜出現(xiàn)，嫣然一笑，令宇宙生輝。

The stars awaken a certain reverence， because though always present， they are inaccessible2; but all natural objects make a kindred3 impression， when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort4 her secret， and lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers， the animals， the mountains， reflected the wisdom of his best hour， as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood.

群星令人望而心生敬意——它們抬頭可見(jiàn)，卻遙不可及。只要我們敞開(kāi)心扉觀賞自然景物，會(huì)有同感。從未見(jiàn)大自然露出過(guò)猥瑣的面容。智者也絕不會(huì)著意探尋大自然的奧秘，因?yàn)橐坏└F盡其風(fēng)采，很可能會(huì)淡化興趣。在智者的心中，大自然絕非平俗之物。在單純的童年時(shí)代，鮮花、動(dòng)物及群山曾給他們帶來(lái)了歡樂(lè)，而在他們年富力強(qiáng)時(shí)，則是他們智慧的源泉。

When we speak of nature in this manner， we have a distinct5 but most poetical sense in the mind. We mean the integrity6 of impression made by manifold natural objects. It is this which distinguishes the stick of timber of the wood-cutter， from the tree of the poet. The charming landscape which I saw this morning， is indubitably7 made up of some twenty or thirty farms. Miller owns this field， Locke that， and Manning the woodland beyond. But none of them owns the landscape. There is a property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate8 all the parts， that is， the poet. This is the best part of these men’s farms， yet to this their warranty-deeds9 give no title10.

如此談?wù)摯笞匀唬覀儍?nèi)心有一種獨(dú)特的感覺(jué)，蕩漾著盎然的詩(shī)意。這就是我們對(duì)豐富多彩的自然景物產(chǎn)生的總體印象。正是這種印象將伐木工伐倒的圓木和詩(shī)人歌頌的綠樹(shù)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。今天早晨看到一道迷人的風(fēng)景線——無(wú)疑那是二三十個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)連成一片構(gòu)成的風(fēng)景線。一片地是米勒家的，另一片是洛克家的，而遠(yuǎn)處的樹(shù)林歸曼寧家所有。但“風(fēng)景”不歸任何人所有。天地交接之處的那些景物沒(méi)有主人，只有詩(shī)人的目光可以將所有的一切融為一體。那些人家的農(nóng)場(chǎng)最精彩之處就是這些了，然而這并不能寫(xiě)入他們的地契。

To speak truly， few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man， but shines into the eye and the heart of the child. The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. His intercourse with heaven and earth， becomes part of his daily food. In the presence of nature， a wild delight runs through the man， in spite of real sorrows. Nature says， —he is my creature， and maugre11 all his impertinent12 griefs， he shall be glad with me. Not the sun or the summer alone， but every hour and season yields its tribute13 of delight; for every hour and change corresponds to and authorizes a different state of the mind， from breathless noon to grimmest midnight. Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece.

實(shí)話說(shuō)，很少有成年人能欣賞大自然。大多數(shù)人對(duì)太陽(yáng)視而不見(jiàn)?；蛘咚麄冎皇亲唏R觀花地一看。太陽(yáng)只能照亮成年人的眼睛，而對(duì)孩子而言，不僅照亮了他們的眼睛，也照亮了他們的心。熱愛(ài)大自然者，感官和內(nèi)心協(xié)調(diào)一致，即便步入成年期，依然童心不泯。他們跟天地的溝通，如家常便飯。盡管內(nèi)心悲愴，但在大自然面前，他們會(huì)欣喜若狂。大自然會(huì)宣稱(chēng)：他們是我的子民；無(wú)論多么悲傷，和我在一起，他們就感到歡欣。非但太陽(yáng)和明媚的夏天能給人帶來(lái)歡樂(lè)，時(shí)光交替、季節(jié)更迭，從氣悶的中午到黑暗的夜間，大自然無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在影響著我們，使我們的心境千變?nèi)f化。大自然既可為喜劇的背景，亦可烘托悲劇的色彩。

