【摘要】 孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙(ASD)是一種異質(zhì)性神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙性疾病。至今為止,發(fā)病機(jī)制未明,其早期表現(xiàn)為普遍存在的社交缺陷和溝通障礙,并伴有重復(fù)性刻板行為。目前無特定針對(duì)性治療藥物。精氨酸加壓素(AVP)不僅與水鹽平衡和應(yīng)激軸調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān),還與社會(huì)行為有關(guān),因此在ASD研究領(lǐng)域,AVP作為一種潛在的治療方案,越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。本文對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)研究AVP在ASD社會(huì)交往中異常表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述。在本文中,探討了AVP可能成為ASD的診斷性生物標(biāo)志物及AVP系統(tǒng)具有改善ASD社會(huì)功能特征的潛力,希望本綜述能為ASD社會(huì)交往障礙的臨床診治提供思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙 精氨酸加壓素 社會(huì)交往障礙
Research Progress of Arginine Vasopressin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Social Interaction Disorder/WEI Suwen, LI Ruishi, HE Si, FENG Zhaocai. //Medical Innovation of China, 2025, 22(02): -165
[Abstract] Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuro developmental disorder. Up to now, the pathogenesis is not clear, and its early manifestations are widespread social defects and communication disorders, accompanied by repetitive stereotyped behavior. At present, there are no specific targeted therapeutic drugs. Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) is not only related to water-salt balance and stress axis regulation, but also related to social behavior. Therefore, in the field of ASD research, AVP as a potential treatment has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the domestic and foreign literature on AVP in ASD social communication abnormal performance-related studies were reviewed. In this article, to explore the potential of AVP as a diagnostic biomarker of ASD and the potential of AVP systems to improve the social functioning of ASD, it is hoped that this review can provide some ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ASD.
[Key words] Autism spectrum disorder Arginine Vasopressin Social interaction disorder
First-author's address: Department of Pediatrics, the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Tianjin 300381, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2025.02.037
孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)是一種腦神經(jīng)發(fā)育障礙性疾病,以社會(huì)溝通障礙、狹隘興趣和刻板行為為核心癥狀[1],非核心癥狀包括易激惹、自殘行為、攻擊性、焦慮、強(qiáng)迫、失眠及注意力不集中,嚴(yán)重影響患兒的成長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和生活質(zhì)量。據(jù)美國(guó)自閉癥和發(fā)育障礙監(jiān)測(cè)(autism and developmental disabilities monitoring,ADDM)網(wǎng)絡(luò)最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,基于《美國(guó)精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》第五版(DSM-Ⅴ)判定的ASD患病率在1 000名8歲兒童中由2018年的1/44[2],上漲至2020年的1/36,患者男女性別比例為3.8︰1[3]。ASD是一種主要由遺傳和環(huán)境因素共同引起的多因素疾病,其致病機(jī)制未明,所以主要靠行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷[4]。目前尚無用于診斷篩查的有效生物標(biāo)志物及特效藥,主要是綜合康復(fù)訓(xùn)練治療。由美國(guó)藥品監(jiān)管局批準(zhǔn)用于治療ASD的利培酮和阿立哌唑,這兩款藥物可以改善易激惹和攻擊性,但都不是針對(duì)ASD的核心癥狀,并且易出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)[5]。因此,迫切需要研究用于診斷ASD的生物標(biāo)志物和治療ASD的特效藥。