In good health， the air is a cordial14 of incredible virtue. Crossing a bare common15， in snow puddles16， at twilight， under a clouded sky， without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune， I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration. I am glad to the brink of fear. In the woods too， a man casts off his years， as the snake his slough17， and at what period soever of life， is always a child. In the woods， is perpetual youth. Within these plantations of God， a de-corum18 and sanctity19 reign， a perennial20 festival is dressed， and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years. In the woods， we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life，—no disgrace， no calamity， （leaving me my eyes，） which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground，—my head bathed by the blithe21 air， and uplifted into infinite space， —all mean egotism vanishes.

處于健康狀態(tài)，會(huì)覺(jué)得空氣無(wú)異于甘露美釀，散發(fā)出令人難以置信的芬芳。踏著雪水泥漿，頭頂滿(mǎn)天的烏云，在蒼茫的暮色里穿越空曠的野地，心里怎么也想不到會(huì)有好運(yùn)降臨。此時(shí)，心里涌起一陣喜悅——這種歡樂(lè)，我真害怕會(huì)失去。在樹(shù)林里，人會(huì)將自己的年齡拋在腦后，猶如蛇拋掉蛻下的蛇皮，不管處于什么樣的年齡段，都將保持一顆童心。林中，青春永不褪色。這兒是上帝的田園，籠罩著莊嚴(yán)、圣潔的氣氛，盛典搬演不息，一千年也不讓人厭倦。林中，我們回歸理性和信仰。在那里，我感覺(jué)生活中不會(huì)遭遇任何不幸——無(wú)論什么恥辱或?yàn)?zāi)難（哪怕失明），大自然都能補(bǔ)救。站在曠野中，沐浴著歡樂(lè)的氣氛，仰望浩瀚天際，所有卑劣的狂妄自大都從心里消失得無(wú)影無(wú)蹤。

I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental： to be brothers， to be acquaintances， —master or servant， is then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty. In the wilderness， I find something more dear and connate22 than in streets or villages. In the tranquil landscape， and especially in the distant line of the horizon， man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature.

我遁形匿跡，似無(wú)形體，卻目睹千種景象。宇宙化為溪流在我的體內(nèi)流淌，而我和上帝緊緊相連，密不可分。聽(tīng)到摯友的名字，我覺(jué)得生疏、無(wú)關(guān)緊要。手足之情、親友和主仆關(guān)系，都成了雞毛蒜皮的小事，只會(huì)讓人分心。我陶醉于一種無(wú)拘無(wú)束、永恒不變的“美”之中。在曠野里，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種在街道上、村莊里所缺乏的珍貴、自然天成的美。在靜謐的景色中，特別是在遙遠(yuǎn)的地平線延伸處，可以看到一樣景觀，它美如人最初之天性。

The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister， is the suggestion of an occult23 relation between man and the vegetable. I am not alone and un-acknowledged. They nod to me， and I to them. The waving of the boughs in the storm， is new to me and old. It takes me by surprise， and yet is not unknown. Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me， when I deemed I was thinking justly or doing right.

田野、樹(shù)林給我們帶來(lái)的最大歡樂(lè)，莫過(guò)于它們揭示了人與草木之間微妙的關(guān)系。我感到自己并不孤獨(dú)，并非無(wú)人理睬。草木向我點(diǎn)頭致意，我也沖它們頻頻點(diǎn)頭。風(fēng)中，樹(shù)影搖曳，我看來(lái)既新鮮又熟悉。那感覺(jué)先是意外，又覺(jué)得并不陌生。結(jié)果，我仿佛心里涌起一種超然物外、圣潔無(wú)比的感情，使我覺(jué)得自己適得其所、心境坦然。

Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight， does not reside in nature， but in man， or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance24. For， nature is not always tricked in25 holiday attire， but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic26 of the nymphs27， is overspread with melancholy today. Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity， the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it. Then， there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend. The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth28 in the population.