精氨酸加壓素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(central nervous system,CNS)中釋放,作為神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑作用于大腦的某些區(qū)域,并調(diào)節(jié)各種社會(huì)行為和情緒,特別是恐懼[6]、攻擊性和焦慮[7]。本文結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對(duì)于精氨酸加壓素與ASD的發(fā)病相關(guān)性進(jìn)行一簡(jiǎn)述,為后續(xù)研究精氨酸加壓素成為ASD的可能診治選擇提供參考。
1 AVP與ASD的生理聯(lián)系
1.1 AVP
AVP是史上發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的由9個(gè)氨基酸組成的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌激素之一,又稱垂體后葉加壓素。AVP在下丘腦室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)和視上核(supraoptic nucleus,SON)的大細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元中合成,并沿著軸突投射到垂體后葉,在那里它們被儲(chǔ)存于分泌囊泡中,在受到刺激后被分泌到血流中。此外,室旁核中較小的旁細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)生AVP并直接投射到大腦的其他區(qū)域[8-9]。AVP受體分為三種亞型:V1a、V1b和V2[10],它主要作為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)激活V1b受體來調(diào)節(jié)下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA軸)[11],以及激活與社會(huì)行為相關(guān)腦區(qū)中的V1a受體來調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)行為[12]。眾多研究表明,AVP作為一種神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)因子,其作用于精氨酸受體能夠提高社會(huì)認(rèn)知[13]、調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)互動(dòng)[14]、促進(jìn)面部識(shí)別和記憶[15]等親社會(huì)行為。
1.2 ASD的AVP水平
有研究表明,AVP可能成為ASD社會(huì)缺陷的診斷性標(biāo)志物[4,16]。有研究表明,腦脊液中AVP水平的不同可以準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分研究對(duì)象為1.5~19歲的ASD患者與正常對(duì)照組,并且腦脊液中AVP濃度的高低與ASD患者社會(huì)癥狀嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[17-18]。
為了進(jìn)一步確定這種神經(jīng)化學(xué)的差異是否在病情發(fā)展前(行為癥狀出現(xiàn)前)早已存在,研究人員進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究,在“冷凍”腦脊液庫(kù)中,檢測(cè)0~3個(gè)月新生兒時(shí)期的腦脊液AVP,結(jié)合12歲時(shí)他們的醫(yī)療記錄檔案,結(jié)果顯示,與之后未確診為ASD的新生兒相比,后來被確診為ASD的患兒腦脊液中AVP濃度更低,并且能夠高精確度地識(shí)別ASD病例[19],這表明AVP可能作為ASD早期診斷的生物標(biāo)志物,并且可以在行為癥狀出現(xiàn)之前診斷ASD。此外,這種關(guān)聯(lián)是AVP特有的,因?yàn)樾律鷥耗X脊液中催產(chǎn)素濃度在后來被診斷為ASD的嬰兒和健康生長(zhǎng)的嬰兒之間沒有差異。因此,通過對(duì)嬰兒腦脊液中AVP濃度進(jìn)行早期測(cè)試,可盡早對(duì)ASD高危個(gè)體做出診斷,并及時(shí)采取干預(yù)措施,并最終獲得更好的預(yù)后。Carson等[20]收集了20名新生兒的基礎(chǔ)腦脊液和血漿樣本,并通過酶免疫測(cè)定方法定量了AVP濃度,得出血漿AVP濃度顯著且正向地預(yù)測(cè)腦脊液的AVP濃度,這些研究結(jié)果支持了以下假設(shè):血液AVP濃度可能是新生兒期腦脊液AVP濃度的有用替代物。
2 AVP受體遺傳學(xué)與ASD的聯(lián)系
Kim等[21]進(jìn)行了精氨酸加壓素受體1A(AVPR1A)與人類社會(huì)行為相關(guān)性的首次遺傳學(xué)研究,結(jié)果顯示AVPR1A微衛(wèi)星(RS1)和ASD之間顯著的傳遞不平衡,但這種關(guān)聯(lián)在Bonferroni校正后并不顯著。隨后,Wassink等[22]同樣研究此微衛(wèi)星與ASD之間遺傳關(guān)聯(lián)性,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在語(yǔ)言正常的ASD兒童組中,傳遞不平衡最強(qiáng)。后來的研究證實(shí)和擴(kuò)展了先前的研究,Yirmiya等[23]在家庭為基礎(chǔ)的研究中,AVPR1A基因的內(nèi)含子AVR微衛(wèi)星顯示了與ASD的傳遞不平衡的關(guān)聯(lián),此外,三個(gè)微衛(wèi)星的單倍型分析也顯示了與ASD的顯著關(guān)聯(lián),與ASD患者的社交適應(yīng)能力有關(guān)。這項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)一步支持了AVPR1A基因與ASD之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。在最近一項(xiàng)研究中,Wilczyński等[24]在對(duì)男性ASD患者進(jìn)行AVPR1A基因多態(tài)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),AVPR1A基因中的rs10877969(T)多態(tài)性是唯一一個(gè)與孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著關(guān)聯(lián),并對(duì)孤獨(dú)癥診斷觀察量表第二版(ADOS-2)中的臨床表現(xiàn)有影響,主要是在社會(huì)情感分量表方面。應(yīng)該注意的是,這些研究并不表明AVP受體多態(tài)性是ASD的一個(gè)病因,而是該基因位點(diǎn)的變異可能是與這一系列社交障礙相關(guān)的社會(huì)行為的一個(gè)因素。
3 AVP給藥對(duì)ASD社會(huì)交往障礙的影響