然若論“生造歡樂(lè)之力”，顯然并非寄寓于大自然，而為人類(lèi)所有，或者說(shuō)是人與大自然的合作之力。對(duì)于這種“歡樂(lè)”，有必要慎重加以甄別。大自然并非日日都披著節(jié)日的盛裝——昨天，它芳香四溢、五彩繽紛，身著仙女游戲時(shí)的那種麗服，今日就會(huì)愁容滿(mǎn)面。大自然色彩的變化，與一個(gè)人的心情密切相關(guān)。蒙受災(zāi)難的人心里備受煎熬，會(huì)覺(jué)得大自然沾著哀傷的色彩。而剛剛痛失好友的人，則覺(jué)得周?chē)木拔镆黄鄾觥?duì)于貧苦的人兒，頭頂?shù)奶炜找彩チ诵┰S光彩。

【作者簡(jiǎn)介】拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛(ài)默生（1803—1882），美國(guó)思想家、散文家和詩(shī)人。 愛(ài)默生是確立美國(guó)文化精神的代表人物。美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)林肯稱(chēng)他為“美國(guó)的孔子”“美國(guó)文明之父”。1837年，愛(ài)默生以“美國(guó)學(xué)者”為題發(fā)表了一篇著名的演講詞，宣告美國(guó)文學(xué)已脫離英國(guó)文學(xué)而獨(dú)立，告誡美國(guó)學(xué)者不要讓學(xué)究習(xí)氣蔓延，不要盲目地追隨傳統(tǒng)，不要進(jìn)行純粹的模仿。另外，這篇演講詞還抨擊了美國(guó)社會(huì)的拜金主義，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的價(jià)值，被譽(yù)為美國(guó)思想文化領(lǐng)域的“獨(dú)立宣言”。其代表作有《論文集》《代表人物》《英國(guó)人的特性》《詩(shī)集》和《五月節(jié)及其他詩(shī)》等。

原文風(fēng)格及翻譯策略點(diǎn)評(píng)

愛(ài)默生的散文獨(dú)具特色，注重思想內(nèi)容，不加華麗的辭藻進(jìn)行粉飾，行文猶如格言，哲理深入淺出，說(shuō)服力強(qiáng)，且有典型的“愛(ài)默生風(fēng)格”。他的文字所透出的氣質(zhì)難以形容：既充滿(mǎn)專(zhuān)制式的不容置疑，又具有開(kāi)放式的民主精神；既有貴族式的傲慢，更具有平民式的通俗；既清晰易懂，又常常夾雜著某種神秘主義。他的散文具有強(qiáng)烈的韻律，適合于朗誦，讀之如酷暑飲冰，痛快淋漓。就連《大自然》這樣的“寫(xiě)景”散文也“有板有眼”，通體散發(fā)出哲學(xué)的光彩，而且詩(shī)味濃郁。

翻譯他的散文，首先應(yīng)該注意的是他的風(fēng)格審美特征，因?yàn)槔锩嫣N(yùn)含著他對(duì)人生深刻的思索。這樣的審美特征能夠陶冶人的性情，提高人的審美趣味，豐富人的想象能力；其次，也有助于人們提高識(shí)別真假、美丑、善惡、是非的能力，凈化靈魂，培養(yǎng)高尚的道德情操。翻譯的時(shí)候，不僅要譯出文字之美，還應(yīng)當(dāng)譯出作品的審美趣味——后者有點(diǎn)抽象，尤為難譯。著名文學(xué)家、翻譯家曾虛白曾撰文說(shuō)：“……在文學(xué)上說(shuō)，黑字寫(xiě)在白紙上是方法，著作家要表現(xiàn)的映像是目的。翻譯家的使命是要忠實(shí)摹仿這認(rèn)為目的映像……不能一手拿著筆，一手翻著字典，一字一句依樣葫蘆的描下來(lái)就算了事的了。我們應(yīng)該拿原文所構(gòu)造成的映像做一個(gè)不移易的目標(biāo)，再用正確的眼光來(lái)分析它的組織，然后參照著譯本讀者的心理，拿它重新組合成我們自己的文字；換句話說(shuō)，必需改換了方法，才可以得到同樣的目的?！痹摪姿f(shuō)的“映像”其實(shí)指的就是原作的“審美觀”。