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AVP可在大腦中作為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放并投射到不同腦區(qū),對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)行為起著至關(guān)重要作用,對(duì)ASD社交障礙治療起到積極效果[25]。Wu等[26]在丙戊酸鈉(VPA)誘導(dǎo)的ASD模型,給予青春期大鼠皮下注射AVP治療可以挽救ASD大鼠行為缺陷,緩解社會(huì)偏好缺陷和刻板行為,同時(shí)增加腦脊液AVP濃度。Zhou等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)VPA誘導(dǎo)的雄性ASD大鼠模型,通過AVP鼻內(nèi)給藥,其社會(huì)交往行為可顯著提高,且治療前后血清中AVP的水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。鼻內(nèi)給藥后,腦脊液中AVP的濃度可持續(xù)增加達(dá)80 min[28],此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦脊液AVP的變化顯著增加了受試者執(zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)記錄的事件相關(guān)電位(event-related potentials,ERP)P3成分的振幅[29]。
社會(huì)行為由多個(gè)大腦區(qū)域和神經(jīng)回路共同調(diào)節(jié)[30-31]。將加壓素輸注到大腦中可以延長(zhǎng)大鼠的社會(huì)識(shí)別記憶的持續(xù)時(shí)間[32]。研究表明,前額葉皮層結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異常與ASD的社交障礙密切相關(guān)[33]。為了進(jìn)一步探索AVP給藥對(duì)ASD的影響,此團(tuán)隊(duì)觀察比較VPA誘導(dǎo)的ASD大鼠模型中AVP治療前后PFC轉(zhuǎn)錄組的變化,結(jié)果表明,AVP可改善ASD模型中突觸病變和調(diào)節(jié)多種信號(hào)通路,顯著改善軸突生長(zhǎng)和再生抑制,以及促進(jìn)前額葉少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞發(fā)育和髓鞘形成[34]。內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層—杏仁核(mPFC-BLA)回路是控制社會(huì)行為的重要途徑之一[35-36],研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ASD組兒童的內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層(mPFC)到雙側(cè)杏仁核的有效連接顯著減弱,與ASD兒童社會(huì)缺陷密切相關(guān)[37]。Zink等[6]在早期研究以AVP劑量(40 IU)的鼻內(nèi)給藥發(fā)現(xiàn)AVP通過調(diào)節(jié)mPFC-BLA回路來引發(fā)社交時(shí)更多負(fù)面情緒(恐懼、憤怒)。關(guān)于AVP對(duì)ASD mPFC-BLA直接作用的研究較少,推測(cè)AVP可能通過mPFC-BLA回路來改善ASD的社會(huì)認(rèn)知。
Borie等[38]針對(duì)Magel2基因缺乏的ASD小鼠開展的一項(xiàng)研究表明,在小鼠的外側(cè)隔核(lateral septum,LS)注入AVP可以改善ASD的社會(huì)行為障礙。先前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LS中的AVP調(diào)節(jié)雄性幼年大鼠的社會(huì)游戲行為,表現(xiàn)為將AVP V1a受體拮抗劑應(yīng)用于LS中增加了雄性的社交游戲水平并降低了雌性的社交游戲水平,存在性別差異[39]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外側(cè)隔核的大部分AVP神經(jīng)支配來自終紋床核(bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,BNST)和內(nèi)側(cè)杏仁核(medial amygdala,MeA)[40-41]。且雄性大鼠的BNST和MeA中通常有更多的AVP表達(dá)細(xì)胞,這些細(xì)胞通過投射到LS來調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)調(diào)查和焦慮行為,LS是AVP神經(jīng)元纖維密度最高的區(qū)域。這種差異在幼鼠出生后第2周更為明顯,且低于成年大鼠,因此表明,在幼體和成體中,AVP對(duì)雄性社會(huì)識(shí)別的作用可能比對(duì)雌性社會(huì)識(shí)別的作用更重要[42-44]。筆者的結(jié)論是,盡管AVP是ASD的有效治療藥物,但可能存在于特定性別(男性),在ASD兒童中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的兩性異質(zhì),所以AVP的臨床使用應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的性別進(jìn)行調(diào)整,此外,AVP可能是影響某些腦功能并進(jìn)而影響ASD行為的神經(jīng)化學(xué)候選物之一。
目前為止,很少有涉及加壓素和ASD的人體研究。Parker等[45]采用雙盲、隨機(jī)、安慰劑對(duì)照試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),介紹了為期4周的鼻內(nèi)AVP給藥改善ASD兒童(6~13歲)社交能力的安全性和有效性,結(jié)果表明,與安慰劑治療相比,AVP顯著增強(qiáng)了ASD患兒的社會(huì)溝通、面部識(shí)別、社會(huì)認(rèn)知等社交能力。這些初步研究結(jié)果表明,AVP可能是治療ASD兒童核心社交障礙的一種有前途的藥物。
隨著ASD發(fā)病率逐年上升,其已成為高發(fā)性疾病之一。上述研究表明,AVP系統(tǒng)可能成為ASD社會(huì)缺陷的診斷性標(biāo)志物及治療靶點(diǎn),但不乏存在個(gè)別相互矛盾的結(jié)果,因此相關(guān)結(jié)果需要進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)證明。未來的研究可能要考慮按給藥途徑、年齡、性別等對(duì)主要結(jié)果進(jìn)行分層,以更好地理解這些如何影響治療反應(yīng),再者,由于ASD異質(zhì)性的特點(diǎn),研究結(jié)果存在矛盾還要考慮協(xié)助評(píng)估ASD的診斷工具和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的差異。
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(收稿日期:2024-04-29) (本文編輯:何玉勤)