詞句翻譯點(diǎn)評(píng)

1. what he touches他所接觸到的東西；日常用品。對(duì)比“天堂之光”，可以翻譯為“俗物”，故有譯文“會(huì)把他跟周?chē)乃孜锝厝环珠_(kāi)”。

2. sublime崇高的；令人崇敬的，此處隱指上帝。

3. toy不值錢(qián)的東西；小裝飾品。此處可以翻譯為“平俗之物”，故有譯文“在智者的心中，大自然絕非平俗之物?！?/p>

4. his best hour他年富力強(qiáng)時(shí)。

5. the simplicity of his childhood意譯為“單純的童年時(shí)代”。

6. have a very superficial seeing膚淺地看看；走馬觀花地一看。

7. has retained the spirit of infancy依然童心不泯。

8. authorizes a different state of the mind意譯為“使我們的心境千變?nèi)f化”。

9. “I am part or particle of God”直譯為“我是上帝的一部分或一粒子”，此處可以意譯為“我和上帝緊緊相連，密不可分”。

*蘇州大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)教授，文學(xué)翻譯家及翻譯理論家，已發(fā)表翻譯作品兩千余萬(wàn)字，其中主要包括《西頓動(dòng)物記》《人鼠之間》《玩偶之家》《莎士比亞十四行詩(shī)》《草葉集》《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》《嘉莉妹妹》《霧都孤兒》《雙城記》《無(wú)名的裘德》《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》《蝴蝶夢(mèng)》《兒子與情人》《少年維特之煩惱》《紅字》《牛虻》《馬丁·伊登》《君主論》《社會(huì)契約論》《格列佛游記》《達(dá)爾文自傳》《富蘭克林自傳》和《太陽(yáng)照常升起》。

1 envoy使者；外交使節(jié)。" 2 inaccessible達(dá)不到的；難進(jìn)入的。" 3 kindred同類(lèi)的；同性質(zhì)的。" 4 extort強(qiáng)取，勒索。" 5 distinct獨(dú)特的；清楚的。

6 integrity完整性。" 7 indubitably不容置疑地。" 8 integrate使成一體，使結(jié)合，使合并。" 9 warranty-deed（所有權(quán)）擔(dān)保契據(jù)。" 10 title 權(quán)利，資格；所有權(quán)。" 11 maugre不管。

12 impertinent不恰當(dāng)?shù)?；不合理的? 13 tribute敬意，尊崇，稱(chēng)頌；禮物。" 14 cor-dial甘露酒，甜香酒。" 15 common 公共用地，公有地。" 16 puddle" 水坑；泥潭；洼。" 17 slough蛇蛻下的皮。" 18 decorum端莊，彬彬有禮；合宜。" 19 sanctity圣潔；虔誠(chéng)；神圣；尊嚴(yán)；神圣性。" 20 perennial 多年的，常年的；反復(fù)的；一再的。

21 blithe 歡樂(lè)的；快活的。" 22 connate 天賦的；原生的。" 23 occult 難以理解的，奧秘的；超自然的，神秘的。

24 temperance 節(jié)制，節(jié)欲；不過(guò)分，適度。" 25 trick in 裝飾，打扮。" 26 frolic 歡樂(lè)；嬉戲；嬉鬧；歡樂(lè)的聚會(huì)（或游戲）。" 27 nymph（古希臘、古羅馬神話中居于山林水澤的）仙女。" 28 worth擁有……財(cái)產(chǎn)的。